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High-Throughput Fluorescence Assays for Ion Channels and GPCRs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:27-72. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hayes JA, Kottick A, Picardo MCD, Halleran AD, Smith RD, Smith GD, Saha MS, Del Negro CA. Transcriptome of neonatal preBötzinger complex neurones in Dbx1 reporter mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8669. [PMID: 28819234 PMCID: PMC5561182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We sequenced the transcriptome of brainstem interneurons in the specialized respiratory rhythmogenic site dubbed preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) from newborn mice. To distinguish molecular characteristics of the core oscillator we compared preBötC neurons derived from Dbx1-expressing progenitors that are respiratory rhythmogenic to neighbouring non-Dbx1-derived neurons, which support other respiratory and non-respiratory functions. Results in three categories are particularly salient. First, Dbx1 preBötC neurons express κ-opioid receptors in addition to μ-opioid receptors that heretofore have been associated with opiate respiratory depression, which may have clinical applications. Second, Dbx1 preBötC neurons express the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor Hif1a at levels three-times higher than non-Dbx1 neurons, which links core rhythmogenic microcircuits to O2-related chemosensation for the first time. Third, we detected a suite of transcription factors including Hoxa4 whose expression pattern may define the rostral preBötC border, Pbx3 that may influence ipsilateral connectivity, and Pax8 that may pertain to a ventrally-derived subset of Dbx1 preBötC neurons. These data establish the transcriptomic signature of the core respiratory oscillator at a perinatal stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hayes
- Department of Applied Science, Integrated Science Center, 540 Landrum Dr., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Andrew Kottick
- Department of Applied Science, Integrated Science Center, 540 Landrum Dr., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Maria Cristina D Picardo
- Department of Applied Science, Integrated Science Center, 540 Landrum Dr., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Andrew D Halleran
- Department of Biology, Integrated Science Center, 540 Landrum Dr., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Ronald D Smith
- Department of Applied Science, Integrated Science Center, 540 Landrum Dr., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Gregory D Smith
- Department of Applied Science, Integrated Science Center, 540 Landrum Dr., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Margaret S Saha
- Department of Biology, Integrated Science Center, 540 Landrum Dr., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Christopher A Del Negro
- Department of Applied Science, Integrated Science Center, 540 Landrum Dr., The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA.
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Chechetka SA, Yu Y, Zhen X, Pramanik M, Pu K, Miyako E. Light-driven liquid metal nanotransformers for biomedical theranostics. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15432. [PMID: 28561016 PMCID: PMC5460022 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Room temperature liquid metals (LMs) represent a class of emerging multifunctional
materials with attractive novel properties. Here, we show that photopolymerized LMs
present a unique nanoscale capsule structure characterized by high water
dispersibility and low toxicity. We also demonstrate that the LM nanocapsule
generates heat and reactive oxygen species under biologically neutral near-infrared
(NIR) laser irradiation. Concomitantly, NIR laser exposure induces a transformation
in LM shape, destruction of the nanocapsules, contactless controlled release of the
loaded drugs, optical manipulations of a microfluidic blood vessel model and
spatiotemporal targeted marking for X-ray-enhanced imaging in biological organs and
a living mouse. By exploiting the physicochemical properties of LMs, we achieve
effective cancer cell elimination and control of intercellular calcium ion flux. In
addition, LMs display a photoacoustic effect in living animals during NIR laser
treatment, making this system a powerful tool for bioimaging. Liquid metals are excellent candidate materials for biomedicine, owing to their
intriguing optical properties and chemical stability. Here, the authors design
multifunctional theranostic liquid metal nanocapsules that, upon irradiation, generate
heat and reactive oxygen species and change shape to release drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Chechetka
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Xu Zhen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Eijiro Miyako
- Department of Materials and Chemistry, Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Oral dosing of chemical indicators for in vivo monitoring of Ca2+ dynamics in insect muscle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116655. [PMID: 25590329 PMCID: PMC4295878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a remarkably facile staining protocol to visually investigate dynamic physiological events in insect tissues. We attempted to monitor Ca2+ dynamics during contraction of electrically stimulated living muscle. Advances in circuit miniaturization and insect neuromuscular physiology have enabled the hybridization of living insects and man-made electronic components, such as microcomputers, the result of which has been often referred as a Living Machine, Biohybrid, or Cyborg Insect. In order for Cyborg Insects to be of practical use, electrical stimulation parameters need to be optimized to induce desired muscle response (motor action) and minimize the damage in the muscle due to the electrical stimuli. Staining tissues and organs as well as measuring the dynamics of chemicals of interest in muscle should be conducted to quantitatively and systematically evaluate the effect of various stimulation parameters on the muscle response. However, existing staining processes require invasive surgery and/or arduous procedures using genetically encoded sensors. In this study, we developed a non-invasive and remarkably facile method for staining, in which chemical indicators can be orally administered (oral dosing). A chemical Ca2+ indicator was orally introduced into an insect of interest via food containing the chemical indicator and the indicator diffused from the insect digestion system to the target muscle tissue. We found that there was a positive relationship between the fluorescence intensity of the indicator and the frequency of electrical stimulation which indicates the orally dosed indicator successfully monitored Ca2+ dynamics in the muscle tissue. This oral dosing method has a potential to globally stain tissues including neurons, and investigating various physiological events in insects.
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Miyako E, Russier J, Mauro M, Cebrian C, Yawo H, Ménard-Moyon C, Hutchison JA, Yudasaka M, Iijima S, De Cola L, Bianco A. Photofunctional Nanomodulators for Bioexcitation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Miyako E, Russier J, Mauro M, Cebrian C, Yawo H, Ménard-Moyon C, Hutchison JA, Yudasaka M, Iijima S, De Cola L, Bianco A. Photofunctional Nanomodulators for Bioexcitation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13121-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ramirez JM, Doi A, Garcia AJ, Elsen FP, Koch H, Wei AD. The cellular building blocks of breathing. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2683-731. [PMID: 23720262 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory brainstem neurons fulfill critical roles in controlling breathing: they generate the activity patterns for breathing and contribute to various sensory responses including changes in O2 and CO2. These complex sensorimotor tasks depend on the dynamic interplay between numerous cellular building blocks that consist of voltage-, calcium-, and ATP-dependent ionic conductances, various ionotropic and metabotropic synaptic mechanisms, as well as neuromodulators acting on G-protein coupled receptors and second messenger systems. As described in this review, the sensorimotor responses of the respiratory network emerge through the state-dependent integration of all these building blocks. There is no known respiratory function that involves only a small number of intrinsic, synaptic, or modulatory properties. Because of the complex integration of numerous intrinsic, synaptic, and modulatory mechanisms, the respiratory network is capable of continuously adapting to changes in the external and internal environment, which makes breathing one of the most integrated behaviors. Not surprisingly, inspiration is critical not only in the control of ventilation, but also in the context of "inspiring behaviors" such as arousal of the mind and even creativity. Far-reaching implications apply also to the underlying network mechanisms, as lessons learned from the respiratory network apply to network functions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institut, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Rekling JC, Jensen KHR, Jahnsen H. Spontaneous cluster activity in the inferior olivary nucleus in brainstem slices from postnatal mice. J Physiol 2012; 590:1547-62. [PMID: 22250213 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.222570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinctive property of the cerebellar system is olivocerebellar modules, where synchronized electrical activity in neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus (IO) evokes organized activity in the cerebellar cortex. However, the exact function of these modules, and how they are developed, is still largely unknown. Here we show that the IO in in vitro slices from postnatal mice spontaneously generates clusters of neurons with synchronous Ca(2+) transients. Neurons in the principal olive (PO), and the vestibular-related dorsomedial cell column (dmcc), showed an age-dependent increase in spontaneous calcium transients. The spatiotemporal activity pattern was occasionally organized in clusters of co-active neighbouring neurons,with regular (16 min-1) and irregular (2-3 min(-1)) repeating cluster activity in the dmcc and PO, respectively. IO clusters had a diameter of 100-170 μm, lasted~1 s, and increased in occurrence from postnatal day P5.5 to P12.5, followed by a sharp drop to near zero at P15.5. IO clusters were overlapping, and comprised nearly identical neurons at some time points, and a varied subset of neurons at others. Some neurons had hub-like properties, being co-active with many other neighbours, and some were co-active with separate clusters at different times. The coherence between calcium transients in IO neurons decreased with Euclidean distance between the cells reaching low values at 100-200 μm distances. Intracellular recordings from IO neurons during cluster formation revealed the presence of spikelet-like potentials, suggesting that electrical coupling between neighbouring IO neurons may serve as a synchronizing mechanism. In conclusion, the IO shows spontaneous cluster activity under in vitro conditions, coinciding with a critical postnatal period in olivocerebellar development. We propose that these clusters may be forerunners of the ensembles of IO neurons shown to be co-active in adult animals spontaneously and during motor acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Rekling
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Copenhagen University - Panum Institute - 12.3, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Vetter I. Development and optimization of FLIPR high throughput calcium assays for ion channels and GPCRs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:45-82. [PMID: 22453938 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) permeable ion channels and GPCRs linked to Ca(2+) release are important drug targets, with modulation of Ca(2+) signaling increasingly recognized as a valid therapeutic strategy in a range of diseases. The FLIPR is a high throughput imaging plate reader that has contributed substantially to drug discovery efforts and pharmacological characterization of receptors and ion channels coupled to Ca(2+). Now in its fourth generation, the FLIPR(TETRA) is an industry standard for high throughput Ca(2+) assays. With an increasing number of excitation LED banks and emission filter sets available; FLIPR Ca(2+) assays are becoming more versatile. This chapter describes general methods for establishing robust FLIPR Ca(2+) assays, incorporating practical aspects as well as suggestions for assay optimization, to guide the reader in the development and optimization of high throughput FLIPR assays for ion channels and GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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