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Manzone DM, Tremblay L. Sensorimotor processing is dependent on observed speed during the observation of hand-hand and hand-object interactions. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022:10.1007/s00426-022-01776-7. [PMID: 36515698 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Observing a physical interaction between individuals (e.g., observing friends shaking hands) or between an object and an individual (e.g., observing a teammate striking or being struck with a ball) can lead to somatosensory activation in the observer. However, it is not known whether the speed of the observed interaction modulates such somatosensory activation (e.g., observing a teammate being struck with a slow vs. a fast-moving ball). In three experiments, participants observed a hand or object interact with another hand or object, all presented with a slow- or fast-moving effector. To probe sensorimotor processes during observation, participants were asked to react to an auditory beep (i.e., response time [RT] task) at the moment of observed contact. If observed contact led to increased somatosensory activation, RTs would decrease due to statistical and/ or intersensory facilitation. In all three experiments, RTs were lower when observing fast compared to slow motion stimuli, regardless of the moving (i.e., hand or ball) and target stimulus (i.e., hand or leaf). Further, when only an object (i.e., leaf) was the target, RTs did not differ between the moving hand and moving ball condition. In contrast, when an object (i.e., ball) was used as the moving stimulus, the magnitude of the speed effect (i.e., fast - slow RT difference) was significantly larger when the ball contacted a hand as compared to a leaf. Overall, these results provide novel evidence for a relationship between the observed kinematics of an object-human interaction and the sensorimotor processing in the observer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M Manzone
- Perceptual Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2W6, Canada
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Perceptual Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Centre for Motor Control, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 2W6, Canada.
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Validation of a Novel Reaction Time Test Specific for Military Personnel. Motor Control 2022; 27:314-326. [PMID: 36400026 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A military-specific reaction time (RT) test was developed to explore its reliability and sensitivity to discriminate between military personnel and sport science students. Fifteen male professional Spanish soldiers and 16 male sport science students completed two RT test modalities: military-specific and nonspecific RT tests. For each RT test modality, both the Simple (i.e., one stimulus, one response) and the Go, No-Go RT (i.e., true, and false stimuli, one response) were tested. The military-specific RT test consisted of a video presented through virtual reality glasses of a forest environment in which soldiers would appear from behind different bushes (stimuli) and the response consisted of pressing the button of a gun-shaped mouse (when they saw a soldier pointing a rifle at them). Both Simple and Go, No-Go RT reached acceptable reliability in both populations (coefficient of variation ≤ 9.64%). Military personnel presented a lower RT than sport science students during the military-specific RT test (p ≤ .001), while no differences were obtained during the nonspecific RT test. RT values were not significantly correlated between the military-specific and nonspecific RT tests (r ≤ .02). These findings collectively suggest that the novel military-specific RT test is an ecologically valid alternative to evaluate the information processing abilities of military personnel.
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Botha JJ, Cannon P, Hort J. Comparing a new rapid combined method (RapCoTT) with traditional approaches for phenotyping thermal taste. Physiol Behav 2021; 238:113482. [PMID: 34081949 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermal taste is the phenomenon whereby taste is induced in some individuals through the application of a changing temperature stimulus to the tongue. Research into thermal taste is currently limited by inefficient phenotyping methods, which result in large numbers of unclassified individuals. This study evaluated the performance of a new, rapid combined phenotyping approach (RapCoTT) compared to two classification approaches using traditional phenotyping methods. RapCoTT was found to be more efficient at classifying participants, whilst showing consistency in classification with existing approaches. However, learning effects impacted the efficiency of all methods, which are a likely consequence of the unusual nature of thermal taste. It was concluded that three training steps be included for the phenotyping, namely taste exposure, TCATA training and a practice run. RapCoTT was found to evoke similar patterns of perceived tastes to other methods, with some exceptions. RapCoTT provides a more efficient tool for categorising participants for comparing sensory perception and food choice behaviours within the Thermal taste phenotype and provides a robust approach for future research into the phenomenon of thermal taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janita Jossie Botha
- Food Experience and Sensory Testing (Feast) Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Peter Cannon
- Food Experience and Sensory Testing (Feast) Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Hort
- Food Experience and Sensory Testing (Feast) Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
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Kyriakou K, Resch B, Sagl G, Petutschnig A, Werner C, Niederseer D, Liedlgruber M, Wilhelm F, Osborne T, Pykett J. Detecting Moments of Stress from Measurements of Wearable Physiological Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3805. [PMID: 31484366 PMCID: PMC6749249 DOI: 10.3390/s19173805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a rich repertoire of methods for stress detection using various physiological signals and algorithms. However, there is still a gap in research efforts moving from laboratory studies to real-world settings. A small number of research has verified when a physiological response is a reaction to an extrinsic stimulus of the participant's environment in real-world settings. Typically, physiological signals are correlated with the spatial characteristics of the physical environment, supported by video records or interviews. The present research aims to bridge the gap between laboratory settings and real-world field studies by introducing a new algorithm that leverages the capabilities of wearable physiological sensors to detect moments of stress (MOS). We propose a rule-based algorithm based on galvanic skin response and skin temperature, combing empirical findings with expert knowledge to ensure transferability between laboratory settings and real-world field studies. To verify our algorithm, we carried out a laboratory experiment to create a "gold standard" of physiological responses to stressors. We validated the algorithm in real-world field studies using a mixed-method approach by spatially correlating the participant's perceived stress, geo-located questionnaires, and the corresponding real-world situation from the video. Results show that the algorithm detects MOS with 84% accuracy, showing high correlations between measured (by wearable sensors), reported (by questionnaires and eDiary entries), and recorded (by video) stress events. The urban stressors that were identified in the real-world studies originate from traffic congestion, dangerous driving situations, and crowded areas such as tourist attractions. The presented research can enhance stress detection in real life and may thus foster a better understanding of circumstances that bring about physiological stress in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Kyriakou
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Bernd Resch
- Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Günther Sagl
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Petutschnig
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Werner
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Frank Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tess Osborne
- Department of Demography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Pykett
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Mrotek LA. Following and intercepting scribbles: interactions between eye and hand control. Exp Brain Res 2013; 227:161-74. [PMID: 23552996 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The smooth pursuit eye movement system appears to be importantly engaged during the planning and execution of interceptive hand movements. The present study sought to probe the interaction between eye and hand control systems by examining their responses during an interception task that included target speed perturbations. On 2/3 of trials, the target increased or decreased speed at various times, ranging from about 300 ms before to 150 ms after the onset of a finger movement directed to intercept the target and was triggered by a GO signal. Additionally, the same 2D sum-of-sines target trajectories were followed with the eyes without interception. The smooth pursuit system responded more quickly if the target speed perturbation occurred earlier during the reaction time (i.e., near the time of the GO signal). Similarly, the finger movement began more quickly if target speed was increased earlier during the reaction time. For early perturbation conditions, the initial direction of the finger movement matched the predicted target intercept using the new target speed. For perturbations occurring after finger movement, onset initial direction of finger movement did not match target interception such that the finger path began to curve toward the perturbed target after about 150-200 ms. The results support the idea of an active process of visual target path extrapolation simultaneously used to guide both the eye and hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Mrotek
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, WI 54901-8630, USA.
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Carreiro LRR, Haddad H, Baldo MVC. Componentes sensoriais e atencionais do tempo de reação: efeitos do tamanho, excentricidade e previsibilidade de estímulos visuais. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-37722012000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A percepção visual depende do arcabouço sensorial e do processamento atencional. Este trabalho estudou o efeito, sobre o tempo de reação manual (TR), do tamanho, excentricidade e previsibilidade de estímulos visuais. No experimento 1 (n=8), um alvo foi apresentado aleatoriamente em uma de quatro excentricidades diferentes, possuindo três possíveis tamanhos. O experimento 2 (n=12) apresentava configuração similar, porém uma pista indicava o quadrante de maior probabilidade (70%) de apresentação do alvo. Os resultados mostraram um aumento do TR em função da excentricidade do alvo, além de uma diminuição do TR com o aumento do tamanho do alvo e indicação correta da pista. Uma análise das interações sugere uma superposição de mecanismos atencionais e puramente sensoriais compartilhando um estágio comum do processamento visual.
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Lakhani B, Vette AH, Mansfield A, Miyasike-daSilva V, McIlroy WE. Electrophysiological correlates of changes in reaction time based on stimulus intensity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36407. [PMID: 22570711 PMCID: PMC3343079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although reaction time is commonly used as an indicator of central nervous system integrity, little is currently understood about the mechanisms that determine processing time. In the current study, we are interested in determining the differences in electrophysiological events associated with significant changes in reaction time that could be elicited by changes in stimulus intensity. The primary objective is to assess the effect of increasing stimulus intensity on the latency and amplitude of afferent inputs to the somatosensory cortex, and their relation to reaction time. METHODS Median nerve stimulation was applied to the non-dominant hand of 12 healthy young adults at two different stimulus intensities (HIGH & LOW). Participants were asked to either press a button as fast as possible with their dominant hand or remain quiet following the stimulus. Electroencephalography was used to measure somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and event related potentials (ERPs). Electromyography from the flexor digitorum superficialis of the button-pressing hand was used to assess reaction time. Response time was the time of button press. RESULTS Reaction time and response time were significantly shorter following the HIGH intensity stimulus compared to the LOW intensity stimulus. There were no differences in SEP (N20 & P24) peak latencies and peak-to-peak amplitude for the two stimulus intensities. ERPs, locked to response time, demonstrated a significantly larger pre-movement negativity to positivity following the HIGH intensity stimulus over the Cz electrode. DISCUSSION This work demonstrates that rapid reaction times are not attributable to the latency of afferent processing from the stimulated site to the somatosensory cortex, and those latency reductions occur further along the sensorimotor transformation pathway. Evidence from ERPs indicates that frontal planning areas such as the supplementary motor area may play a role in transforming the elevated sensory volley from the somatosensory cortex into a more rapid motor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal Lakhani
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mobility Research Team, Toronto Rehab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert H. Vette
- Mobility Research Team, Toronto Rehab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Avril Mansfield
- Mobility Research Team, Toronto Rehab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - William E. McIlroy
- Graduate Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mobility Research Team, Toronto Rehab, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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