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Zhang D, Xu F, Liu Y. Research progress on regulating factors of muscle fiber heterogeneity in poultry: a review. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104031. [PMID: 39033575 PMCID: PMC11295477 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of meat quality traits is an important goal of any farm animal production, including poultry. A better understanding of the biochemical properties of muscle fiber properties that drive muscle development and ultimately meat quality constitutes one of the major challenging topics in animal production and meat science. In this paper, the existing classification methods of skeletal muscle fibers in poultry were reviewed and the relationship between contractile and metabolic characteristics of muscle fibers and poultry meat quality was described. Finally, a comprehensive review of multiple potential factors affecting muscle fiber distribution and conversion is presented, including breed, sex, hormones, growth performance, diet, muscle position, exercise, and ambient temperature. We emphasize that knowledge of muscle fiber typing is essential to better understand how to control muscle characteristics throughout the life cycle of animals to better manage the final quality of poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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Luo X, Lauwers M, Layer PG, Wen C. Non-neuronal Role of Acetylcholinesterase in Bone Development and Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620543. [PMID: 33585459 PMCID: PMC7876280 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme catalyzing the degradation of acetylcholine, plays an important suppressive role in the cholinergic regulation by terminating the action of acetylcholine. The expression of acetylcholinesterase and other cholinergic components is not restricted to only brain and nerve tissues but can also be found in non-neuronal tissues like the immune system and bone tissue. Primary identification of these components has been achieved. However, the information about their specific functions and underlying molecular mechanisms in bone remains scattered. Here, the physiological process of bone development, homeostasis, and degeneration are introduced. Next, the cholinergic system and its expression in bone tissue is documented. Among them, special attention goes to AChE, as the structure of this enzyme suggests diverse binding affinities, enabled by a peripheral site and a catalytic site. The peripheral site supports the non-enzymatic function of AChE in non-neuronal systems. Based on recent studies, the non-neuronal roles of acetylcholinesterase, both enzymatically and non-enzymatically, in bone development, homeostasis and degeneration are summarized briefly together with potential mechanisms to support these functions. We conclude that AChE may be a potential therapeutic target for bone diseases like osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marianne Lauwers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul G Layer
- Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chunyi Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Xu ML, Luk WKW, Lau KM, Bi CWC, Cheng AWM, Gong AGW, Lin H, Tsim KWK. Three N-Glycosylation Sites of Human Acetylcholinesterase Shares Similar Glycan Composition. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:486-91. [PMID: 26231935 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is a glycoprotein possessing three conserved N-linked glycosylation sites in mammalian species, locating at 296, 381, and 495 residues of the human sequence. Several lines of evidence demonstrated that N-glycosylation of AChE affected the enzymatic activity, as well as its biosynthesis. In order to determine the role of three N-glycosylation sites in AChE activity and glycan composition, the site-directed mutagenesis of N-glycosylation sites in wild-type human AChE(T) sequence was employed to generate the single-site mutants (i.e., AChE(T) (N296Q), AChET (N381Q), and AChE(T) (N495Q)) and all site mutant (i.e., AChE(T) (3N→3Q)). The mutation did not affect AChE protein expression in the transfected cells. The mutants, AChE(T) (3N→3Q) and AChE(T) (N381Q), showed very minimal enzymatic activity, while the other mutants showed reduced activity. By binding to lectins, Con A, and SNA, the glycosylation profile was revealed in those mutated AChE. The binding affinity with lectins showed no significant difference between various N-glycosylation mutants, which suggested that similar glycan composition should be resulted from different N-glycosylation sites. Although the three glycosylation sites within AChE sequence have different extent in affecting the enzymatic activity, their glycan compositions are very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Xu
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson K W Luk
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kei M Lau
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cathy W C Bi
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony W M Cheng
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy G W Gong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangquan Lin
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Chan WKB, Chen VP, Luk WKW, Choi RCY, Tsim KWK. N-linked glycosylation of proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA) is not required for assembly and trafficking of globular tetrameric acetylcholinesterase. Neurosci Lett 2012; 523:71-5. [PMID: 22750213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is organized into globular tetramers (G(4)) by a structural protein called proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA), anchoring it into the cell membrane of neurons in the brain. The assembly of AChE tetramers with PRiMA requires the presence of a C-terminal "t-peptide" in the AChE catalytic subunit (AChE(T)). The glycosylation of AChE(T) is known to be required for its proper assembly and trafficking; however, the role of PRiMA glycosylation in the oligomer assembly has not been revealed. PRiMA is a glycoprotein containing two putative N-linked glycosylation sites. By using site-directed mutagenesis, the asparagine-43 was identified to be the N-linked glycosylation site of PRiMA. Abolishing glycosylation on mouse PRiMA appeared not to affect its assembly with AChE(T), the enzymatic properties of AChE, and the membrane trafficking of PRiMA-linked AChE tetramers. This result is contrary to the reports that glycosylation is essential for conformation and trafficking of membrane glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace K B Chan
- Division of Life Science, Center for Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Chen VP, Choi RCY, Chan WKB, Leung KW, Guo AJY, Chan GKL, Luk WKW, Tsim KWK. The assembly of proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA)-linked acetylcholinesterase enzyme: glycosylation is required for enzymatic activity but not for oligomerization. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32948-61. [PMID: 21795704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.261248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) anchors onto cell membranes by a transmembrane protein PRiMA (proline-rich membrane anchor) as a tetrameric form in vertebrate brain. The assembly of AChE tetramer with PRiMA requires the C-terminal "t-peptide" in AChE catalytic subunit (AChE(T)). Although mature AChE is well known N-glycosylated, the role of glycosylation in forming the physiologically active PRiMA-linked AChE tetramer has not been studied. Here, several lines of evidence indicate that the N-linked glycosylation of AChE(T) plays a major role for acquisition of AChE full enzymatic activity but does not affect its oligomerization. The expression of the AChE(T) mutant, in which all N-glycosylation sites were deleted, together with PRiMA in HEK293T cells produced a glycan-depleted PRiMA-linked AChE tetramer but with a much higher K(m) value as compared with the wild type. This glycan-depleted enzyme was assembled in endoplasmic reticulum but was not transported to Golgi apparatus or plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky P Chen
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Xie HQ, Leung KW, Chen VP, Chan GK, Xu SL, Guo AJ, Zhu KY, Zheng KY, Bi CW, Zhan JY, Chan WK, Choi RC, Tsim KW. PRiMA directs a restricted localization of tetrameric AChE at synapses. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen VP, Xie HQ, Chan WKB, Leung KW, Chan GKL, Choi RCY, Bon S, Massoulié J, Tsim KWK. The PRiMA-linked cholinesterase tetramers are assembled from homodimers: hybrid molecules composed of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase dimers are up-regulated during development of chicken brain. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27265-27278. [PMID: 20566626 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is anchored onto cell membranes by the transmembrane protein PRiMA (proline-rich membrane anchor) as a tetrameric globular form that is prominently expressed in vertebrate brain. In parallel, the PRiMA-linked tetrameric butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is also found in the brain. A single type of AChE-BChE hybrid tetramer was formed in cell cultures by co-transfection of cDNAs encoding AChE(T) and BChE(T) with proline-rich attachment domain-containing proteins, PRiMA I, PRiMA II, or a fragment of ColQ having a C-terminal GPI addition signal (Q(N-GPI)). Using AChE and BChE mutants, we showed that AChE-BChE hybrids linked with PRiMA or Q(N-GPI) always consist of AChE(T) and BChE(T) homodimers. The dimer formation of AChE(T) and BChE(T) depends on the catalytic domains, and the assembly of tetramers with a proline-rich attachment domain-containing protein requires the presence of C-terminal "t-peptides" in cholinesterase subunits. Our results indicate that PRiMA- or ColQ-linked cholinesterase tetramers are assembled from AChE(T) or BChE(T) homodimers. Moreover, the PRiMA-linked AChE-BChE hybrids occur naturally in chicken brain, and their expression increases during development, suggesting that they might play a role in cholinergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky P Chen
- Department of Biology and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heidi Q Xie
- Department of Biology and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wallace K B Chan
- Department of Biology and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - K Wing Leung
- Department of Biology and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gallant K L Chan
- Department of Biology and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roy C Y Choi
- Department of Biology and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suzanne Bon
- CNRS-UMR 8197, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean Massoulié
- CNRS-UMR 8197, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Department of Biology and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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Rouchka EC. Database of exact tandem repeats in the Zebrafish genome. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:347. [PMID: 20515480 PMCID: PMC2901318 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sequencing of the approximately 1.7 billion bases of the zebrafish genome is currently underway. To date, few high resolution genetic maps exist for the zebrafish genome, based mainly on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short microsatellite repeats. The desire to construct a higher resolution genetic map led to the construction of a database of tandemly repeating elements within the zebrafish Zv8 assembly. Description Exact tandem repeats with a repeat length of at least three bases and a copy number of at least 10 were reported. Repeats with a total length of 250 or fewer bases and their flanking regions were masked for known vertebrate repeats. Optimal primer pairs were computationally designed in the regions flanking the detected repeats. This database of exact tandem repeats can then be used as a resource by molecular biologists with interests in experimentally testing VNTRs within a zebrafish population. Conclusions A total of 116,915 repeats with a base length of at least three nucleotides were detected. The longest of these was a 54-base repeat with fourteen tandem copies. A significant number of repeats with a base length of 18, 24, 27 and 30 were detected, many with potentially novel proline-rich coding regions. Detection of exact tandem repeats in the zebrafish genome leads to a wealth of information regarding potential polymorphic sites for VNTRs. The association of many of these repeats with potentially novel yet similar coding regions yields an exciting potential for disease associated genes. A web interface for querying repeats is available at http://bioinformatics.louisville.edu/zebrafish/. This portal allows for users to search for a repeats of a selected base size from any valid specified region within the 25 linkage groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Duthie Center, Room 208, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Xie HQ, Liang D, Leung KW, Chen VP, Zhu KY, Chan WKB, Choi RCY, Massoulié J, Tsim KWK. Targeting acetylcholinesterase to membrane rafts: a function mediated by the proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA) in neurons. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:11537-46. [PMID: 20147288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.038711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is anchored in cell membranes by a transmembrane protein PRiMA (proline-rich membrane anchor). We present evidence that at least part of the PRiMA-linked AChE is integrated in membrane microdomains called rafts. A significant proportion of PRiMA-linked AChE tetramers from rat brain was recovered in raft fractions; this proportion was markedly higher at low rather than at high concentrations of cold Triton X-100. The detergent-resistant fraction increased during brain development. In NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells transfected with cDNAs encoding AChE(T) and PRiMA, PRiMA-linked G(4) AChE was found in membrane rafts and showed the same sensitivity to cold Triton X-100 extraction as in the brain. The association of PRiMA-linked AChE with rafts was weaker than that of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored G(2) AChE or G(4) Q(N)-H(C)-linked AChE. It was found to depend on the presence of a cholesterol-binding motif, called CRAC (cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus), located at the junction of transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of both PRiMA I and II isoforms. The cytoplasmic domain of PRiMA, which differs between PRiMA I and PRiMA II, appeared to play some role in stabilizing the raft localization of G(4) AChE, because the Triton X-100-resistant fraction was smaller with the shorter PRiMA II isoform than that with the longer PRiMA I isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Q Xie
- Department of Biology and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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