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Machado-Pereira NAMM, do Nascimento PS, de Freitas GR, Bobinski F, do Espírito Santo CC, Ilha J. Electrical Stimulation Prevents Muscular Atrophy and the Decrease of Interleukin-6 in Paralyzed Muscles after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Rev Bras Ortop 2024; 59:e526-e531. [PMID: 39239572 PMCID: PMC11374404 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the muscle trophism and expression of interleukin-6 in the biceps brachii muscle of rats with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Methods Adult rats underwent C5-C7 spinal cord hemisection and a 5-week NMES protocol. Trophism of the biceps brachii was assessed using muscle weight/body weight ratio and histological analysis. Interleukin-6 expression from biceps brachii was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Results Preservation of the biceps brachii muscle trophism was found in the NMES treated group, along with prevention of the reduction of interleukin-6 levels. Conclusion Spinal cord injury causes muscle atrophy and decreases interleukin-6 levels. These alterations are partially prevented by NMES. The results suggest a possible NMES action mechanism and underscore the clinical use of this therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A M M Machado-Pereira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão da Medula Espinal (NULEME), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Patrícia S do Nascimento
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Gabriel R de Freitas
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão da Medula Espinal (NULEME), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Laboratório Experimental de Neurociências (LANEX), Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, SC, Brasil
| | | | - Jocemar Ilha
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão da Medula Espinal (NULEME), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Shon A, Brakel K, Hook M, Park H. Fully Implantable Plantar Cutaneous Augmentation System for Rats Using Closed-loop Electrical Nerve Stimulation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:326-338. [PMID: 33861705 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3072894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plantar cutaneous feedback plays an important role in stable and efficient gait, by modulating the activity of ankle dorsi- and plantar-flexor muscles. However, central and peripheral nervous system trauma often decrease plantar cutaneous feedback and/or interneuronal excitability in processing the plantar cutaneous feedback. In this study, we tested a fully implantable neural recording and stimulation system augmenting plantar cutaneous feedback. Electromyograms were recorded from the medial gastrocnemius muscle for stance phase detection, while biphasic stimulation pulses were applied to the distal-tibial nerve during the stance phase to augment plantar cutaneous feedback. A Bluetooth low energy and a Qi-standard inductive link were adopted for wireless communication and wireless charging, respectively. To test the operation of the system, one intact rat walked on a treadmill with the electrical system implanted into its back. Leg kinematics were recorded to identify the stance phase. Stimulation was applied, with a 250-ms onset delay from stance onset and 200-ms duration, resulting in the onset at 47.58 ± 2.82% of stance phase and the offset at 83.49 ± 4.26% of stance phase (Mean ± SEM). The conduction velocity of the compound action potential (31.2 m/s and 41.6 m/s at 1·T and 2·T, respectively) suggests that the evoked action potential was characteristic of an afferent volley for cutaneous feedback. We also demonstrated successful wireless charging and system reset functions. The experimental results suggest that the presented implantable system can be a valuable neural interface tool to investigate the effect of plantar cutaneous augmentation on gait in a rat model.
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Liu Z, Gao J, Gong H. Effects of treadmill with different intensities on bone quality and muscle properties in adult rats. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:107. [PMID: 31718665 PMCID: PMC6852718 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone is a dynamically hierarchical material that can be divided into length scales of several orders of magnitude. Exercise can cause bone deformation, which in turn affects bone mass and structure. This study aimed to study the effects of treadmill running with different intensities on the long bone integrity and muscle biomechanical properties of adult male rats. METHODS Forty-eight 5-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: i.e., sedentary group (SED), exercise with speed of 12 m/min group (EX12), 16 m/min group (EX16), and 20 m/min group (EX20). The exercise was carried out for 30 min every day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. The femurs were examined using three-point bending test, microcomputer tomography scanning and nanoindentation test; the soleus muscle was dissected for tensile test; ALP and TRACP concentrations were measured by serum analysis. RESULTS The failure load was significantly increased by the EX12 group, whereas the elastic modulus was not significantly changed. The microstructure and mineral densities of the trabecular and cortical bone were significantly improved by the EX12 group. The mechanical properties of the soleus muscle were significantly increased by treadmill exercise. Bone formation showed significant increase by the EX12 group. Statistically higher nanomechanical properties of cortical bone were detected in the EX12 group. CONCLUSION The speed of 12 m/min resulted in significant changes in the microstructure and biomechanical properties of bone; besides, it significantly increased the ultimate load of the soleus muscle. The different intensities of treadmill running in this study provide an experimental basis for the selection of exercise intensity for adult male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehao Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazi Gao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - He Gong
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China.
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Ilha J, Meireles A, de Freitas GR, do Espírito Santo CC, Machado-Pereira NAMM, Swarowsky A, Santos ARS. Overground gait training promotes functional recovery and cortical neuroplasticity in an incomplete spinal cord injury model. Life Sci 2019; 232:116627. [PMID: 31276690 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM Evidence suggests that task-specific gait training improves locomotor impairments in people with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI); however, plastic changes in brain areas remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the possible effects of a task-specific overground gait training on locomotor recovery and neuroplasticity markers in the cortex, cerebellum, and lumbar spinal cord in an experimental model of incomplete-SCI. MAIN METHODS Using a blind, basic experimental design, 24 adult Wistar rats underwent a surgical procedure and were allocated into sham, non-trained SCI (SCI), and trained SCI (Tr-SCI) groups. On postoperative day 14, trained animals started a 4-week overground gait training program. All groups were subjected to weekly assessment of locomotor recovery of the hind limbs. On postoperative day 40, brain and lumbar spinal cord structures were dissected and processed for biochemical analysis of the synaptophysin, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). KEY FINDINGS Tr-SCI group showed greater locomotor function recovery compared with non-trained SCI from the postoperative day 21 (p < 0.05). The training was able to improve the neuroplasticity markers synaptophysin, MAP-2, and BDNF expressions in motor cortex (p < 0.05), but not in the cerebellum and in the spinal cord for trained SCI group compared to non-trained. SIGNIFICANCE Task-specific overground gait training improves locomotor recovery in a rat model of incomplete thoracic-SCI. Furthermore, training promotes motor cortex plasticity, evidenced for increasing expression of the neuroplasticity markers that may support the functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocemar Ilha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NuLeMe), Departamento de Fisioterapia, CEFID, UDESC, SC, Brazil.
| | - Anamaria Meireles
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NuLeMe), Departamento de Fisioterapia, CEFID, UDESC, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ribeiro de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NuLeMe), Departamento de Fisioterapia, CEFID, UDESC, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas A M M Machado-Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NuLeMe), Departamento de Fisioterapia, CEFID, UDESC, SC, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Swarowsky
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NuLeMe), Departamento de Fisioterapia, CEFID, UDESC, SC, Brazil
| | - Adair Roberto Soares Santos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Dor e da Inflamação (LANDI), Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Otzel DM, Lee J, Ye F, Borst SE, Yarrow JF. Activity-Based Physical Rehabilitation with Adjuvant Testosterone to Promote Neuromuscular Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061701. [PMID: 29880749 PMCID: PMC6032131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular impairment and reduced musculoskeletal integrity are hallmarks of spinal cord injury (SCI) that hinder locomotor recovery. These impairments are precipitated by the neurological insult and resulting disuse, which has stimulated interest in activity-based physical rehabilitation therapies (ABTs) that promote neuromuscular plasticity after SCI. However, ABT efficacy declines as SCI severity increases. Additionally, many men with SCI exhibit low testosterone, which may exacerbate neuromusculoskeletal impairment. Incorporating testosterone adjuvant to ABTs may improve musculoskeletal recovery and neuroplasticity because androgens attenuate muscle loss and the slow-to-fast muscle fiber-type transition after SCI, in a manner independent from mechanical strain, and promote motoneuron survival. These neuromusculoskeletal benefits are promising, although testosterone alone produces only limited functional improvement in rodent SCI models. In this review, we discuss the (1) molecular deficits underlying muscle loss after SCI; (2) independent influences of testosterone and locomotor training on neuromuscular function and musculoskeletal integrity post-SCI; (3) hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of these strategies; and (4) evidence supporting a multimodal strategy involving ABT with adjuvant testosterone, as a potential means to promote more comprehensive neuromusculoskeletal recovery than either strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Fan Ye
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Department of Applied Physiology, Kinesiology and University of Florida College of Health and Human Performance, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Locomotor Treadmill Training Promotes Soleus Trophism by Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway in Paraplegic Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1258-1268. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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de Freitas GR, Santo CCDE, de Machado-Pereira NAMM, Bobinski F, Dos Santos ARS, Ilha J. Early Cyclical Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Improves Strength and Trophism by Akt Pathway Signaling in Partially Paralyzed Biceps Muscle After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Phys Ther 2018; 98:172-181. [PMID: 29240948 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical stimulation is often used to treat weakness in people with spinal cord injury (SCI); however its efficacy for increasing strength and trophism is weak, and the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic benefits are unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on muscle function, trophism, and the Akt pathway signaling involved in muscular plasticity after incomplete SCI in rats. DESIGN This was an experimental study. METHODS Twenty-one adult female Wistar rats were divided into sham, SCI, and SCI plus NMES groups. In injured animals, SCI hemisection was induced by a surgical procedure at the C5-C7 level. The 5-week NMES protocol consisted of biceps brachii muscle stimulation 5 times per week, initiated 48 h after injury. Forepaw function and strength, biceps muscle trophism, and the expression of phosphorylated Akt, p70S6K, and GSK-3ß cellular anabolic pathway markers in stimulated muscle tissue were assessed. RESULTS There was an increase in bicep muscle strength in the NMES group compared with the untreated SCI group, from postoperative day 21 until the end of the evaluation period. Also, there was an increase in muscle trophism in the NMES group compared with the SCI group. Forelimb function gradually recovered in both the SCI group and the NMES group, with no differences between them. Regarding muscle protein expression, the NMES group had higher values for phospho-Akt, phospho-p70S6K, and phospho-GSK-3ß than did the SCI group. LIMITATIONS The experimental findings were limited to an animal model of incomplete SCI and may not be fully generalizable to humans. CONCLUSIONS Early cyclical NMES therapy was shown to increase muscle strength and induce hypertrophy after incomplete SCI in a rat model, probably by increasing phospho-Akt, phospho-p70S6K, and phospho-GSK-3ß signaling protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R de Freitas
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (Core of Spinal Cord Injury Research) (NULEME), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia (PPGFt), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Caroline C do Espírito Santo
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NULEME), Laboratório Neurobiologia da Dor e Inflamação (Neurobiology Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation) (LANDI), Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nicolas A M M de Machado-Pereira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NULEME), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC)
| | - Franciane Bobinski
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NULEME), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia (PPGFt), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Adair R S Dos Santos
- Laboratório Neurobiologia da Dor e Inflamação (LANDI), Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)
| | - Jocemar Ilha
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Lesão Medular (NULEME), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia (PPGFt), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte (CEFID), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Rua Pascoal Simone, 358-Coqueiros, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, CEP 88080-350, Brazil
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Son JS, Chae SA, Testroet ED, Du M, Jun HP. Exercise-induced myokines: a brief review of controversial issues of this decade. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2018; 13:51-58. [PMID: 30063442 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2018.1416290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myokines, known to mediate metabolism, inflammation, and other pathophysiological conditions, have been widely investigated, including myokines induced by exercise. However, among published literature, there is substantial inconsistency in the quantification of exercise-induced myokines. Here, we summarized and compared published data regarding the effects of exercise on commonly studied myokines including apelin, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Interleukin-15 (IL-15), irisin, and Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) during the last decade and discussed possible reasons for discrepancy in these reports. AREAS COVERED A search on PubMed for original articles published in this decade was conducted, focusing on the impacts of exercises on myokines and metabolic and age-related disorders. Beneficial relationship between skeletal muscle plasticity and myokines due to exercise is also discussed. EXPERT COMMENTARY Based on these analyses, exercise induces the secretion of a number of myokines, which has positive effects on metabolic diseases or age-related muscle atrophy (sarcopenia). However, among published reports, there is wide discrepancy in the quantification of myokines induced by exercise, which could be due to timing of sample collection, pre-analytic sample processing, analytical method, and calculation and other factors. Thus, these factors need to be considered in future studies on exercise induced myokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Son
- a Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- b Department of Movement Sciences , University of Idaho , Moscow , ID , USA
| | - Eric D Testroet
- a Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Min Du
- a Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Hyung-Pil Jun
- b Department of Movement Sciences , University of Idaho , Moscow , ID , USA
- c Yonsei Institute of Sport Science and Exercise Medicine , Seoul , South Korea
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do Espírito Santo CC, Swarowsky A, Recchia TL, Lopes APF, Ilha J. Is body weight-support treadmill training effective in increasing muscle trophism after traumatic spinal cord injury? A systematic review. Spinal Cord 2014; 53:176-181. [PMID: 25403505 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of body weight-support treadmill training (BWSTT) for muscle atrophy management in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING Studies from multiple countries were included. METHODS The following databases were consulted from January to October 2013: PubMed, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Science Direct and Lilacs. The methodological quality of the articles included was classified according to Jovell and Navarro-Rubio. RESULTS A total of five studies were included. These studies reported a significant association between BWSTT and increased trophism of the lower limb muscles of humans with SCI, which was observed as an increase in the cross-sectional area. Moreover, improvements in the ability to generate peak torque, contract the knee extensors and ankle plantarflexors with reduction of body weight support were observed after BWSTT. CONCLUSION The results were considered inconclusive because of the low methodological quality of the articles, which was because of the absence of sample homogeneity, thereby providing a low level of evidence for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C do Espírito Santo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro do Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental (LAPEx), Centro de Ciência da Saúde e do Esporte, UDESC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - A Swarowsky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro do Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental (LAPEx), Centro de Ciência da Saúde e do Esporte, UDESC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - T L Recchia
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental (LAPEx), Centro de Ciência da Saúde e do Esporte, UDESC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - A P F Lopes
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental (LAPEx), Centro de Ciência da Saúde e do Esporte, UDESC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - J Ilha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisioterapia, Centro do Ciências da Saúde e do Esporte, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental (LAPEx), Centro de Ciência da Saúde e do Esporte, UDESC, Florianópolis, Brazil
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The recent understanding of the neurotrophin's role in skeletal muscle adaptation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:201696. [PMID: 21960735 PMCID: PMC3179880 DOI: 10.1155/2011/201696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper summarizes the various effects of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle and how these proteins act as potential regulators of the maintenance, function, and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers. Increasing evidence suggests that this family of neurotrophic factors influence not only the survival and function of innervating motoneurons but also the development and differentiation of myoblasts and muscle fibers. Muscle contractions (e.g., exercise) produce BDNF mRNA and protein in skeletal muscle, and the BDNF seems to play a role in enhancing glucose metabolism and may act for myokine to improve various brain disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and major depression). In adults with neuromuscular disorders, variations in neurotrophin expression are found, and the role of neurotrophins under such conditions is beginning to be elucidated. This paper provides a basis for a better understanding of the role of these factors under such pathological conditions and for treatment of human neuromuscular disease.
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