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Faynus MA, Bailey JK, Pennington BO, Katsura M, Proctor DA, Yeh AK, Menon S, Choi DG, Lebkowski JS, Johnson LV, Clegg DO. Microcarrier-Based Culture of Human Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Retinal Pigmented Epithelium. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070297. [PMID: 35877348 PMCID: PMC9311890 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is estimated to impact nearly 300 million individuals globally by 2040. While no treatment options are currently available, multiple clinical trials investigating retinal pigmented epithelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-RPE) as a cellular replacement therapeutic are currently underway. It has been estimated that a production capacity of >109 RPE cells annually would be required to treat the afflicted population, but current manufacturing protocols are limited, being labor-intensive and time-consuming. Microcarrier technology has enabled high-density propagation of many adherent mammalian cell types via monolayer culture on surfaces of uM-diameter matrix spheres; however, few studies have explored microcarrier-based culture of RPE cells. Here, we provide an approach to the growth, maturation, and differentiation of hPSC-RPE cells on Cytodex 1 (C1) and Cytodex 3 (C3) microcarriers. We demonstrate that hPSC-RPE cells adhere to microcarriers coated with Matrigel, vitronectin or collagen, and mature in vitro to exhibit characteristic epithelial cell morphology and pigmentation. Microcarrier-grown hPSC-RPE cells (mcRPE) are viable; metabolically active; express RPE signature genes including BEST1, RPE65, TYRP1, and PMEL17; secrete the trophic factors PEDF and VEGF; and demonstrate phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. Furthermore, we show that undifferentiated hESCs also adhere to Matrigel-coated microcarriers and are amenable to directed RPE differentiation. The capacity to support hPSC-RPE cell cultures using microcarriers enables efficient large-scale production of therapeutic RPE cells sufficient to meet the treatment demands of a large AMD patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Faynus
- Program for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeffrey K. Bailey
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
| | - Britney O. Pennington
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
| | - Mika Katsura
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
| | - Duncan A. Proctor
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ashley K. Yeh
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sneha Menon
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Dylan G. Choi
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
- College of Creative Studies, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jane S. Lebkowski
- Program in Biological Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lincoln V. Johnson
- Program in Biological Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Dennis O. Clegg
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (J.K.B.); (B.O.P.); (M.K.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.Y.); (S.M.); (D.G.C.); (D.O.C.)
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Regenerative Patch Technologies LLC, Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA; (J.S.L.); (L.V.J.)
- Program in Biological Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Brook N, Brook E, Dharmarajan A, Chan A, Dass CR. Pigment epithelium-derived factor regulation of neuronal and stem cell fate. Exp Cell Res 2020; 389:111891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Riabinska A, Zille M, Terzi MY, Cordell R, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Klohs J, Piña AL. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Improves Paracellular Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity in the Normal and Ischemic Mouse Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:751-764. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Mendes-Pinheiro B, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Da Silva JD, Marote A, Behie LA, Teixeira FG, Salgado AJ. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells' Secretome Exerts Neuroprotective Effects in a Parkinson's Disease Rat Model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:294. [PMID: 31737616 PMCID: PMC6838134 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a selective loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the human midbrain causing motor dysfunctions. The exact mechanism behind dopaminergic cell death is still not completely understood and, so far, no cure or neuroprotective treatment for PD is available. Recent studies have brought attention to the variety of bioactive molecules produced by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), generally referred to as the secretome. Herein, we evaluated whether human MSCs-bone marrow derived (hBMSCs) secretome would be beneficial in a PD pre-clinical model, when compared directly with cell transplantation of hBMSCs alone. We used a 6-hydroxydpomanie (6-OHDA) rat PD model, and motor behavior was evaluated at different time points after treatments (1, 4, and 7 weeks). The impact of the treatments in the recovery of DA neurons was estimated by determining TH-positive neuronal densities in the substantia nigra and fibers in the striatum, respectively, at the end of the behavioral characterization. Furthermore, we determined the effect of the hBMSCs secretome on the neuronal survival of human neural progenitors in vitro, and characterized the secretome through proteomic-based approaches. This work demonstrates that the injection of hBMSCs secretome led to the rescue of DA neurons, when compared to transplantation of hBMSCs themselves, which can explain the recovery of secretome-injected animals' behavioral performance in the staircase test. Moreover, we observed that hBMSCs secretome induces higher levels of in vitro neuronal differentiation. Finally, the proteomic analysis revealed that hBMSCs secrete important exosome-related molecules, such as those related with the ubiquitin-proteasome and histone systems. Overall, this work provided important insights on the potential use of hBMSCs secretome as a therapeutic tool for PD, and further confirms the importance of the secreted molecules rather than the transplantation of hBMSCs for the observed positive effects. These could be likely through normalization of defective processes in PD, namely proteostasis or altered gene transcription, which lately can lead to neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge D Da Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Marote
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Leo A Behie
- Canada-Research Chair in Biomedical Engineering (Emeritus), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Baud A, Little D, Wen TQ, Heywood WE, Gissen P, Mills K. An Optimized Method for the Proteomic Analysis of Low Volumes of Cell Culture Media and the Secretome: The Application and the Demonstration of Altered Protein Expression in iPSC-Derived Neuronal Cell Lines from Parkinson's Disease Patients. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1198-1207. [PMID: 30562036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, cell culture medium in iPSC-derived cell work is not the main focus of the research and often is considered as just "food for cells". We demonstrate that by manipulation of the media and optimized methodology, it is possible to use this solution to study the proteins that the cell secretes (the "secretome"). This is particularly useful in the study of iPSC-derived neurons, which require long culture time. We demonstrate that media can be used to model diseases with optimized incubation and sampling times. The ability not to sacrifice cells allows significant cost and research benefits. In this manuscript we describe an optimized method for the analysis of the cell media from iPSC-derived neuronal lines from control and Parkinson's disease patients. We have evaluated the use of standard and supplement B27-free cell media as well as five different sample preparation techniques for proteomic analysis of the cell secretome. Mass spectral analysis of culture media allowed for the identification of >500 proteins, in 500 μL of media, which is less volume than reported previously (20-40 mL). Using shorter incubation times and our optimized methodology, we describe the use of this technique to study and describe potential disease mechanisms in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baud
- Centre for Translational Omics , UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , WC1N 1EH , U.K
| | - Daniel Little
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology , University College London , London , WC1E 6BT , U.K
| | - Teo Qi Wen
- Centre for Translational Omics , UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , WC1N 1EH , U.K
| | - Wendy E Heywood
- Centre for Translational Omics , UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , WC1N 1EH , U.K
| | - Paul Gissen
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology , University College London , London , WC1E 6BT , U.K
| | - Kevin Mills
- Centre for Translational Omics , UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London , WC1N 1EH , U.K
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Mendes-Pinheiro B, Teixeira FG, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Behie LA, Salgado AJ. Secretome of Undifferentiated Neural Progenitor Cells Induces Histological and Motor Improvements in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 7:829-838. [PMID: 30238668 PMCID: PMC6216452 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results from the death of dopamine (DA) neurons. Over recent years, differentiated or undifferentiated neural stem cells (NSCs) transplantation has been widely used as a means of cell replacement therapy. However, compelling evidence has brought attention to the array of bioactive molecules produced by stem cells, defined as secretome. As described in the literature, other cell populations have a high‐neurotrophic activity, but little is known about NSCs. Moreover, the exploration of the stem cell secretome is only in its initial stages, particularly as applied to neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, we have characterized the secretome of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) through proteomic analysis and investigated its effects in a 6‐hydroxidopamine (6‐OHDA) rat model of PD in comparison with undifferentiated hNPCs transplantation. Results revealed that the injection of hNPCs secretome potentiated the histological recovery of DA neurons when compared to the untreated group 6‐OHDA and those transplanted with cells (hNPCs), thereby supporting the functional motor amelioration of 6‐OHDA PD animals. Additionally, hNPCs secretome proteomic characterization has revealed that these cells have the capacity to secrete a wide range of important molecules with neuroregulatory actions, which are most likely support the effects observed. Overall, we have concluded that the use of hNPCs secretome partially modulate DA neurons cell survival and ameliorate PD animals’ motor deficits, disclosing improved results when compared to cell transplantation approaches, indicating that the secretome itself could represent a route for new therapeutic options for PD regenerative medicine. stem cells translational medicine2018;7:829–838
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Mendes-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Anjo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leo A Behie
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
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Insights into the Mechanisms Involved in Protective Effects of VEGF-B in Dopaminergic Neurons. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017; 2017:4263795. [PMID: 28473940 PMCID: PMC5394414 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4263795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B), when initially discovered, was thought to be an angiogenic factor, due to its intimate sequence homology and receptor binding similarity to the prototype angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Studies demonstrated that VEGF-B, unlike VEGF-A, did not play a significant role in angiogenesis or vascular permeability and has become an active area of interest because of its role as a survival factor in pathological processes in a multitude of systems, including the brain. By characterization of important downstream targets of VEGF-B that regulate different cellular processes in the nervous system and cardiovascular system, it may be possible to develop more effective clinical interventions in diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and ischemic heart disease, which all share mitochondrial dysfunction as part of the disease. Here we summarize what is currently known about the mechanism of action of VEGF-B in pathological processes. We explore its potential as a homeostatic protective factor that improves mitochondrial function in the setting of cardiovascular and neurological disease, with a specific focus on dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Alzheimer's disease: Elevated pigment epithelium-derived factor in the cerebrospinal fluid is mostly of systemic origin. J Neurol Sci 2017; 375:123-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Halbgebauer S, Öckl P, Wirth K, Steinacker P, Otto M. Protein biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: Focus on cerebrospinal fluid markers and synaptic proteins. Mov Disord 2016; 31:848-60. [PMID: 27134134 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, to date, no validated biomarkers for PD have been found. This review seeks to summarize studies approaching the detection of biomarker candidates for PD and introduce promising ones in more detail, with special attention to synaptic proteins. To this end, we performed a PubMed search and included studies using proteomic tools (2-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis and/or mass spectrometry) for the comparison of samples from PD and control patients. We found 27 studies reporting more than 500 differentially expressed proteins in which a total of 28 were detected in 2 and 17 in 3 or more independent studies, including posttranslationally modified proteins. In addition, of these 500 proteins, 25 were found to be brain specific, and 14 were enriched in synapses. Special attention was given to the applicability of the biomarker regarding sampling procedures, that is, using CSF/serum material for diagnosis. Furthermore, presynaptic proteins involved in vesicle membrane fusion seem to be interesting candidates for future analyses. Nonetheless, even though such promising biomarker candidates for PD exist, validation of these biomarkers in large-scale clinical studies is necessary to evaluate the diagnostic potential. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Öckl
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Secretome of Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cell, a Multiple Potential Stem Cell. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1243659. [PMID: 26949398 PMCID: PMC4753338 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1243659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) have the ability to promote regeneration in the nervous system in vivo. Moreover, with view to the potential for clinical application, OM-MSCs have the advantage of being easily accessible from patients and transplantable in an autologous manner, thus eliminating immune rejection and contentious ethical issues. So far, most studies have been focused on the role of OM-MSCs in central nervous system replacement. However, the secreted proteomics of OM-MSCs have not been reported yet. Here, proteins secreted by OM-MSCs cultured in serum-free conditions were separated on SDS-PAGE and identified by LC-MS/MS. As a result, a total of 274 secreted proteins were identified. These molecules are known to be important in neurotrophy, angiogenesis, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, and inflammation which were highly correlated with the repair of central nervous system. The proteomic profiling of the OM-MSCs secretome might provide new insights into their nature in the neural recovery. However, proteomic analysis for clinical biomarkers of OM-MSCs needs to be further studied.
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11
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Zille M, Riabinska A, Terzi MY, Balkaya M, Prinz V, Schmerl B, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Endres M, Vajkoczy P, Pina AL. Influence of pigment epithelium-derived factor on outcome after striatal cerebral ischemia in the mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114595. [PMID: 25470280 PMCID: PMC4255036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We here suggest that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) does not have an effect on lesion size, behavioral outcome, cell proliferation, or cell death after striatal ischemia in the mouse. PEDF is a neurotrophic factor with neuroprotective, antiangiogenic, and antipermeability effects. It influences self-renewal of neural stem cells and proliferation of microglia. We investigated whether intraventricular infusion of PEDF reduces infarct size and cell death, ameliorates behavioral outcome, and influences cell proliferation in the one-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. C57Bl6/N mice were implanted with PEDF or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control) osmotic pumps and subjected to 60-minute MCAO 48 hours after pump implantation. They received daily BrdU injections for 7 days after MCAO in order to investigate cell proliferation. Infarct volumes were determined 24 hours after reperfusion using magnetic resonance imaging. We removed the pumps on day 5 and performed behavioral testing between day 7 and 21. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the effect of PEDF on cell proliferation and cell death. Our model produced an ischemic injury confined solely to striatal damage. We detected no reduction in infarct sizes and cell death in PEDF- vs. CSF-infused MCAO mice. Behavioral outcome and cell proliferation did not differ between the groups. However, we cannot exclude that PEDF might work under different conditions in stroke. Further studies will elucidate the effect of PEDF treatment on cell proliferation and behavioral outcome in moderate to severe ischemic injury in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Zille
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arina Riabinska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Menderes Yusuf Terzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mustafa Balkaya
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Prinz
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Schmerl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Luisa Pina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Elahy M, Baindur-Hudson S, Cruzat VF, Newsholme P, Dass CR. Mechanisms of PEDF-mediated protection against reactive oxygen species damage in diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy. J Endocrinol 2014; 222:R129-39. [PMID: 24928938 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a pluripotent glycoprotein belonging to the serpin family. PEDF can stimulate several physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and survival. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the major cause of blindness in young diabetic adults. PEDF plays a protective role in DR and there is accumulating evidence of the neuroprotective effect of PEDF. In this paper, we review the role of PEDF and the mechanisms involved in its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Elahy
- College of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, AustraliaSchool of Biomedical SciencesBiosciences Research PrecinctSchool of PharmacyCurtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Swati Baindur-Hudson
- College of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, AustraliaSchool of Biomedical SciencesBiosciences Research PrecinctSchool of PharmacyCurtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Vinicius F Cruzat
- College of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, AustraliaSchool of Biomedical SciencesBiosciences Research PrecinctSchool of PharmacyCurtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCollege of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, AustraliaSchool of Biomedical SciencesBiosciences Research PrecinctSchool of PharmacyCurtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- College of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, AustraliaSchool of Biomedical SciencesBiosciences Research PrecinctSchool of PharmacyCurtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCollege of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, AustraliaSchool of Biomedical SciencesBiosciences Research PrecinctSchool of PharmacyCurtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- College of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, AustraliaSchool of Biomedical SciencesBiosciences Research PrecinctSchool of PharmacyCurtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, AustraliaCollege of Health and BiomedicineVictoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, AustraliaSchool of Biomedical SciencesBiosciences Research PrecinctSchool of PharmacyCurtin University, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
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13
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Guloglu MO, Larsen A, Brundin P. Adipocytes derived from PA6 cells reliably promote the differentiation of dopaminergic neurons from human embryonic stem cells. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:564-73. [PMID: 24482287 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The PA6 stromal cell line comprises a heterogeneous population of cells that can induce both mouse and human embryonic stem cells to differentiate into dopaminergic neurons. This ability of PA6 cells has been termed stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA). The level of SDIA has been found to vary considerably between and within batches of PA6 cells. Not only are the molecular mechanisms that underlie SDIA unknown but also the cell type(s) within the heterogeneous PA6 cultures that underlie SDIA remain poorly defined. In this study, we reveal that adipocytes, which are present within the heterogeneous PA6 cell population, robustly release the factors mediating SDIA. Furthermore, we report that the coculture of human embryonic stem cells with PA6-derived adipocytes reliably induces their differentiation into midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O Guloglu
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden
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Yasuda T, Mochizuki H. Use of growth factors for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 10:915-24. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Yue X, Hariri DJ, Caballero B, Zhang S, Bartlett MJ, Kaut O, Mount DW, Wüllner U, Sherman SJ, Falk T. Comparative study of the neurotrophic effects elicited by VEGF-B and GDNF in preclinical in vivo models of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2013; 258:385-400. [PMID: 24291725 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) has recently been shown to be a promising novel neuroprotective agent for several neurodegenerative conditions. In the current study we extended previous work on neuroprotective potential for Parkinson's disease (PD) by testing an expanded dose range of VEGF-B (1 and 10 μg) and directly comparing both neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of VEGF-B in progressive unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) PD models to a single dose of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF, 10 μg), that has been established by several groups as a standard in both preclinical PD models. In the amphetamine-induced rotational tests the treatment with 1 and 10 μg VEGF-B resulted in significantly improved motor function of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats compared to vehicle-treated 6-OHDA-lesioned rats in the neuroprotection paradigm. Both doses of VEGF-B caused an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell and fiber count in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum in the neuroprotective experiment. The effect size was comparable to the effects seen with GDNF. In the neurorestoration paradigm, VEGF-B injection had no significant effect in either the behavioral or the immunohistochemical analyses, whereas GDNF injection significantly improved the amphetamine-induced rotational behavior and reduced TH-positive neuronal cell loss in the SN. We also present a strong positive correlation (p=1.9e-50) of the expression of VEGF-B with nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes involved in fatty acid metabolism in rat midbrain, pointing to the mitochondria as a site of action of VEGF-B. GDNF showed a positive correlation with nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes that was not nearly as strong (p=0.018). VEGF-B counteracted rotenone-induced reduction of (a) fatty acid transport protein 1 and 4 levels and (b) both Akt protein and phosphorylation levels in SH-SY5Y cells. We further verified VEGF-B expression in the human SN pars compacta of healthy controls and PD patients, in neuronal cells that show co-expression with neuromelanin. These results have demonstrated that VEGF-B has potential as a neuroprotective agent for PD therapy and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yue
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - D J Hariri
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - B Caballero
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - S Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - M J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - O Kaut
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - D W Mount
- Bioinformatics Shared Service, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - U Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - S J Sherman
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - T Falk
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Wang Y, Wang X, Li R, Yang ZF, Wang YZ, Gong XL, Wang XM. A DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, exacerbates neurotoxicity and upregulates Parkinson's disease-related genes in dopaminergic neurons. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:183-90. [PMID: 23441691 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate effects of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors on dopaminergic neurons and its underlied mechanism. METHODS The DNMT inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) was tested in cultured dopaminergic cells. Cell viability and apoptosis were assayed with 5-aza-dC alone. Neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ), 6-hydroxydopamine or rotenone was also assayed with 5-aza-dC pretreatment. And mRNA levels of several key PD-related genes were examined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, CpG methylation of α-synuclein promoter was examined by bisulfite sequencing. RESULTS 5-aza-dC resulted in decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Pretreatment with 5-aza-dC exacerbated neurotoxic damage to dopaminergic neurons induced by MPP(+) , 6-hydroxydopamine or rotenone. 5-aza-dC also induced transcriptional upregulation of the key PD-related genes tyrosine hydroxylase and α-synuclein. And demethylation of CpG in α-synuclein promoter was also induced by 5-aza-dC and MPP(+) . CONCLUSIONS This DNMT inhibitor might influence pathogenesis of PD. And demethylation induced by DNMT inhibitor might contribute to dopaminergic neuron death, by increasing vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to neurotoxins and by misregulating transcription of key PD-related genes. Our data also suggested DNMT inhibitors may cause multiple effects on dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Physiology and Key Laboratory for the Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Farrell K, Barker RA. Stem cells and regenerative therapies for Parkinson's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2012; 2:79-92. [PMID: 30890881 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the mainstay of Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy is the pharmacological replacement of the loss of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway using drugs such as dopamine agonists and levodopa. Whilst these drugs effectively ameliorate some of the motor features of PD, they do not improve many of the nonmotor features that arise secondary to pathology outside of this system, nor do they slow the progressive neurodegeneration that is a characteristic of the disease. Regenerative therapies for PD seek to fill this therapeutic gap, with cell transplantation being the most explored approach to date. A number of different cell sources have been used in this therapeutic approach, but to date, the most successful has been the use of fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) tissue that contains within it the developing nigral dopaminergic cells. Cell transplantation for PD was pioneered in the 1980-1990s, with several successful open-label trials of fetal VM transplantation in patients with relatively advanced PD. Whilst these findings were not replicated in two subsequent double-blind sham-surgery controlled trials, there were reasons to explain this outside of the one drawn at the time that these therapies are ineffective. Indeed all these studies have provided evidence that following the transplantation of fetal VM tissue, dopaminergic cells can survive long term, produce dopamine, and bring about clinical improvements in younger patients over many years. The use of fetal tissue, irrespective of its true efficacy, will never become a widely available therapy for PD for a host of practical and ethical reasons, and thus much work has been put in recently to exploring the utility of stem cells as a source of nigral dopaminergic neurons. In this respect, the advent of embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent cells has heralded a new era in cell therapy for PD, and several groups have now demonstrated that these cells can form dopaminergic neurons which improve functional deficits in animal models of PD. Whilst encouraging, problems with respect to the immunogenicity and tumorigenicity of these cells means that they will need to be used in the clinic cautiously. Other regenerative therapies in PD have been tried over the years and include the use of trophic factors. This has primarily involved glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and again has produced mixed clinical effects, and in order to try and resolve this, a new trial of intraputamenal GDNF is now being planned. In addition, a new trial for platelet derived growth factor as a treatment for PD has just completed recruitment, and PYM50028 (Cogane) an oral agent shown in animal models to reduce the effects of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) lesioning by the induction of growth factors is currently under investigation in a multicentre Phase II trial. Overall, there are a number of promising new regenerative therapies being developed and tested in PD, although the true long-term efficacy of any of these in large numbers of patients is still not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Farrell
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
| | - Roger A Barker
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,
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18
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The intrinsic PEDF is regulated by PPARγ in permanent focal cerebral ischemia of rat. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2099-107. [PMID: 22714093 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory damage plays a pivotal role in cerebral ischemia and may represent a target for treatment. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is proven to possess neuroprotective property. But there is little known about the intrinsic PEDF after cerebral ischemia. This study evaluated the time course expression of the intrinsic PEDF and its underlying regulation mechanisms after cerebral ischemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Telmisartan (PPARγ agonist) and GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist) were systemically administered to explore the effect on PPARγ, PEDF, NF-κB and MMP-9 expression at 24 h after cerebral ischemia by western blot and qRT-PCR. The neurological deficits, brain water content and infarct volume were measured. Compared with normal group, the expressions of PEDF and PPARγ decreased, and the expression of NF-κB and MMP-9 increased at early stage after ischemia (P < 0.05). Compared with the vehicle group, the decrease of PEDF and PPARγ was significantly up-regulated and the increase of NF-κB and MMP-9 was down-regulated by telmisartan at 24 h (P < 0.05). The neurological deficits, brain water content and infarct volume were dramatically alleviated by telmisartan (P < 0.05). Telmisartan's effects were reversed by GW9662 co-administration (P < 0.05). The expression of intrinsic PEDF was down-regulated at the early stage of cerebral ischemia. The protective effects of intrinsic PEDF by activating PPARγ pathway may be one of the strategic targets for cerebral ischemic therapies.
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Role of pigment epithelium-derived factor in stem/progenitor cell-associated neovascularization. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:871272. [PMID: 22685380 PMCID: PMC3364713 DOI: 10.1155/2012/871272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was first identified in retinal pigment epithelium cells. It is an endogenously produced protein that is widely expressed throughout the human body such as in the eyes, liver, heart, and adipose tissue; it exhibits multiple and varied biological activities. PEDF is a multifunctional protein with antiangiogenic, antitumorigenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective properties. More recently, PEDF has been shown to be the most potent inhibitor of stem/progenitor cell-associated neovascularization. Neovascularization is a complex process regulated by a large, interacting network of molecules from stem/progenitor cells. PEDF is also involved in the pathogenesis of angiogenic eye disease, tumor growth, and cardiovascular disease. Novel antiangiogenic agents with tolerable side effects are desired for the treatment of patients with various diseases. Here, we review the value of PEDF as an important endogenous antiangiogenic molecule; we focus on the recently identified role of PEDF as a possible new target molecule to influence stem/progenitor cell-related neovascularization.
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20
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Piquet AL, Venkiteswaran K, Marupudi NI, Berk M, Subramanian T. The immunological challenges of cell transplantation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:320-31. [PMID: 22521427 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic cell transplantation is an experimental therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). It has many potential theoretical advantages over current treatment strategies such as providing continuous local dopaminergic replenishment, eliminating motor fluctuations and medication-induced dyskinesias, slowing down disease progression or even reversing disease pathology in the host. Recent studies also show that dopaminergic cell transplants provide long-term neuromodulation in the basal ganglia that simulates the combined effects of oral dopaminergic therapy and surgical therapies like deep brain stimulation, the contemporary therapeutic approach to advanced PD. However, dopaminergic cell transplantation in PD as not been optimized and current experimental techniques have many drawbacks. In published experiments to date of attempted dopaminergic grafting in PD, the major challenges are unacceptable graft-induced dyskinesias or failure of such grafts to exceed the benefits afforded by sham surgery. A deleterious host immune response to the transplant has been implicated as a major putative cause for these adverse outcomes. This article focuses on recent advances in understanding the immunology of the transplantation in PD and possible methods to overcome adverse events such that we could translate cell replacement strategies into viable clinical treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Piquet
- Department of Neurology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
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21
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PEDF and VEGF-A output from human retinal pigment epithelial cells grown on novel microcarriers. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:278932. [PMID: 22547925 PMCID: PMC3323925 DOI: 10.1155/2012/278932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells have been tested as a cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease but will require additional study before further clinical trials can be planned. We now show that the long-term survival and neurotrophic potential of hRPE cells can be enhanced by the use of FDA-approved plastic-based microcarriers compared to a gelatin-based microcarrier as used in failed clinical trials. The hRPE cells grown on these plastic-based microcarriers display several important characteristics of hRPE found in vivo: (1) characteristic morphological features, (2) accumulation of melanin pigment, and (3) high levels of production of the neurotrophic factors pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Growth of hRPE cells on plastic-based microcarriers led to sustained levels (>1 ng/ml) of PEDF and VEGF-A in conditioned media for two months. We also show that the expression of VEGF-A and PEDF is reciprocally regulated by activation of the GPR143 pathway. GPR143 is activated by L-DOPA (1 μM) which decreased VEGF-A secretion as opposed to the previously reported increase in PEDF secretion. The hRPE microcarriers are therefore novel candidate delivery systems for achieving long-term delivery of the neuroprotective factors PEDF and VEGF-A, which could have a value in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease.
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22
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Skaper SD. Culture of rat retina pigmented epithelial cells. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 846:159-66. [PMID: 22367809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-536-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium cells play a key role in maintaining the normal function of retina and can express several neurotrophic factors, which support the neurosensory retina and may also provide trophic signals to the host dopaminergic neurons. The following chapter describes a protocol for the purification and culture of retinal pigmented epithelial cells from postnatal rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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23
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Calenda G, Strong TD, Pavlovich CP, Schaeffer EM, Burnett AL, Yu W, Davies KP, Bivalacqua TJ. Whole genome microarray of the major pelvic ganglion after cavernous nerve injury: new insights into molecular profile changes after nerve injury. BJU Int 2012; 109:1552-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) protects cortical neurons in vitro from oxidant injury by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and induction of Bcl-2. Neurosci Res 2011; 72:1-8. [PMID: 21946416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitigating oxidative stress-induced damage is critical to preserve neuronal function in diseased or injured brains. This study explores the mechanisms contributing to the neuroprotective effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in cortical neurons. Cultured primary neurons are exposed to PEDF and H₂O₂ as well as inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Neuronal survival, cell death and levels of caspase 3, PEDF, phosphorylated ERK1/2, and Bcl-2 are measured. The data show cortical cultures release PEDF and that H₂O₂ treatment causes cell death, increases activated caspase 3 levels and decreases release of PEDF. Exogenous PEDF induces a dose-dependent increase in Bcl-2 expression and neuronal survival. Blocking Bcl-2 expression by siRNA reduced PEDF-induced increases in neuronal survival. Treating cortical cultures with PEDF 24 h before H₂O₂ exposure mitigates oxidant-induced decreases in neuronal survival, Bcl-2 expression, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and also reduces elevated caspase 3 level and activity. PEDF pretreatment effect on survival is blocked by inhibiting ERK or PI3K. However, only inhibition of ERK reduced the ability of PEDF to protect neurons from H₂O₂-induced Bcl-2 decrease and neuronal death. These data demonstrate PEDF-mediated neuroprotection against oxidant injury is largely mediated via ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 and suggest the utility of PEDF in preserving the viability of oxidatively challenged neurons.
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25
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Ding YX, Xia Y, Jiao XY, Duan L, Yu J, Wang X, Chen LW. The TrkB-positive dopaminergic neurons are less sensitive to MPTP insult in the substantia nigra of adult C57/BL mice. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1759-66. [PMID: 21562748 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors TrkB and TrkC mediate neuroprotective effects of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophins in the dopaminergic nigro-striatal system, but it is obscure about their responses or expression changes in the injured substantia nigra under Parkinson's disease. In present study, immunofluorescence, Fluoro-Jade staining and laser scanning confocal microscopy were applied to investigate distribution and changes of TrkB and TrkC in the dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra by comparison of control and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model. It revealed that TrkB and TrkC-immunoreactivities were substantially localized in cytoplasm and cell membrane of the substantia nigra neurons of control adults. While neurons double-labeled with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)/TrkB, or TH/TrkC were distributed in a large numbers in the substantia nigra of controls, they apparently went down at 36.2-65.7% of normal level, respectively following MPTP insult. In MPTP model, cell apoptosis or degeneration of nigral neurons were confirmed by caspase-3 and Fluoro-Jade staining. More interestingly, TH/TrkB-positive neurons survived more in cell numbers in comparison with that of TH/TrkC-positive ones in the MPTP model. This study has indicated that TrkB-containing dopamine neurons are less sensitive in the substantia nigra of MPTP mouse model, suggesting that specific organization of Trks may be involved in neuronal vulnerability to MPTP insult, and BDNF-TrkB signaling may play more important role in protecting dopamine neurons and exhibit therapeutic potential for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xiu Ding
- Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
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26
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Falk T, Yue X, Zhang S, McCourt AD, Yee BJ, Gonzalez RT, Sherman SJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor-B is neuroprotective in an in vivo rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2011; 496:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Duty S. Therapeutic potential of targeting group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 161:271-87. [PMID: 20735415 PMCID: PMC2989582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), for example, L-DOPA and dopamine agonists, are very effective at reversing the motor symptoms of the disease. However, they do little to combat the underlying degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and their long-term use is associated with the appearance of adverse effects such as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Much emphasis has therefore been placed on finding alternative non-dopaminergic drugs that may circumvent some or all of these problems. Group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors were first identified in the basal ganglia a decade ago. One or more of these receptors (mGlu4, mGlu7 or mGlu8) is found on pre-synaptic terminals of basal ganglia pathways whose overactivity is implicated not only in the generation of motor symptoms in PD, but also in driving the progressive SNc degeneration. The finding that drugs which activate group III mGlu receptors can inhibit transmission across these overactive synapses has lead to the proposal that group III mGlu receptors are promising targets for drug discovery in PD. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the role and target potential of group III mGlu receptors in the basal ganglia. Overwhelming evidence obtained from in vitro studies and animal models of PD supports group III mGlu receptors as potentially important drug targets for providing both symptom relief and neuroprotection in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Duty
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Guy's Campus, London, UK.
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The yin and yang of VEGF and PEDF: multifaceted neurotrophic factors and their potential in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2875-900. [PMID: 21152280 PMCID: PMC2996745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11082875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) have emerged as multifaceted players in not only the pathogenesis, but potential treatment, of numerous diseases. They activate diverse intracellular signaling cascades known to have extensive crosstalk, and have been best studied for their effects in cardiology and cancer biology. Recent work with the two factors indicates that the activity of one growth factor is often directly related to the action of the other. Their respective neuroprotective effects, in particular, raise important questions regarding the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease.
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Falk T, Zhang S, Sherman SJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) is up-regulated and exogenous VEGF-B is neuroprotective in a culture model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2009; 4:49. [PMID: 20003314 PMCID: PMC2799405 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-4-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the consequent deficit of dopamine released in the striatum. Current oral dopamine replacement or surgical therapies do not address the underlying issue of neurodegeneration, they neither slow nor halt disease. Neurotrophic factors have shown preclinical promise, but the choice of an appropriate growth factor as well as the delivery has proven difficult. In this study, we used a rotenone rat midbrain culture model to identify genes that are changed after addition of the neurotoxin. (1) We challenged rat midbrain cultures with rotenone (20 nM), a pesticide that has been shown to be toxic for dopaminergic neurons and that has been a well-characterized model of PD. A gene chip array analysis demonstrated that several genes were up-regulated after the rotenone treatment. Interestingly transcriptional activation of vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) was evident, while vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) levels remained unaltered. The results from the gene chip array experiment were verified with real time PCR and semi-quantitative western analysis using beta-actin as the internal standard. (2) We have also found evidence that exogenously applied VEGF-B performed as a neuroprotective agent facilitating neuron survival in an even more severe rotenone culture model of PD (40 nM rotenone). VEGF-B has very recently been added to the list of trophic factors that reduce effects of neurodegeneration, as was shown in an in vivo model of motor neuron degeneration, while lacking potential adverse angiogenic activity. The data of an in vivo protective effect on motor neurons taken together with the presented results demonstrate that VEGF-B is a new candidate trophic factor distinct from the GDNF family of trophic factors. VEGF-B is activated by neurodegenerative challenges to the midbrain, and exogenous application of VEGF-B has a neuroprotective effect in a culture model of PD. Strengthening this natural protective response by either adding exogenous VEGF-B or up-regulating the endogenous VEGF-B levels may have the potential to be a disease modifying therapy for PD. We conclude that the growth factor VEGF-B can improve neuronal survival in a culture model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Falk
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Department of Neurology, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Carr AJ, Vugler AA, Hikita ST, Lawrence JM, Gias C, Chen LL, Buchholz DE, Ahmado A, Semo M, Smart MJK, Hasan S, da Cruz L, Johnson LV, Clegg DO, Coffey PJ. Protective effects of human iPS-derived retinal pigment epithelium cell transplantation in the retinal dystrophic rat. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8152. [PMID: 19997644 PMCID: PMC2780911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation of somatic cells with a set of embryonic transcription factors produces cells with the pluripotent properties of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). These induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell type, making them a potential source from which to produce cells as a therapeutic platform for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. In many forms of human retinal disease, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the underlying pathogenesis resides within the support cells of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). As a monolayer of cells critical to photoreceptor function and survival, the RPE is an ideally accessible target for cellular therapy. Here we report the differentiation of human iPS cells into RPE. We found that differentiated iPS-RPE cells were morphologically similar to, and expressed numerous markers of developing and mature RPE cells. iPS-RPE are capable of phagocytosing photoreceptor material, in vitro and in vivo following transplantation into the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) dystrophic rat. Our results demonstrate that iPS cells can be differentiated into functional iPS-RPE and that transplantation of these cells can facilitate the short-term maintenance of photoreceptors through phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. Long-term visual function is maintained in this model of retinal disease even though the xenografted cells are eventually lost, suggesting a secondary protective host cellular response. These findings have identified an alternative source of replacement tissue for use in human retinal cellular therapies, and provide a new in vitro cellular model system in which to study RPE diseases affecting human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda-Jayne Carr
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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