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Zhang H, Gao L, Zhang W, Li K. Differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neurons induced by bone morphogenetic protein 7 in vitro. Neurol Res 2022; 45:440-448. [PMID: 36542543 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2154487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused by external direct or indirect factors with high disability rate, which may even endanger the life of patients. To explore the role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) in the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into neurons in vitro. METHODS BMSCs were isolated and cultured by whole bone marrow adherence method. Adipogenic induction and osteogenic differentiation were used to test the multi⁃directional differentiation ability of BMSCs. RESULTS After 28 days of adipogenic induction, BMSCs showed lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. After osteogenic induction, there were opaque lumps of mineral nodules in BMSCs. There were also orange-red or red mineral nodules in the extracellular matrix. The BMSCs in the 75 ng/ml BMP-7 group were morphologically similar to the neurons. After induction with BMP-7 for 2 h, the NF200 mRNA expression was higher, mRNA expression levels of SYN1, MAP2 and GFAP were higher. Positive rate of immunofluorescence staining in the BMP-7 group was notably increased. The positive rate of NSE immunofluorescence staining in the BMP-7 group was higher. CONCLUSION BMP-7 can induce rat BMSCs to differentiate into neurons in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Kuanxin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
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2
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Liu S, Zhang W, Yang L, Zhou F, Liu P, Wang Y. Overexpression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 reduces oligodendrocytes loss and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8764-8774. [PMID: 34390115 PMCID: PMC8435414 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), as a severe disease with no effective therapeutic measures, has always been a hot topic for scientists. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), as a multifunctional cytokine, has been reported to exert protective effects on the nervous system. The present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect and the potential mechanisms of BMP7 on rats that suffered SCI. Rat models of SCI were established by the modified Allen's method. Adeno‐associated virus (AAV) was injected at T9 immediately before SCI to overexpress BMP7. Results showed that the expression of BMP7 decreased in the injured spinal cords that were at the same time demyelinated. AAV‐BMP7 partly reversed oligodendrocyte (OL) loss, and it was beneficial to maintain the normal structure of myelin. The intervention group showed an increase in the number of axons and Basso‐Beattie‐Bresnahan scores. Moreover, double‐labelled immunofluorescence images indicated p‐Smad1/5/9 and p‐STAT3 in OLs induced by BMP7 might be involved in the protective effects of BMP7. These findings suggest that BMP7 may be a feasible therapy for SCI to reduce demyelination and promote functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liu
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, People's Liberation Army Joint Logistic Support Force 921th Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Pain Management and Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Cyr B, de Rivero Vaccari JP. Age-Dependent Microglial Response to Systemic Infection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051037. [PMID: 33924771 PMCID: PMC8145069 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is part of the aging process, and the inflammatory innate immune response is more exacerbated in older individuals when compared to younger individuals. Similarly, there is a difference in the response to systemic infection that varies with age. In a recent article by Hoogland et al., the authors studied the microglial response to systemic infection in young (2 months) and middle-aged mice (13–14 months) that were challenged with live Escherichia coli to investigate whether the pro- and anti-inflammatory responses mounted by microglia after systemic infection varies with age. Here, we comment on this study and its implications on how inflammation in the brain varies with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Cyr
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating injury that results from traumatic or non-traumatic insults to the spinal cord, causing significant impairment of the patient's activity and quality of life. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are a group of polyfunctional cytokines belonging to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that regulates a wide variety of cellular functions in healthy and disease states. Recent studies suggest that dysregulation of BMP signaling is involved in neuronal demyelination and death after traumatic SCI. The focus of this article is to describe our current understanding of the role of BMP signaling in the regulation of cell fate, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation in traumatic SCI. First, we will describe the expression of BMPs and pattern of BMP signaling before and after traumatic SCI in rodent models and in vitro. Next, we will discuss the role of BMP in the regulation of neuronal and glial cell differentiation, survival, functional recovery from traumatic SCI, and the gap in knowledge in this area that requires further investigation to improve SCI prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Al-Sammarraie
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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5
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Neuroinflammation and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Dysfunction: Focus of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052686. [PMID: 33799967 PMCID: PMC7961958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has increased over the last years with an important impact on public health. Many preclinical and clinical studies identified multiple and heterogeneous TBI-related pathophysiological mechanisms that are responsible for functional, cognitive, and behavioral alterations. Recent evidence has suggested that post-TBI neuroinflammation is responsible for several long-term clinical consequences, including hypopituitarism. This review aims to summarize current evidence on TBI-induced neuroinflammation and its potential role in determining hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunctions.
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6
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Zhang H, Zhang W, Bai G, Gao L, Li K. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7) Promotes Neuronal Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7239783. [PMID: 33575343 PMCID: PMC7857886 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7239783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed at investigating the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into neuron-like cells in vitro. The rat BMSCs were isolated and identified, which were divided into the control, empty, recombinant rhBMP-7 transfection, and Lv-BMP-7 transfection groups. BMSCs were induced under different conditions. CCK-8 assay was performed to detect cell proliferation. ALP was used to detect cell activity. Cellular morphology after induction was observed. Immunofluorescence was conducted to detect the expression and location of nerve cell markers. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. The rhBMP-7 and Lv-BMP-7 promoted the proliferation of BMSCs, accompanied with increased ALP activities. Morphological observations revealed that rhBMP-7 and Lv-BMP-7 induced BMSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells. Immunofluorescence revealed that the rhBMP-7 and Lv-BMP-7 groups showed positive expression of MAP-2 and Nfh in BMSCs. MAP-2 was mainly distributed in the cell body and cellular protrusion, while Nfh was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and cell protrusion. Positive mRNA and protein expressions of MAP-2 and Nfh were observed in the cells of the rhBMP-7 and Lv-BMP-7 groups, and the expression levels were significantly higher than the control and empty groups. Both exogenous BMP-7 (rhBMP-7) and endogenous BMP-7 (Lv-BMP-7) can induce BMSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells highly expressing the neuronal markers MAP-2 and Nfh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Laboratory of Tissue and Transplant in Anhui Province, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guangchao Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kuanxin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Laboratory of Tissue and Transplant in Anhui Province, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu City, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
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Pelisch N, Rosas Almanza J, Stehlik KE, Aperi BV, Kroner A. CCL3 contributes to secondary damage after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:362. [PMID: 33246483 PMCID: PMC7694914 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary damage after spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by a cascade of events including hemorrhage, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation which increase the lesion size which can influence the functional impairment. Thus, identifying specific mechanisms attributed to secondary injury is critical in minimizing tissue damage and improving neurological outcome. In this work, we are investigating the role of CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α, MIP-1α), a chemokine involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells, which plays an important role in inflammatory conditions of the central and peripheral nervous system. Methods A mouse model of lower thoracic (T11) spinal cord contusion injury was used. We assessed expression levels of CCL3 and its receptors on the mRNA and protein level and analyzed changes in locomotor recovery and the inflammatory response in the injured spinal cord of wild-type and CCL3−/− mice. Results The expression of CCL3 and its receptors was increased after thoracic contusion SCI in mice. We then examined the role of CCL3 after SCI and its direct influence on the inflammatory response, locomotor recovery and lesion size using CCL3−/− mice. CCL3−/− mice showed mild but significant improvement of locomotor recovery, a smaller lesion size and reduced neuronal damage compared to wild-type controls. In addition, neutrophil numbers as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, known to play a deleterious role after SCI, were markedly reduced in the absence of CCL3. Conclusion We have identified CCL3 as a potential target to modulate the inflammatory response and secondary damage after SCI. Collectively, this study shows that CCL3 contributes to progressive tissue damage and functional impairment during secondary injury after SCI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-020-02037-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pelisch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Jose Rosas Almanza
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Kyle E Stehlik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Brandy V Aperi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA. .,Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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8
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Fung ITH, Sankar P, Zhang Y, Robison LS, Zhao X, D'Souza SS, Salinero AE, Wang Y, Qian J, Kuentzel ML, Chittur SV, Temple S, Zuloaga KL, Yang Q. Activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells alleviates aging-associated cognitive decline. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133697. [PMID: 32022838 PMCID: PMC7144523 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has challenged the traditional view about the immune privilege of the brain, but the precise roles of immune cells in regulating brain physiology and function remain poorly understood. Here, we report that tissue-resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) accumulate in the choroid plexus of aged brains. ILC2 in the aged brain are long-lived, are relatively resistant to cellular senescence and exhaustion, and are capable of switching between cell cycle dormancy and proliferation. They are functionally quiescent at homeostasis but can be activated by IL-33 to produce large amounts of type 2 cytokines and other effector molecules in vitro and in vivo. Intracerebroventricular transfer of activated ILC2 revitalized the aged brain and enhanced the cognitive function of aged mice. Administration of IL-5, a major ILC2 product, was sufficient to repress aging-associated neuroinflammation and alleviate aging-associated cognitive decline. Targeting ILC2 in the aged brain may provide new avenues to combat aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Ting Hin Fung
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Poornima Sankar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Yuanyue Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Lisa S Robison
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Shanti S D'Souza
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Abigail E Salinero
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Yue Wang
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Marcy L Kuentzel
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY
| | - Sridar V Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany-State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY
| | | | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY.,Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
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9
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Bone morphogenetic proteins: New insights into their roles and mechanisms in CNS development, pathology and repair. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113455. [PMID: 32877654 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved and diverse family of proteins that play essential roles in various stages of development including the formation and patterning of the central nervous system (CNS). Bioavailability and function of BMPs are regulated by input from a plethora of transcription factors and signaling pathways. Intriguingly, recent literature has uncovered novel roles for BMPs in regulating homeostatic and pathological responses in the adult CNS. Basal levels of BMP ligands and receptors are widely expressed in the adult brain and spinal cord with differential expression patterns across CNS regions, cell types and subcellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that several BMP isoforms are transiently or chronically upregulated in the aged or pathological CNS. Genetic knockout and pharmacological studies have elucidated that BMPs regulate several aspects of CNS injury and repair including cell survival and differentiation, reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, axon regeneration, and myelin preservation and repair. Several BMP isoforms can be upregulated in the injured or diseased CNS simultaneously yet exert complementary or opposing effects on the endogenous cell responses after injury. Emerging studies also show that dysregulation of BMPs is associated with various CNS pathologies. Interestingly, modulation of BMPs can lead to beneficial or detrimental effects on CNS injury and repair mechanisms in a ligand, temporally or spatially specific manner, which reflect the complexity of BMP signaling. Given the significance of BMPs in neurodevelopment, a better understanding of their role in the context of injury may provide new therapeutic targets for the pathologic CNS. This review will provide a timely overview on the foundation and recent advancements in knowledge regarding the role and mechanisms of BMP signaling in the developing and adult CNS, and their implications in pathological responses and repair processes after injury or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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10
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Hart CG, Dyck SM, Kataria H, Alizadeh A, Nagakannan P, Thliveris JA, Eftekharpour E, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Acute upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein-4 regulates endogenous cell response and promotes cell death in spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113163. [PMID: 31881217 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits a cascade of secondary injury mechanisms that induce profound changes in glia and neurons resulting in their activation, injury or cell death. The resultant imbalanced microenvironment of acute SCI also negatively impacts regenerative processes in the injured spinal cord. Thus, it is imperative to uncover endogenous mechanisms that drive these acute injury events. Here, we demonstrate that the active form of bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) is robustly and transiently upregulated in acute SCI in rats. BMP4 is a key morphogen in neurodevelopment; however, its role in SCI is not fully defined. Thus, we elucidated the ramification of BMP4 upregulation in a preclinical model of compressive/contusive SCI in the rat by employing noggin, an endogenous antagonist of BMP ligands, and LDN193189, an intracellular inhibitor of BMP signaling. In parallel, we studied cell-specific effects of BMP4 on neural precursor cells (NPCs), oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), neurons and astrocytes in vitro. We demonstrate that activation of BMP4 inhibits differentiation of spinal cord NPCs and OPCs into mature myelin-expressing oligodendrocytes, and acute blockade of BMPs promotes oligodendrogenesis, oligodendrocyte preservation and remyelination after SCI. Importantly, we report for the first time that BMP4 directly induces caspase-3 mediated apoptosis in neurons and oligodendrocytes in vitro, and noggin and LDN193189 remarkably attenuate caspase-3 activation and lipid peroxidation in acute SCI. BMP4 also enhances the production of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in activated astrocytes in vitro and after SCI. Interestingly, our work reveals that despite the beneficial effects of BMP inhibition in acute SCI, neither noggin nor LDN193189 treatment resulted in long-term functional recovery. Collectively, our findings suggest a role for BMP4 in regulating acute secondary injury mechanisms following SCI, and a potential target for combinatorial approaches to improve endogenous cell response and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Scott M Dyck
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pandian Nagakannan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James A Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Eftekhar Eftekharpour
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Kim JH, Kim JY, Mun CH, Suh M, Lee JE. Agmatine Modulates the Phenotype of Macrophage Acute Phase after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:278-286. [PMID: 29093636 PMCID: PMC5661060 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.5.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine is a decarboxylated arginine by arginine decarboxylase. Agmatine is known to be a neuroprotective agent. It has been reported that agmatine works as a NMDA receptor blocker or a competitive nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in CNS injuries. In spinal cord injury, agmatine showed reduction of neuropathic pain, improvement of locomotor function, and neuroprotection. Macrophage is a key cellular component in neuroinflammation, a major cause of impairment after spinal cord injury. Macrophage has subtypes, M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophage induces a pro-inflammatory response, but M2 inspires an anti-inflammatory response. In this study, it was clarified whether the neuroprotective effect of agmatine is related with the modulation of macrophage subdivision after spinal cord injury. Spinal cord injury was induced in rats with contusion using MASCIS. Animals received agmatine (100 mg/kg, IP) daily for 6 days beginning the day after spinal cord injury. The proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages are confirmed with immunohistochemistry and FACS. CD206+ & ED1+ cells were counted as M2 macrophages. The systemic treatment of agmatine increased M2 macrophages caudal side to epicenter 1 week after spinal cord injury in immunohistochemistry. M2 macrophage related markers, Arginase-1 and CD206 mRNA, were increased in the agmatine treatment group and M2 macrophage expressing and stimulated cytokine, IL-10 mRNA, also was significantly overexpressed by agmatine injection. Among BMPs, BMP2/4/7, agmatine significantly increased only the expression of BMP2 known to reduce M1 macrophage under inflammatory status. These results suggest that agmatine reduces impairment after spinal cord injury through modulating the macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chin Hee Mun
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Minah Suh
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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12
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Wang CH, Zhu LL, Ju KF, Liu JL, Li KP. Anti-inflammatory effect of delphinidin on intramedullary spinal pressure in a spinal cord injury rat model. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5583-5588. [PMID: 29285096 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Delphinidin, a flavonoid polyphenolic compound, is widely found in nature and is used as a food supplement due to its pharmacological activity. The aims of the present study were to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of delphinidin in alleviating spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced inflammation in a rat model and to determine the underlying mechanisms in SCI. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scores of rats were assessed to evaluate the effect of delphinidin on the recovery of motor function. ELISA kits were also used to analyze the activities of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and caspase-3. In addition, the protein expression levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, activator protein 1 (AP-1) and p38-MAPK protein expression were measured using western blot analysis. Treatment with delphinidin significantly increased the BBB scores, as well as inhibited the intramedullary spinal pressure in SCI rats. Delphinidin treatment also significantly suppressed the levels of inflammatory factors and NF-κB protein expression in SCI rats. Finally, treatment with delphinidin significantly inhibited NF-κB stimulation, COX-2 activity, PGE2 production, and AP-1 and p38-MAPK protein expression in SCI rats. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of delphinidin alleviated inflammation in the SCI rat model via alleviation of the intramedullary spinal pressure through the NF-κB and p38-MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Feng Ju
- Department of Orthopedics, Weifang Cancer Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Long Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
| | - Kun-Peng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, P.R. China
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13
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Wang X, Xu J, Wang Y, Yang L, Li Z. Protective effects of BMP‐7 against tumor necrosis factor α‐induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 53:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jun‐Mei Xu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ya‐Ping Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhi‐Jian Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Anesthesia Research InstituteCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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14
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Fan LY, Wang ZC, Wang P, Lan YY, Tu L. Exogenous nerve growth factor protects the hypoglossal nerve against crush injury. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1982-8. [PMID: 26889186 PMCID: PMC4730822 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.172316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that sensory nerve damage can activate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, but whether the same type of nerve injury after exercise activates the p38MAPK pathway remains unclear. Several studies have demonstrated that nerve growth factor may play a role in the repair process after peripheral nerve injury, but there has been little research focusing on the hypoglossal nerve injury and repair. In this study, we designed and established rat models of hypoglossal nerve crush injury and gave intraperitoneal injections of exogenous nerve growth factor to rats for 14 days. p38MAPK activity in the damaged neurons was increased following hypoglossal nerve crush injury; exogenous nerve growth factor inhibited this increase in acitivity and increased the survival rate of motor neurons within the hypoglossal nucleus. Under transmission electron microscopy, we found that the injection of nerve growth factor contributed to the restoration of the morphology of hypoglossal nerve after crush injury. Our experimental findings indicate that exogenous nerve growth factor can protect damaged neurons and promote hypoglossal nerve regeneration following hypoglossal nerve crush injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Fan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China; Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Chao Wang
- Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China; Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China; Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Yan Lan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China; Orofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration Laboratory, Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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15
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Heinonen AM, Rahman M, Dogbevia G, Jakobi H, Wölfl S, Sprengel R, Schwaninger M. Neuroprotection by rAAV-mediated gene transfer of bone morphogenic protein 7. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:38. [PMID: 24618040 PMCID: PMC3975265 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) promote the survival of neurons, suggesting a therapeutic application of BMPs in the treatment of acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. However, the application of recombinant BMPs in vivo is limited by their short half-life. To provide a continuous supply for functionally active BMPs, we expressed BMP7, BMP2 and the BMP inhibitor Noggin under the control of rAAV vectors in vivo. For visual control of rAAV-mediated BMP (v-BMP) expression we fused the secreted morphogenic polypeptides and the fluorescent reporter protein Venus via the ‘ribosomal skip’ promoting 2A peptide-bridge. Results In primary cortical neurons, the rAAV-expressed morphogenic polypeptides were efficiently released from the 2A-Venus fusion precursors, were secreted, correctly processed and functionally active as shown by their effects on Smad phosphorylation in HeLa cells and in primary neurons, by the protection of v-BMP7-transduced primary cortical neurons against oxidative stress, and by the activation of BMP responsive GFP in v-BMP2 transduced reporter mice. In the stroke model of middle cerebral artery occlusion rAAV-transduced v-BMP7 reduced the infarct size in mice. Conclusion Polycistronic rAAV vectors encoding secreted polypeptides and 2A-linked reporter proteins are potential novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Using this technique we documented that rAAV delivery of BMP7 reduced ischemic cell death in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
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16
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Reguera-Nuñez E, Roca C, Hardy E, de la Fuente M, Csaba N, Garcia-Fuentes M. Implantable controlled release devices for BMP-7 delivery and suppression of glioblastoma initiating cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:2859-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Park YM, Lee WT, Bokara KK, Seo SK, Park SH, Kim JH, Yenari MA, Park KA, Lee JE. The multifaceted effects of agmatine on functional recovery after spinal cord injury through Modulations of BMP-2/4/7 expressions in neurons and glial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53911. [PMID: 23349763 PMCID: PMC3549976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, few treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI) are available and none have facilitated neural regeneration and/or significant functional improvement. Agmatine (Agm), a guanidinium compound formed from decarboxylation of L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase, is a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and been reported to exert neuroprotective effects in central nervous system injury models including SCI. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the multifaceted effects of Agm on functional recovery and remyelinating events following SCI. Compression SCI in mice was produced by placing a 15 g/mm2 weight for 1 min at thoracic vertebra (Th) 9 segment. Mice that received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Agm (100 mg/kg/day) within 1 hour after SCI until 35 days showed improvement in locomotor recovery and bladder function. Emphasis was made on the analysis of remyelination events, neuronal cell preservation and ablation of glial scar area following SCI. Agm treatment significantly inhibited the demyelination events, neuronal loss and glial scar around the lesion site. In light of recent findings that expressions of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are modulated in the neuronal and glial cell population after SCI, we hypothesized whether Agm could modulate BMP- 2/4/7 expressions in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and play key role in promoting the neuronal and glial cell survival in the injured spinal cord. The results from computer assisted stereological toolbox analysis (CAST) demonstrate that Agm treatment dramatically increased BMP- 2/7 expressions in neurons and oligodendrocytes. On the other hand, BMP- 4 expressions were significantly decreased in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes around the lesion site. Together, our results reveal that Agm treatment improved neurological and histological outcomes, induced oligodendrogenesis, protected neurons, and decreased glial scar formation through modulating the BMP- 2/4/7 expressions following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Taek Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiran Kumar Bokara
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Kyoung Seo
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Park
- Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Midori A. Yenari
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kyung Ah Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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18
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Bond AM, Bhalala OG, Kessler JA. The dynamic role of bone morphogenetic proteins in neural stem cell fate and maturation. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1068-84. [PMID: 22489086 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of powerful morphogens that are critical for development of the nervous system. The effects of BMP signaling on neural stem cells are myriad and dynamic, changing with each stage of development. During early development inhibition of BMP signaling differentiates neuroectoderm from ectoderm, and BMP signaling helps to specify neural crest. Thus modulation of BMP signaling underlies formation of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. BMPs secreted from dorsal structures then form a gradient which helps pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of the developing spinal cord and brain. During forebrain development BMPs sequentially induce neurogenesis and then astrogliogenesis and participate in neurite outgrowth from immature neurons. BMP signaling also plays a critical role in maintaining adult neural stem cell niches in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). BMPs are able to exert such diverse effects through closely regulated temporospatial expression and interaction with other signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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19
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Ueki Y, Reh TA. Activation of BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling promotes survival of retinal ganglion cells after damage in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38690. [PMID: 22701694 PMCID: PMC3368846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the essential role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in nervous system development is well established, its function in the adult CNS is poorly understood. We investigated the role of BMP signaling in the adult mouse retina following damage in vivo. Intravitreal injection of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) induced extensive retinal ganglion cell death by 2 days. During this period, BMP2, -4 and -7 were upregulated, leading to phosphorylation of the downstream effector, Smad1/5/8 in the inner retina, including in retinal ganglion cells. Expression of Inhibitor of differentiation 1 (Id1; a known BMP-Smad1/5/8 target) was also upregulated in the retina. This activation of BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling was also observed following light damage, suggesting that it is a general response to retinal injuries. Co-injection of BMP inhibitors with NMDA effectively blocked the damage-induced BMP-Smad1/5/8 activation and led to further cell death of retinal ganglion cells, when compared with NMDA injection alone. Moreover, treatment of the retina with exogenous BMP4 along with NMDA damage led to a significant rescue of retinal ganglion cells. These data demonstrate that BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling is neuroprotective for retinal ganglion cells after damage, and suggest that stimulation of this pathway can serve as a potential target for neuroprotective therapies in retinal ganglion cell diseases, such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Ueki
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wang X, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Wang H, Diaz P, German R, Marcillo AE, Keane RW. Activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element pathway is neuroprotective after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:936-45. [PMID: 21806470 PMCID: PMC3303102 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in secondary pathomechanisms following spinal cord injury (SCI). These pathophysiological processes lead to cell death and are tightly regulated by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) signaling. Here, we investigated whether activation of Nrf2/ARE is neuroprotective following SCI. Female Fischer rats were subjected to mild thoracic SCI (T8) using the New York University injury device. As early as 30 min after SCI, levels of Nrf2 transcription factor were increased in both nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of neurons and astrocytes at the lesion site and remained elevated for 3 days. Treatment of injured rats with sulforaphane, an activator of Nrf2/ARE signaling, significantly increased levels of Nrf2 and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), a rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of glutathione, and decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) thus leading to a reduction in contusion volume and improvement in coordination. These results show that activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway following SCI is neuroprotective and that sulforaphane is a viable compound for neurotherapeutic intervention in blocking pathomechanisms following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Handong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Paulo Diaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ramon German
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alex E. Marcillo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert W. Keane
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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21
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Dunham KA, Siriphorn A, Chompoopong S, Floyd CL. Characterization of a graded cervical hemicontusion spinal cord injury model in adult male rats. J Neurotrauma 2011; 27:2091-106. [PMID: 21087156 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodents induce damage in the thoracic cord and subsequently examine hindlimb function as an indicator of recovery. In these models, functional recovery is most attributable to white-matter preservation and is less influenced by grey-matter sparing. In contrast, most clinical cases of SCI occur at the lower cervical levels, a region in which both grey-matter and white-matter sparing contribute to functional motor recovery. Thus experimental cervical SCI models are beginning to be developed and used to assess protective and pharmacological interventions following SCI. The objective of this study was to characterize a model of graded cervical hemicontusion SCI with regard to several histological and behavioral outcome measures, including novel forelimb behavioral tasks. Using a commercially available rodent spinal cord impactor, adult male rats received hemicontusion SCI at vertebral level C5 at 100, 200, or 300 kdyn force, to produce mild, moderate, or severe injury severities. Tests of skilled and unskilled forelimb and locomotor function were employed to assess functional recovery, and spinal cord tissue was collected to assess lesion severity. Deficits in skilled and unskilled forelimb function and locomotion relating to injury severity were observed, as well as decreases in neuronal numbers, white-matter area, and white-matter gliosis. Significant correlations were observed between behavioral and histological data. Taken together, these data suggest that the forelimb functional and locomotor assessments employed here are sensitive enough to measure functional changes, and that this hemicontusion model can be used to evaluate potential protective and regenerative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Dunham
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35249, USA
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