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Lips KS, Yanko Ö, Kneffel M, Panzer I, Kauschke V, Madzharova M, Henss A, Schmitz P, Rohnke M, Bäuerle T, Liu Y, Kampschulte M, Langheinrich AC, Dürselen L, Ignatius A, Heiss C, Schnettler R, Kilian O. Small changes in bone structure of female α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:5. [PMID: 25636336 PMCID: PMC4328057 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, analysis of bone from knockout mice identified muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype M3 (mAChR M3) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit α2 as positive regulator of bone mass accrual whereas of male mice deficient for α7-nAChR (α7KO) did not reveal impact in regulation of bone remodeling. Since female sex hormones are involved in fair coordination of osteoblast bone formation and osteoclast bone degradation we assigned the current study to analyze bone strength, composition and microarchitecture of female α7KO compared to their corresponding wild-type mice (α7WT). Methods Vertebrae and long bones of female 16-week-old α7KO (n = 10) and α7WT (n = 8) were extracted and analyzed by means of histological, radiological, biomechanical, cell- and molecular methods as well as time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Bone of female α7KO revealed a significant increase in bending stiffness (p < 0.05) and cortical thickness (p < 0.05) compared to α7WT, whereas gene expression of osteoclast marker cathepsin K was declined. ToF-SIMS analysis detected a decrease in trabecular calcium content and an increase in C4H6N+ (p < 0.05) and C4H8N+ (p < 0.001) collagen fragments whereas a loss of osteoid was found by means of TEM. Conclusions Our results on female α7KO bone identified differences in bone strength and composition. In addition, we could demonstrate that α7-nAChRs are involved in regulation of bone remodelling. In contrast to mAChR M3 and nAChR subunit α2 the α7-nAChR favours reduction of bone strength thereby showing similar effects as α7β2-nAChR in male mice. nAChR are able to form heteropentameric receptors containing α- and β-subunits as well as the subunits α7 can be arranged as homopentameric cation channel. The different effects of homopentameric and heteropentameric α7-nAChR on bone need to be analysed in future studies as well as gender effects of cholinergic receptors on bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Lips
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Özcan Yanko
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mathias Kneffel
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Imke Panzer
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Vivien Kauschke
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Maria Madzharova
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anja Henss
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Peter Schmitz
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Rohnke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Palmsanlage 5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Yifei Liu
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marian Kampschulte
- Department of Radiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Alexander C Langheinrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, BG Trauma Hospital, Friedberger Landstraße 430, 60389, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Lutz Dürselen
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Christian Heiss
- Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Schnettler
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Trauma Surgery Giessen, University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim-Str. 7, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Olaf Kilian
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Kerkraderstr. 9, 35394, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Robert-Koch-Allee 9, 99437, Bad Berka, Germany.
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Hung YW, Leung YM, Lin NN, Lee TJF, Kuo JS, Tung KC, Gong CL. P2 purinergic receptor activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and guanylyl cyclase in the dorsal facial area of the medulla increases blood flow in the common carotid arteries of cats. Neuroscience 2014; 286:231-41. [PMID: 25433238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the dorsal facial area (DFA) of the medulla, an activation of either P2 purinergic receptor or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) results in the release of glutamate, leading to an increase in blood flow of the common carotid artery (CCA). It is not known whether activation of the P2 receptor by ATP may mediate activation of NOS/guanylyl cyclase to cause glutamate release and/or whether L-Arg (nitric oxide (NO) precursor) may also cause ATP release from any other neuron, to cause an increase in CCA flow. We demonstrated that microinjections of P2 receptor agonists (ATP, α,β-methylene ATP) or NO precursor (L-arginine) into the DFA increased CCA blood flow. The P2-induced CCA blood flow increase was dose-dependently reduced by pretreatment with NG-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a non-specific NOS inhibitor), 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, a relatively selective neuronal NOS inhibitor) or methylene blue (MB, a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) but not by that with D-NAME (an isomer of L-NAME) or N5-(1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (L-NIO, a potent endothelial NOS inhibitor). Involvement of glutamate release in these responses were substantiated by microdialysis studies, in which perfusions of ATP into the DFA increased the glutamate concentration in dialysates, but co-perfusion of ATP with L-NAME or 7-NI did not. Nevertheless, the arginine-induced CCA blood flow increase was abolished by combined pretreatment of L-NAME and MB, but not affected by pretreatment with a selective P2 receptor antagonist, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS). In conclusion, ATP activation of the P2 receptor in the DFA induced activation of neuronal NOS/guanylyl cyclase, which causes glutamate release leading to an increase in CCA blood flow. However, arginine activation of neuronal NOS/guanylyl cyclase, which also caused glutamate release and CCA blood flow increase, did not induce activation of P2 receptors. These findings provide important information for drug design and/or developing therapeutic strategies for the diseases associated with CCA blood flow that supplies intra- and extra-cranial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-W Hung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medicine Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Y-M Leung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - N-N Lin
- Department of Medicine Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - T J-F Lee
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - J-S Kuo
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - K-C Tung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - C-L Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Gong CL, Leung YM, Wang MR, Lin NN, Lee TJF, Kuo JS. Neurochemicals involved in medullary control of common carotid blood flow. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:513-20. [PMID: 24403875 PMCID: PMC3763759 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common carotid artery (CCA) supplies intra- and extra-cranial vascular beds. An area in the medulla controlling CCA blood flow is defined as the dorsal facial area (DFA) by Kuo et al. in 1987. In the DFA, presynaptic nitrergic and/or glutamatergic fibers innervate preganglionic nitrergic and/or cholinergic neurons which give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic 7th and 9th cranial nerves. Released glutamate from presynaptic nitrergic and/or glutamatergic fibers can activate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors on preganglionic nitrergic and/or cholinergic neurons. By modulating this glutamate release, several neurochemicals including serotonin, arginine, nitric oxide, nicotine, choline and ATP in the DFA regulate CCA blood flow. Understanding the neurochemical regulatory mechanisms can provide important insights of the physiological roles of the DFA, and may help develop therapeutic strategies for diseases involving CCA blood flow, such as migraine, hypertensive disease, Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taiwan; ; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ren Wang
- Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Nu Lin
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tony Jer-Fu Lee
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jon-Son Kuo
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center and Center for Vascular Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; ; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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