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Kaur J, Mojumdar A. A mechanistic overview of spinal cord injury, oxidative DNA damage repair and neuroprotective therapies. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:307-321. [PMID: 33789065 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1912040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial development in medical treatment strategies scientists are struggling to find a cure against spinal cord injury (SCI) which causes long term disability and paralysis. The prime rationale behind it is the enlargement of primary lesion due to an initial trauma to the spinal cord which spreads to the neighbouring spinal tissues It begins from the time of traumatic event happened and extends to hours and even days. It further causes series of biological and functional alterations such as inflammation, excitotoxicity and ischemia, and promotes secondary lesion to the cord which worsens the life of individuals affected by SCI. Oxidative DNA damage is a stern consequence of oxidative stress linked with secondary injury causes oxidative base alterations and strand breaks, which provokes cell death in neurons. It is implausible to stop primary damage however it is credible to halt the secondary lesion and improve the quality of the patient's life to some extent. Therefore it is crucial to understand the hidden perspectives of cell and molecular biology affecting the pathophysiology of SCI. Thus the focus of the review is to connect the missing links and shed light on the oxidative DNA damages and the functional repair mechanisms, as a consequence of the injury in neurons. The review will also probe the significance of neuroprotective strategies in the present scenario. HIGHLIGHTSSpinal cord injury, a pernicious condition, causes excitotoxicity and ischemia, ultimately leading to cell death.Oxidative DNA damage is a consequence of oxidative stress linked with secondary injury, provoking cell death in neurons.Base excision repair (BER) is one of the major repair pathways that plays a crucial role in repairing oxidative DNA damages.Neuroprotective therapies curbing SCI and boosting BER include the usage of pharmacological drugs and other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Aditya Mojumdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Wu L, Jiang C, Kang Y, Dai Y, Fang W, Huang P. Curcumin exerts protective effects against hypoxia‑reoxygenation injury via the enhancement of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 in SH‑SY5Y cells: Involvement of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:993-1004. [PMID: 32124937 PMCID: PMC7053876 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound extracted from the plant Curcuma longa, has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be fully elucidated. Emerging evidence indicated that apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), a multifunctional enzyme, participates in neuronal survival against I/R injury. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether curcumin alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reper-fusion (OGD/R)-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury, which serves as an in vitro model of cerebral I/R injury, by regulating APE1. The results revealed that curcumin increased cell viability, decreased LDH activity, reduced apoptosis and caspase-3 activity, downregulated the pro-apoptotic protein Bax expression and upregulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to OGD/R. Simultaneously, curcumin eliminated the OGD/R-induced decreases in APE1 protein and mRNA expression, as well as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level and AP sites in SH-SY5Y cells. However, APE1 knockdown by siRNA transfection markedly abrogated the protective effects of curcumin against OGD/R-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis and oxidative stress, as illustrated by the decreases in reactive oxygen species production and NADPH oxidase 2 expression, and the increase in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, curcumin mitigated the OGD/R-induced activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. Treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K/AKT pathway activity, attenuated the protective effects of curcumin on cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and reversed the curcumin-induced upregulation of APE1 protein expression in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to OGD/R. Taken together, these results demonstrated that curcumin protects SH-SY5Y cells against OGD/R injury by inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress, and via enhancing the APE1 level and activity, promoting PI3K/AKT pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Cao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Deqing County People's Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313200, P.R. China
| | - Ying Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Yaji Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230012, P.R. China
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Hou X, Snarski P, Higashi Y, Yoshida T, Jurkevich A, Delafontaine P, Sukhanov S. Nuclear complex of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and DNA repair enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I protect smooth muscle cells against oxidant-induced cell death. FASEB J 2017; 31:3179-3192. [PMID: 28404743 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601082r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque destabilization is the major determinant of most acute coronary events. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) death contributes to plaque destabilization. Here, we describe a novel antiapoptotic mechanism in vascular SMCs that involves interaction of nuclear glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1), the major oxidized DNA repair enzyme. GAPDH down-regulation potentiated H2O2-induced DNA damage and SMC apoptosis. Conversely, GAPDH overexpression decreased DNA damage and protected SMCs against apoptosis. Ape1 down-regulation reversed the resistance of GAPDH-overexpressing cells to DNA damage and apoptosis, which indicated that Ape1 is indispensable for GAPDH-dependent protective effects. GAPDH bound Ape1 in the SMC nucleus, and blocking (or oxidation) of GAPDH active site cysteines suppressed GAPDH/Ape1 interaction and potentiated apoptosis. GAPDH up-regulated Ape1 via a transcription factor homeobox protein Hox-A5-dependent mechanism. GAPDH levels were reduced in atherosclerotic plaque SMCs, and this effect correlated with oxidative stress and SMC apoptosis. Thus, we demonstrated that nuclear GAPDH/Ape1 interaction preserved Ape1 activity, reduced DNA damage, and prevented SMC apoptosis. Suppression of SMC apoptosis by maintenance of nuclear GAPDH/Ape1 interactions may be a novel therapy to increase atherosclerotic plaque stability.-Hou, X., Snarski, P., Higashi, Y., Yoshida, T., Jurkevich, A., Delafontaine, P., Sukhanov, S. Nuclear complex of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and DNA repair enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I protect smooth muscle cells against oxidant-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Hou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander Jurkevich
- Molecular Cytology Core, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrick Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA; .,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Chu TH, Guo A, Wu W. Down-regulation of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) in spinal motor neurones under oxidative stress. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:435-51. [PMID: 23808792 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an intermediate enzyme in base excision repair which is important for removing damaged nucleotides under normal and pathological conditions. Accumulation of damaged bases causes genome instability and jeopardizes cell survival. Our study is to examine APE1 regulation under oxidative stress in spinal motor neurones which are vulnerable to oxidative insult. METHODS We challenged the motor neurone-like cell line NSC-34 with hydrogen peroxide and delineated APE1 function by applying various inhibitors. We also examined the expression of APE1 in spinal motor neurones after spinal root avulsion in adult rats. RESULTS We showed that hydrogen peroxide induced APE1 down-regulation and cell death in a differentiated motor neurone-like cell line. Inhibiting the two functional domains of APE1, namely, DNA repair and redox domains potentiated hydrogen peroxide induced cell death. We further showed that p53 phosphorylation early after hydrogen peroxide treatment might contribute to the down-regulation of APE1. Our in vivo results similarly showed that APE1 was down-regulated after root avulsion injury in spinal motor neurones. Delay of motor neurone death suggested that APE1 might not cause immediate cell death but render motor neurones vulnerable to further oxidative insults. CONCLUSION We conclude that spinal motor neurones down-regulate APE1 upon oxidative stress. This property renders motor neurones susceptible to continuous challenge of oxidative stress in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Research Center of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Leak RK, Li P, Zhang F, Sulaiman HH, Weng Z, Wang G, Stetler RA, Shi Y, Cao G, Gao Y, Chen J. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 upregulation reduces oxidative DNA damage and protects hippocampal neurons from ischemic injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:135-48. [PMID: 24180454 PMCID: PMC4281843 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifunctional enzyme that participates in base-excision repair of oxidative DNA damage and in the redox activation of transcription factors. We tested the hypothesis that APE1 upregulation protects neuronal structure and function against transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI). RESULTS Upregulation of APE1 by low-dose proton irradiation (PI) or by transgene overexpression protected hippocampal CA1 neurons against tGCI-induced cell loss and reduced apurinic/apyrimidinic sites and DNA fragmentation. Conversely, APE1 knockdown attenuated the protection afforded by PI and ischemic preconditioning. APE1 overexpression inhibited the DNA damage response, as evidenced by lower phospho-histone H2A and p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis levels. APE1 overexpression also partially rescued dendritic spines and attenuated the decrease in field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal CA1. Presynaptic and postsynaptic markers were reduced after tGCI, and this effect was blunted in APE1 transgenics. The Morris water maze test revealed that APE1 protected against learning and memory deficits for at least 27 days post-injury. Animals expressing DNA repair-disabled mutant APE1 (D210A) exhibited more DNA damage than wild-type controls and were not protected against tGCI-induced cell loss. INNOVATION This is the first study that thoroughly characterizes structural and functional protection against ischemia after APE1 upregulation by measuring synaptic markers, electrophysiological function, and long-term neurological deficits in vivo. Furthermore, disabling the DNA repair activity of APE1 was found to abrogate its protective impact. CONCLUSION APE1 upregulation, either endogenously or through transgene overexpression, protects DNA, neuronal structures, synaptic function, and behavioral output from ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana K Leak
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
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Li P, Hu X, Gan Y, Gao Y, Liang W, Chen J. Mechanistic insight into DNA damage and repair in ischemic stroke: exploiting the base excision repair pathway as a model of neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1905-18. [PMID: 20677909 PMCID: PMC3078503 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a common cause of death and serious long-term adult disability. Oxidative DNA damage is a severe consequence of oxidative stress associated with ischemic stroke. The accumulation of DNA lesions, including oxidative base modifications and strand breaks, triggers cell death in neurons and other vulnerable cell populations in the ischemic brain. DNA repair systems, particularly base excision repair, are endogenous defense mechanisms that combat oxidative DNA damage. The capacity for DNA repair may affect the susceptibility of neurons to ischemic stress and influence the pathological outcome of stroke. This article reviews the accumulated understanding of molecular pathways by which oxidative DNA damage is triggered and repaired in ischemic cells, and the potential impact of these pathways on ischemic neuronal cell death/survival. Genetic or pharmacological strategies that target the signaling molecules in DNA repair responses are promising for potential clinically effective treatment. Further understanding of mechanisms for oxidative DNA damage and its repair processes may lead to new avenues for stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Li
- Anesthesiology Department of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Cho KJ, Kim HJ, Park SC, Kim HW, Kim GW. Decisive role of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/Ref-1 in initiation of cell death. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 45:267-76. [PMID: 20637286 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox effector factor-1 (APE/Ref-1) is involved in the base excision repair of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites induced by oxidative DNA damage. APE/Ref-1 was decreased by kainic acid (KA) injury in a time-dependent manner at the level of proteins, not transcripts. We investigated whether alteration of APE/Ref-1 amounts would influence hippocampal cell fate, survival or death, after KA injury. Overexpression of APE/Ref-1 using adenovirus and restoration of APE small peptides significantly reduced KA-induced hippocampal cell death. Both silencing of APE/Ref-1 by siRNA and inhibition of endonuclease by an antibody significantly increased caspase-3 activity and apoptotic cell death triggered from the early time after exposure to KA. These findings suggest that cell death is initiated by reducing APE/Ref-1 protein and inhibiting its repair function in spite of enough protein amounts. In conclusion, APE/Ref-1 may be a regulator of cell death initiation, and APE small peptides could provide molecular mechanism-based therapies for neuroprotection in progressive excitotoxic neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Joo Cho
- Department of Neurology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134, Sinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
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