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Badimon A, Torrente D, Norris EH. Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: Alterations in the Plasma Contact and Fibrinolytic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7046. [PMID: 37108211 PMCID: PMC10138543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting millions of people worldwide. The classical hallmarks of AD include extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, although they are often accompanied by various vascular defects. These changes include damage to the vasculature, a decrease in cerebral blood flow, and accumulation of Aβ along vessels, among others. Vascular dysfunction begins early in disease pathogenesis and may contribute to disease progression and cognitive dysfunction. In addition, patients with AD exhibit alterations in the plasma contact system and the fibrinolytic system, two pathways in the blood that regulate clotting and inflammation. Here, we explain the clinical manifestations of vascular deficits in AD. Further, we describe how changes in plasma contact activation and the fibrinolytic system may contribute to vascular dysfunction, inflammation, coagulation, and cognitive impairment in AD. Given this evidence, we propose novel therapies that may, alone or in combination, ameliorate AD progression in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Zhang X, Gao B, Xu B. Association between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G polymorphism and risk of Alzheimer's disease, metabolic syndrome, and female infertility: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23660. [PMID: 33327353 PMCID: PMC7738113 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is considered to be involved in the physiopathological mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and female infertility. Previous studies investigating the association between PAI-14G/5G (rs1799889) gene polymorphism and the risk of AD, MetS, and female infertility have reported inconsistent results. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible associations. METHODS Eligible studies were retrieved through PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, CNKI, and WANFANG databases. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the associations. Subgroup analyses by ethnicity and mean age, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias were performed. RESULTS Five studies (four articles) for AD, six studies (six articles) for MetS, and four studies (four articles) for female infertility were included in this meta-analysis. Our results showed no significant associations between the PAI-14G/5G polymorphism and the risk of AD and female infertility in five genetic models. For the risk of MetS, the PAI-1 4G/5G (rs1799889) polymorphism may be associated with the risk of MetS (4G vs 5G, OR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.04-1.64, P = .021), especially in Asians (4G/4G vs 4G/5G+5G/5G, OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.01-1.87, P = .041) and patients with mean age > 50 years old (4G/4G vs 4G/5G+5G/5G, OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.03-1.78, P = .029). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis suggested that the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism might be associated with the risk of MetS, but no evidence was detected for AD and female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang First People's Hospital, Dadong District
| | - Bai Gao
- Department of Nerve Function, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang First People's Hospital, Dadong District
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Wang J, Yuan Y, Cai R, Huang R, Tian S, Lin H, Guo D, Wang S. Association between Plasma Levels of PAI-1, tPA/PAI-1 Molar Ratio, and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:835-845. [PMID: 29689724 DOI: 10.3233/jad-171038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
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Fekih-Mrissa N, Mansour M, Sayeh A, Bedoui I, Mrad M, Riahi A, Mrissa R, Nsiri B. The Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 4G/5G Polymorphism and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2017; 32:342-346. [PMID: 28466654 PMCID: PMC10852582 DOI: 10.1177/1533317517705223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Tunisian patients. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed the genotype and allele frequency distribution of the PAI-1 polymorphism in 60 Tunisian patients with AD and 120 healthy controls. RESULTS The results show a significantly increased risk of AD in carriers of the 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes versus the wild-type 5G/5G genotype (4G/4G: 28.33% in patients vs 10.0% in controls; P < 10-3; OR = 8.78; 4G/5G: 55.0% in patients vs 38.33% in controls; OR = 4.45; P < 10-3). The 4G allele was also more frequently found in patients compared with controls; P < 10-3; OR = 3.07. For all participants and by gender, homozygotic carriers (4G/4G) were at an increased risk of AD over heterozygotes and women were at an increased risk over their male genotype counterparts. The odds ratio for AD among 4G/4G carriers for any group was approximately twice that of heterozygotes in the same group. Women homozygotes ranked highest for AD risk (OR = 20.8) and, in fact, women heterozygotes (OR = 9.03) ranked higher for risk than male homozygotes (OR = 6.12). CONCLUSION These preliminary exploratory results should be confirmed in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiba Fekih-Mrissa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Malek Mansour
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Sayeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Bedoui
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Mrad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anis Riahi
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ridha Mrissa
- Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Brahim Nsiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Hematology, Military Hospital of Tunisia, Tunis, Tunisia
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Promoter polymorphisms of SERPINE1 are associated with the antidepressant response to depression in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2012; 516:217-20. [PMID: 22503724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD). As the main regulator of the tissue plasminogen activator/brain-derived neurotrophic factor axis, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of both AD and depression. This suggests a potential role of the PAI-1 gene SERPINE1 in the development of AD-related depression and its response to antidepressant treatment. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between the SERPINE1 promoter polymorphisms (rs1799889 and rs2227631) and the risk of depression in AD and to determine the relationship between these 2 polymorphisms and the response to paroxetine treatment in AD patients with depressive symptoms. A total of 423 AD patients, all of which were inpatients, including 161 patients with obvious depressive symptoms, were recruited into this study, and the MassARRAY system was used for genotyping. We failed to detect any significant associations of these 2 polymorphisms with AD-related depression in the Chinese population (p>0.05). However, for the depressive symptoms in AD, the frequency of the 5G allele of rs1799889 was significantly higher (p=0.009 after Bonferroni correction) in responders than in non-responders to an 8-week paroxetine treatment. Our preliminary results suggest that the SERPINE1 promoter polymorphisms may be associated with antidepressant treatment, but not with the increased susceptibility to the depressive symptoms in AD.
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Nalivaeva NN, Beckett C, Belyaev ND, Turner AJ. Are amyloid-degrading enzymes viable therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease? J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:167-185. [PMID: 22122230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
: The amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease envisages that the initial elevation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) levels, especially of Aβ(1-42) , is the primary trigger for the neuronal cell death specific to onset of Alzheimer's disease. There is now substantial evidence that brain amyloid levels are manipulable because of a dynamic equilibrium between their synthesis from the amyloid precursor protein and their removal by amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) providing a potential therapeutic strategy. Since the initial reports over a decade ago that two zinc metallopeptidases, insulin-degrading enzyme and neprilysin (NEP), contributed to amyloid degradation in the brain, there is now an embarras de richesses in relation to this category of enzymes, which currently number almost 20. These now include serine and cysteine proteinases, as well as numerous zinc peptidases. The experimental validation for each of these enzymes, and which to target, varies enormously but up-regulation of several of them individually in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease has proved effective in amyloid and plaque clearance, as well as cognitive enhancement. The relative status of each of these enzymes will be critically evaluated. NEP and its homologues, as well as insulin-degrading enzyme, remain as principal ADEs and recently discovered mechanisms of epigenetic regulation of NEP expression potentially open new avenues in manipulation of AD-related genes, including ADEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Nalivaeva
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Caroline Beckett
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nikolai D Belyaev
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony J Turner
- Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Ju H, Lim B, Kim M, Noh SM, Kim WH, Ihm C, Choi BY, Kim YS, Kang C. SERPINE1 intron polymorphisms affecting gene expression are associated with diffuse-type gastric cancer susceptibility. Cancer 2010; 116:4248-55. [PMID: 20549826 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A primary inhibitor of plasminogen activators, SERPINE1 (serpin peptidase inhibitor 1, clade E, member 1, also known as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), is an important regulator in tumorigenesis and is highly expressed in many cancers. METHODS Five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 1 insertion polymorphism within SERPINE1 were genotyped in 1101 unrelated Korean individuals (a case group of 612 patients with gastric cancer and a control group of 489 healthy individuals). Associations with susceptibility to diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC) and intestinal-type gastric cancer were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for age and sex. Allelic differences in the contribution to gene expression were measured using luciferase assays. RESULTS SNP c.1162+162C>T (rs2227692) in intron 7 was associated with susceptibility to DGC but not with susceptibility to intestinal-type gastric cancer. The minor allele-carrying genotypes C/T and T/T had 1.6-fold greater odds of DGC than the C/C genotype (P = .00084). This SNP was linked to a repeat-number variation c.1162+604AAAG(11_17), a deletion (del) variation c.1162+664_1162+673del, and another SNP c.1162+859T>A (rs2070683) in intron 7 based on the sequencing of 5 patients and 5 controls. The risk haplotype of the 4 variations exhibited a 30% greater gene expression level than the nonrisk haplotype in luciferase reporter assays (P = .025). In contrast, DGC susceptibility was not associated with the c.-1969_-1968insG polymorphism (rs1799768) in the promoter, commonly known as 4G/5G, in which the minor 5G allele is less active in transcription than the major 4G allele. CONCLUSIONS An association between SERPINE1 and DGC susceptibility was observed with 4 correlated polymorphisms in intron 7 rather than the 4G/5G polymorphism in the promoter, although all polymorphisms affected gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungseok Ju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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