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Relaño-Ginés A, Lehmann S, Crozet C. Cell-based therapy against prion diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 44:8-14. [PMID: 30472550 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite multiple efforts to find treatments, prion diseases are still incurable. The currently available therapeutic strategies are mostly based on compounds to inhibit pathological PrP (PrPSc) accumulation, and cellular PrP (PrPC) conversion into PrPSc. However, they cannot reverse the pathological changes already present in the brain. Cell-based therapeutic strategies could promote the repair of the pre-existing brain damage. The few available data come mostly from preclinical studies using neural stem cells, bone marrow-derived microglia and mesenchymal stem cells, as cell sources. Moreover, the benefits of cell-based therapeutic strategies could be linked not only to the replacement of damaged cells, but also to the secretion of trophic factors by the grafted cells that might modulate inflammation, cell death, or endogenous neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Relaño-Ginés
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases - U1183 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases - U1183 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonet, 34090 Montpellier, France; Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, 191 Av. du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Carole Crozet
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Neural Stem Cell, MSC and Neurodegenerative Diseases - U1183 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France.
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Relaño-Ginès A, Gabelle A, Hamela C, Belondrade M, Casanova D, Mourton-Gilles C, Lehmann S, Crozet C. Prion replication occurs in endogenous adult neural stem cells and alters their neuronal fate: involvement of endogenous neural stem cells in prion diseases. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003485. [PMID: 23935493 PMCID: PMC3731238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are irreversible progressive neurodegenerative diseases, leading to severe incapacity and death. They are characterized in the brain by prion amyloid deposits, vacuolisation, astrocytosis, neuronal degeneration, and by cognitive, behavioural and physical impairments. There is no treatment for these disorders and stem cell therapy therefore represents an interesting new approach. Gains could not only result from the cell transplantation, but also from the stimulation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSC) or by the combination of both approaches. However, the development of such strategies requires a detailed knowledge of the pathology, particularly concerning the status of the adult neurogenesis and endogenous NSC during the development of the disease. During the past decade, several studies have consistently shown that NSC reside in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and that adult neurogenesis occurs throughout the adulthood in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle or the Dentate Gyrus of the hippocampus. Adult NSC are believed to constitute a reservoir for neuronal replacement during normal cell turnover or after brain injury. However, the activation of this system does not fully compensate the neuronal loss that occurs during neurodegenerative diseases and could even contribute to the disease progression. We investigated here the status of these cells during the development of prion disorders. We were able to show that NSC accumulate and replicate prions. Importantly, this resulted in the alteration of their neuronal fate which then represents a new pathologic event that might underlie the rapid progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Gabelle
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives - INSERM-UM1 U1040, CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Hamela
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives - INSERM-UM1 U1040, CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (SL); (CC)
| | - Carole Crozet
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS-UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie (IRB), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives - INSERM-UM1 U1040, CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (SL); (CC)
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Abarinov EV, Beaudin AE, Field MS, Perry CA, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Stover PJ. Disruption of shmt1 impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and mnemonic function in mice. J Nutr 2013; 143:1028-35. [PMID: 23700346 PMCID: PMC3681542 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.174417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (OCM) has emerged as a risk factor for several diseases associated with age-related cognitive decline, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown and thus hinder the identification of subpopulations most vulnerable to OCM disruption. Here we investigated the role of serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1), a folate-dependent enzyme regulating de novo thymidylate biosynthesis, in influencing neuronal and cognitive function in the adult mouse. We observed Shmt1 expression in the hippocampus, including the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG), and examined hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampal-dependent fear conditioning in mice deficient for Shmt1. We used a 3 × 3 design in which adult male Shmt1(+/+), Shmt1(+/-), and Shmt1(-/-) mice were fed folic acid control (2 mg/kg), folic acid-deficient (0 mg/kg), or folic acid-supplemented (8 mg/kg) diets from weaning through the duration of the study. Proliferation within the DG was elevated by 70% in Shmt1(+/-) mice, yet the number of newborn mature neurons was reduced by 98% compared with that in Shmt1(+/+) mice. Concomitant with these alterations, Shmt1(+/-) mice showed a 45% reduction in mnemonic recall during trace fear conditioning. Dietary folate manipulations alone did not influence neural outcomes. Together, these data identify SHMT1 as one of the first enzymes within the OCM pathway to regulate neuronal and cognitive profiles and implicate impaired thymidylate biosynthesis in the etiology of folate-related neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Abarinov
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Anna E. Beaudin
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Martha S. Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Cheryll A. Perry
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and
| | - Robert H. Allen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Sally P. Stabler
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Patrick J. Stover
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Role of GFAP in morphological retention and distribution of reactive astrocytes induced by scrapie encephalopathy in mice. Brain Res 2009; 1312:156-67. [PMID: 19931516 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that mutant mice bearing astrocytes deficient in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) exhibited typical spongiform degeneration and prion plaque deposition. However, it remains to be determined whether there are astrocyte-specific alterations in the reactive response of astrocytes. Herein, we analyzed morphological features of Gfap(-)(/)(-) reactive astrocytes. Light microscopic morphometry of mutant reactive astrocytes revealed reduced outlined cell area and shorter distances among expanded cell space but with larger nuclei. Electron microscopy revealed mutant cells containing very few and sparse glial filaments as well as abnormal cytoarchitecture of reactive astrocytic processes. Furthermore, paired cell formation appeared frequently. The results suggest that GFAP is necessary for morphological retention and distribution of reactive astrocytes during prion disease, and that there is a GFAP-dependent function of glial filaments in reactive astrocytes.
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