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Park J, Lee C, Kim YT. Effects of Natural Product-Derived Compounds on Inflammatory Pain via Regulation of Microglial Activation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:941. [PMID: 37513853 PMCID: PMC10386117 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory pain is a type of pain caused by tissue damage associated with inflammation and is characterized by hypersensitivity to pain and neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. Neuroinflammation is significantly increased by various neurotransmitters and cytokines that are expressed in activated primary afferent neurons, and it plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory pain. The activation of microglia and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are the hallmark features of neuroinflammation. During the development of neuroinflammation, various intracellular signaling pathways are activated or inhibited in microglia, leading to the regulation of inflammatory proteins and cytokines. Numerous attempts have been conducted to alleviate inflammatory pain by inhibiting microglial activation. Natural products and their compounds have gained attention as potential candidates for suppressing inflammatory pain due to verified safety through centuries of use. Many studies have also shown that natural product-derived compounds have the potential to suppress microglial activation and alleviate inflammatory pain. Herein, we review the literature on inflammatory mediators and intracellular signaling involved in microglial activation in inflammatory pain, as well as natural product-derived compounds that have been found to suppress microglial activation. This review suggests that natural product-derived compounds have the potential to alleviate inflammatory pain through the suppression of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Park
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Changho Lee
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Tai Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Tubular lysosomes harbor active ion gradients and poise macrophages for phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2113174118. [PMID: 34607961 PMCID: PMC8522270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113174118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles that also act as cell-signaling hubs. They regulate functions ranging from antigen presentation to autophagy. Spherical lysosomes can spontaneously elongate into tubules in starving or inflamed immune cells. We describe a DNA-based reagent, denoted Tudor, that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without triggering either an immune response or autophagy. Chemical imaging revealed that tubular lysosomes differ from vesicular ones in terms of their pH, calcium, and proteolytic activity. Tudor revealed a role for tubular lysosomes in that they enhance MMP9 secretion and phagocytosis in resting macrophages. The ability to tubulate lysosomes in resting immune cells without starving or inflaming them may help reveal new insights into how tubular lysosomes function. Lysosomes adopt dynamic, tubular states that regulate antigen presentation, phagosome resolution, and autophagy. Tubular lysosomes are studied either by inducing autophagy or by activating immune cells, both of which lead to cell states where lysosomal gene expression differs from the resting state. Therefore, it has been challenging to pinpoint the biochemical properties lysosomes acquire upon tubulation that could drive their functionality. Here we describe a DNA-based assembly that tubulates lysosomes in macrophages without activating them. Proteolytic activity maps at single-lysosome resolution revealed that tubular lysosomes were less degradative and showed proximal to distal luminal pH and Ca2+ gradients. Such gradients had been predicted but never previously observed. We identify a role for tubular lysosomes in promoting phagocytosis and activating MMP9. The ability to tubulate lysosomes without starving or activating immune cells may help reveal new roles for tubular lysosomes.
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Olcum M, Tufekci KU, Durur DY, Tastan B, Gokbayrak IN, Genc K, Genc S. Ethyl Pyruvate Attenuates Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via Inhibition of HMGB1/NF-κB/miR-223 Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050745. [PMID: 34066647 PMCID: PMC8151120 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethyl pyruvate is a molecule with anti-inflammatory and pro-metabolic effects. Ethyl pyruvate has been shown to ameliorate the clinical and pathological findings of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases in rodents. Its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects are widely investigated in animal and cellular models. Our study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the impact of Ethyl pyruvate on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the N9 microglial cell line. Our results indicated that ethyl pyruvate significantly suppressed LPS and ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, decreased active caspase-1 level, secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines, and reduced the level of pyroptotic cell death resulting from inflammasome activation. Furthermore, ethyl pyruvate reduced the formation of total and mitochondrial ROS and suppressed inflammasome-induced HMGB1 upregulation and nuclear NF-κB translocation and reversed the inflammasome activation-induced miRNA expression profile for miR-223 in N9 cells. Our study suggests that ethyl pyruvate effectively suppresses the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in microglial cells regulation by miR-223 and NF-κB/HMGB1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Olcum
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (M.O.); (D.Y.D.); (B.T.)
| | - Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir 35290, Turkey;
| | - Devrim Yagmur Durur
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (M.O.); (D.Y.D.); (B.T.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Bora Tastan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (M.O.); (D.Y.D.); (B.T.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Irem Nur Gokbayrak
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Kursad Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (M.O.); (D.Y.D.); (B.T.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.G.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-232-299-41-62
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Dong N, Xu X, Xue C, Wang C, Li X, Bi C, Shan A. Ethyl pyruvate inhibits LPS induced IPEC-J2 inflammation and apoptosis through p38 and ERK1/2 pathways. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2614-2628. [PMID: 31475609 PMCID: PMC6773235 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1653106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria threatens the intestinal health of livestock. Ethyl pyruvate (EP) has been shown to regulate intestinal immunity and protect against cell and tissue damage. In this study, it was first verified that EP could reduce the secretion of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-induced IPEC-J2 cells. Then, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of inflammatory factors induced by LPS in IPEC-J2 cells. It was found that LPS induced the upregulation of 377 genes and the downregulation of 477 genes compared to Vehicle; LPS+EP induced the upregulation of 258 genes and the downregulation of 240 genes compared to Vehicle; and LPS+EP induced the upregulation of 373 genes and the downregulation of 188 genes compared to LPS (fold change > 1.5 and FDR < 0.01). Their enrichment pathways included the MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and other pathways. Furthermore, the mRNA level of cytokines associated with inflammation and apoptosis enriched in the MAPK pathway was verified by qRT-PCR. Western blots and immunofluorescence revealed that EP significantly inhibited phosphorylated p38 and phosphorylated-ERK1/2 protein expression levels (P < 0.05). The apoptosis due to LPS reduced by EP was significantly inhibited, as shown by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. According to the results, EP inhibited the expression of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β as well as apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in LPS-induced IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Dong
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xinyao Xu
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chenyu Xue
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chensi Wang
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Li
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Chongpeng Bi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Anshan Shan
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P. R. China
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5
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Song J, Zhang W, Wang J, Yang H, Zhao X, Zhou Q, Wang H, Li L, Du G. Activation of Nrf2 signaling by salvianolic acid C attenuates NF‑κB mediated inflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:299-310. [PMID: 30142530 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to neuroinflammation. Drugs targeting inflammation have been proved to be effective in many animal models. Salvianolic acid C (SalC) is a compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, a plant with reported effects of inhibiting inflammation. However, the anti-inflammation effects and biological mechanisms of SalC on LPS-stimulated neuroinflammation remain unknown. The aim of this paper was to study its protective effects and its anti-inflammation mechanisms. LPS was used both in vivo and in vitro to induce neuroinflammation in SD rats and microglia cells. MTT assay was carried out to detect cell viability. The levels of TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑10 and PGE2 were detected by ELISA method. The expressions of p‑AMPK, p‑NF‑κB p65, p‑IκBα, Nrf2, HO‑1 and NQO1 proteins were examined by Western blot analysis. The nuclear translocation of NF‑κB p65 was studied by immunofluorescence assay. The specific Nrf2 siRNA was used to clarify the interaction between Nrf2 and NF‑κB p65. The AMPK inhibitor Compound C was used study the upstream protein of Nrf2. Results showed that LPS induced the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and mediated the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF‑κB p65 in rat brains and microglia cells. SalC reversed the inflammatory response induced by LPS and inhibited the NF‑κB activation. SalC also upregulated the expression of p‑AMPK, Nrf2, HO‑1 and NQO1. But the anti-inflammation and NF‑κB inhibition effects of SalC were attenuated by transfection with specific Nrf2 siRNA or interference with the potent AMPK inhibitor Compound C. In conclusion, SalC inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response and NF‑κB activation through the activation of AMPK/Nrf2 signaling both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junke Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qimeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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In silico-based screen synergistic drug combinations from herb medicines: a case using Cistanche tubulosa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16364. [PMID: 29180652 PMCID: PMC5703970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by the elaborated inflammatory response repertoire of central nervous system tissue. The limitations of the current treatments for neuroinflammation are well-known side effects in the clinical trials of monotherapy. Drug combination therapies are promising strategies to overcome the compensatory mechanisms and off-target effects. However, discovery of synergistic drug combinations from herb medicines is rare. Encouraged by the successfully applied cases we move on to investigate the effective drug combinations based on system pharmacology among compounds from Cistanche tubulosa (SCHENK) R. WIGHT. Firstly, 63 potential bioactive compounds, the related 133 direct and indirect targets are screened out by Drug-likeness evaluation combined with drug targeting process. Secondly, Compound-Target network is built to acquire the data set for predicting drug combinations. We list the top 10 drug combinations which are employed by the algorithm Probability Ensemble Approach (PEA), and Compound-Target-Pathway network is then constructed by the 12 compounds of the combinations, targets, and pathways to unearth the corresponding pharmacological actions. Finally, an integrating pathway approach is developed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of the herb in different pathological features-relevant biological processes. Overall, the method may provide a productive avenue for developing drug combination therapeutics.
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Hollenbach M. The Role of Glyoxalase-I (Glo-I), Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs), and Their Receptor (RAGE) in Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112466. [PMID: 29156655 PMCID: PMC5713432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyoxalase-I (Glo-I) and glyoxalase-II (Glo-II) comprise the glyoxalase system and are responsible for the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MGO). MGO is formed non-enzymatically as a by-product, mainly in glycolysis, and leads to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). AGEs bind to their receptor, RAGE, and activate intracellular transcription factors, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and inflammation. This review will focus on the implication of the Glo-I/AGE/RAGE system in liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AGEs and RAGE are upregulated in liver fibrosis, and the silencing of RAGE reduced collagen deposition and the tumor growth of HCC. Nevertheless, data relating to Glo-I in fibrosis and cirrhosis are preliminary. Glo-I expression was found to be reduced in early and advanced cirrhosis with a subsequent increase of MGO-levels. On the other hand, pharmacological modulation of Glo-I resulted in the reduced activation of hepatic stellate cells and therefore reduced fibrosis in the CCl₄-model of cirrhosis. Thus, current research highlighted the Glo-I/AGE/RAGE system as an interesting therapeutic target in chronic liver diseases. These findings need further elucidation in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Hollenbach
- Department of Medicine, Neurology and Dermatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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8
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Pieroh P, Wagner DC, Ghadban C, Birkenmeier G, Dehghani F. Ethyl pyruvate does not require microglia for mediating neuroprotection after excitotoxic injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:798-807. [PMID: 28836378 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Ethyl pyruvate (EP) mediates protective effects after neuronal injury. Besides a direct conservation of damaged neurons, the modulation of indigenous glial cells has been suggested as one important mechanism for EP-related neuroprotection. However, the specific contribution of glial cells is still unknown. METHODS Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) were excitotoxically lesioned by 50 μmol/L N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, for 4 hours) or left untreated. In an additional OHSC subset, microglia was depleted using the bisphosphonate clodronate (100 μg/mL) before lesion. After removal of NMDA, EP containing culture medium (0.84 μmol/L, 8.4 μmol/L, 42 μmol/L, 84 μmol/L, 168 μmol/L) was added and incubated for 72 hours. OHSC were stained with propidium iodide to visualize degenerating neurons and isolectin IB4 -FITC to identify microglia. Effects of EP at concentrations of 0.84, 8.4, and 84 μmol/L (0-48 hours) were analyzed in the astrocytic scratch wound assay. RESULTS EP significantly reduced neurodegeneration following induced excitotoxicity except for 168 μmol/L. For 84 μmol/L, a reduction in the microglia cells was observed. Microglia depletion did not affect neuronal survival after EP treatment. EP decelerated astrocytic wound closure at 48 hours after injury. CONCLUSION EP-mediated neuroprotection seems to be mediated by astrocytes and/or neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Pieroh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Plastic Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gerd Birkenmeier
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Exploring New Inflammatory Biomarkers and Pathways during LPS-Induced M1 Polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6986175. [PMID: 28096568 PMCID: PMC5209629 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6986175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of mediators triggering microglia activation and transference of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) into exosomes are critical to dissect the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. We used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced N9 microglia activation to explore new biomarkers/signaling pathways and to identify inflammatory miRNA (inflamma-miR) in cells and their derived exosomes. Upregulation of iNOS and MHC-II (M1-markers) and downregulation of arginase 1, FIZZ1 (M2-markers), and CX3CR1 (M0/M2 polarization) confirmed the switch of N9 LPS-treated cells into the M1 phenotype, as described for macrophages/microglia. Cells showed increased proliferation, activated TLR4/TLR2/NF-κB pathway, and enhanced phagocytosis, further corroborated by upregulated MFG-E8. We found NLRP3-inflammasome activation in these cells, probably accounting for the increased extracellular content of the cytokine HMGB1 and of the MMP-9 we have observed. We demonstrate for the first time that the inflamma-miR profiling (upregulated miR-155 and miR-146a plus downregulated miR-124) in M1 polarized N9 cells, noticed by others in activated macrophages/microglia, was replicated in their derived exosomes, likely regulating the inflammatory response of recipient cells and dissemination processes. Data show that LPS-treated N9 cells behave like M1 polarized microglia/macrophages, while providing new targets for drug discovery. In particular, the study yields novel insights into the exosomal circulating miRNA during neuroinflammation important for emerging therapeutic approaches targeting microglia activation.
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Jiang S, Deng C, Lv J, Fan C, Hu W, Di S, Yan X, Ma Z, Liang Z, Yang Y. Nrf2 Weaves an Elaborate Network of Neuroprotection Against Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1440-1455. [PMID: 26846360 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a neuroprotective transcription factor that has recently attracted increased attention. Stroke, a common and serious neurological disease, is currently a leading cause of death in the USA so far. It is therefore of vital importance to explore how Nrf2 behaves in stroke. In this review, we first introduce the structural features of Nrf2 and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and briefly depict the activation, inactivation, and regulation processes of the Nrf2 pathway. Next, we discuss the physiopathological mechanisms, upstream modulators, and downstream targets of the Nrf2 pathway. Following this background, we expand our discussion to the roles of Nrf2 in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and provide several potential future directions. The information presented here may be useful in the design of future experimental research and increase the likelihood of using Nrf2 as a therapeutic target for stroke in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.,Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jianjun Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chongxi Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shouyin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhenxing Liang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East, Zhengzhou, 450052, China. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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11
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Jeong YH, Park JS, Kim DH, Kim HS. Arctigenin Increases Hemeoxygenase-1 Gene Expression by Modulating PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Rat Primary Astrocytes. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:497-502. [PMID: 25489416 PMCID: PMC4256028 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we found that the natural compound arctigenin inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in rat primary astrocytes. Since hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a critical role as an antioxidant defense factor in the brain, we examined the effect of arctigenin on HO-1 expression in rat primary astrocytes. We found that arctigenin increased HO-1 mRNA and protein levels. Arctigenin also increases the nuclear translocation and DNA binding of Nrf2/c-Jun to the antioxidant response element (ARE) on HO-1 promoter. In addition, arctigenin increased ARE-mediated transcriptional activities in rat primary astrocytes. Further mechanistic studies revealed that arctigenin increased the phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream substrate of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Treatment of cells with a PI3K-specific inhibitor, LY294002, suppressed the HO-1 expression, Nrf2 DNA binding and ARE-mediated transcriptional activities in arctigenin-treated astrocyte cells. The results collectively suggest that PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is at least partly involved in HO-1 expression by arctigenin via modulation of Nrf2/ARE axis in rat primary astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Hui Jeong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710
| | - Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University Medical School, Seoul 158-710
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12
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Ethyl pyruvate ameliorates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal toxicity through anti-neuronal cell death and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:151-65. [PMID: 24576481 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential neuroprotective value of ethyl pyruvate (EP) for the treatment of the striatal toxicity is largely unknown. We investigated whether EP promotes the survival of striatal neurons in a 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD). EP (5, 10, 20, and 40mg/kg/day, i.p.) was daily injected from 30min before 3-NP intoxication (pretreatment) and from onset/progression/peak point of neurological impairment by 3-NP intoxication. EP produced a neuroprotective effect in dose- and time-dependant manners. EP pretreatment of 40mg/kg/day produced the best neuroprotective effect among other conditions. Pretreatment of EP significantly attenuated neurological impairment and lethality and prevented formation of lesion area and neuronal loss in the striatum after 3-NP intoxication. This neuroprotection afforded by EP was associated with the suppression of succinate dehydrogenase activity, apoptosis, and microglial activation. The suppressive effect of EP corresponded to the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathways, and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the striatum after 3-NP intoxication. Interestingly, the intrathecal introduction of inhibitors MAPKs and NF-κB into control mice decreased the lethality after 3-NP intoxication. Our findings indicate that EP may effectively alleviate 3-NP-induced striatal toxicity by inhibition of the MAPKs and NF-κB pathways in the striatum, and that EP has a wide therapeutic window, suggesting that EP may have therapeutic value in the treatment of aspects of HD's disease related to inflammation.
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Shin JH, Kim SW, Jin Y, Kim ID, Lee JK. Ethyl pyruvate-mediated Nrf2 activation and hemeoxygenase 1 induction in astrocytes confer protective effects via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:89-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Lee MJ, Jang M, Jung HS, Kim SH, Cho IH. Ethyl pyruvate attenuates formalin-induced inflammatory nociception by inhibiting neuronal ERK phosphorylation. Mol Pain 2012; 8:40. [PMID: 22640699 PMCID: PMC3472237 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethyl pyruvate (EP) possesses anti-inflammatory activity. However, the potential anti-nociceptive value of EP for the treatment of the inflammatory nociception is largely unknown. We investigated whether EP could have any anti-nociceptive effect on inflammatory pain, after systemic administration of EP (10, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), 1 hour before formalin (5%, 50 μl) injection into the plantar surface of the hind paws of rats. Results EP significantly decreased formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during phase II, the magnitude of paw edema, and the activation of c-Fos in L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn. EP also attenuated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the neurons of L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn after formalin injection. Interestingly, the i.t. administration of PD98059, an ERK upstream kinase (MEK) inhibitor, completely blocked the formalin-induced inflammatory nociceptive responses. Conclusions These results demonstrate that EP may effectively inhibit formalin-induced inflammatory nociception via the inhibition of neuronal ERK phosphorylation in the spinal dorsal horn, indicating its therapeutic potential in suppressing acute inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Oriental Medicine, and Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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