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Innovative tailor made dextran based membranes with excellent non-inflammatory response: In vivo assessment. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110243. [PMID: 31761159 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, dextran based membranes with potential to be used as implantable devices in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM) were prepared by a straightforward strategy. Briefly, two polymers approved by the Food and Drug Administration, viz. dextran and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were functionalized with methacrylate moieties, and subjected to photocrosslinking. Employing different weight ratios of each polymer in the formulations allowed to obtain transparent membranes with tunable physicochemical properties and low adverse host tissue response. Independently of the material, all formulations have shown to be thermally stable up to 300 °C whilst variations in the polymer ratio resulted in membranes with different glass transition temperatures (Tg) and flexibility. The swelling capacity ranged from 50% to 200%. On the other hand, in vitro hydrolytic degradation did not show to be material-dependent and all membranes maintained their structural integrity for more than 30 days, losing only 8-12% of their initial weight. Preliminary in vitro biological tests did not show any cytotoxic effect on seeded human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), suggesting that, in general, all membranes are capable of supporting cell adhesion and viability. The in vivo biocompatibility of membranes implanted subcutaneously in rats' dorsum indicate that M100/0 (100%wt dextran) and M25/75 (25 %wt dextran) formulations can be classified as "slight-irritant" and "non-irritant", respectively. From the histological analysis performed on the main tissue organs it was not possible to detect any signs of fibrosis or necrosis thereby excluding the presence of toxic degradation by-products deposited or accumulated in these tissues. In combination, these results suggest that the newly developed formulations hold great potential as engineered devices for biomedical applications, where the biological response of cells and tissues are greatly dependent on the physical and chemical cues provided by the substrate.
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Falsafi N, Soleimani T, Fallahi H, Azadbakht M. Regulatory networks upon neurogenesis induction in PC12 cell line by small molecules. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18813-18824. [PMID: 30919969 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alteration in the normal regulatory pathway of differentiation can lead to the induction of programmed cell death. Accordingly, some chemicals like staurosporine, nerve growth factor, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide, and trimethyltin are shown to be able to induce differentiation in vitro, via different mechanisms in the PC12 cell line. Hence, understanding the details of the molecular mechanisms of differentiation induction by these small molecules are important for further application of these molecules in neurogenesis. Therefore, we sought to determine these signaling pathways, using gene regulatory networks analysis. Then, we have conducted a comparative analysis of the alterations in the gene expression pattern of the PC12 cell lines in response to these chemicals at the early stages. Based on the comparative analysis and previous knowledge, we have proposed the affected pathways during differentiation and apoptosis. Our findings could be useful in the development of protocols to reprogramming of neurons by such small molecules with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Falsafi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tahereh Soleimani
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehri Azadbakht
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Chapp AD, Behnke JE, Driscoll KM, Fan Y, Hoban E, Shan Z, Zhang L, Chen QH. Acetate Mediates Alcohol Excitotoxicity in Dopaminergic-like PC12 Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:235-245. [PMID: 30247872 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal excitotoxicity is the major cause of alcohol-related brain damage, yet the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Using dopaminergic-like PC12 cells, we evaluated the effect of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) on acetate-induced changes in PC12 cells: cell death, cytosolic calcium, and expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Treatment of PC12 cells with increasing concentrations of acetate for 4 h caused a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of cells staining positive for cell death using propidium iodide (PI) exclusion and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) using cell ROX detection analyzed via flow cytometry. The EC50 value for acetate was calculated and found to be 4.40 mM for PI and 1.81 mM for ROS. Ethanol up to 100 mM had no apparent changes in the percent of cells staining positive for PI or ROS. Acetate (6 mM) treatment caused an increase in cytosolic calcium measured in real-time with Fluo-4AM, which was abolished by coapplication with the NMDAR blocker memantine (10 μM). Furthermore, cells treated with acetate (6 mM) for 4 h had increased expression levels of TNFα relative to control, which was abolished by coapplication of memantine (10 μM). Co-application of acetate (6 mM) and memantine had no apparent reduction in acetate-induced cell death. These findings suggest that acetate is capable of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations and expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα through an NMDAR-dependent mechanism. Cell death from acetate was not reduced through NMDAR blockade, suggesting alternative pathways independent of NMDAR activation for excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Chapp
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Jessica E. Behnke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Kyle M. Driscoll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Eileen Hoban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Zhiying Shan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Qing-Hui Chen
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Electrical Stimulation Induces Calcium-Dependent Neurite Outgrowth and Immediate Early Genes Expressions of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:129-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kim DS, An JM, Lee HG, Seo SR, Kim SS, Kim JY, Kang JW, Bae YS, Seo JT. Activation of Rac1-dependent redox signaling is critically involved in staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Free Radic Res 2012; 47:95-103. [PMID: 23153365 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.748193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Staurosporine, a non-specific protein kinase inhibitor, has been shown to induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, but the mechanism by which staurosporine induces neurite outgrowth is still obscure. In the present study, we investigated whether the activation of Rac1 was responsible for the neurite outgrowth triggered by staurosporine. Staurosporine caused rapid neurite outgrowth independent of the ERK signaling pathways. In contrast, neurite outgrowth in response to staurosporine was accompanied by activation of Rac1, and the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 attenuated the staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, suppression of Rac1 activity by expression of the dominant negative mutant Rac1N17 also blocked the staurosporine-induced morphological differentiation of PC12 cells. Staurosporine caused an activation of NADPH oxidase and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was prevented by NSC23766 and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth was attenuated by pretreatment with DPI and exogenous addition of sublethal concentration of H2O2 accelerated neurite outgrowth triggered by staurosporine. These results indicate that activation of Rac1, which leads to ROS generation, is required for neurite outgrowth induced by staurosporine in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Sik Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, BK 21 Project for Yonsei Dental Sciences, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Staurosporine induces ganglion cell differentiation in part by stimulating urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression and activation in the developing chick retina. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhaleh H, Azadbakht M, Bidmeshki Pour A. Possible involvement of calcium channels and plasma membrane receptors on Staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2012; 12:20-5. [PMID: 22364299 PMCID: PMC4362412 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2012.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staurosporine as a protein kinases inhibitor induced cell death or neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. We investigated the involvement of calcium channel and plasma membrane receptors on staurosporine inducing neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were preincubated with NMDA receptor inhibitors (1.8 mM ketamine and 1µM MK801, treatment 1) or L-Type Calcium channels (100 μM nifedipine and 100 µM flavoxate hydrochloride, treatment 2) or calcium-calmoduline kinasses (10 μM trifluoprazine, treatment 3) and nifedipine, MK801, flavoxate hydrochloride and ketamine (treatment4) or without pretreatments (control). Then, the cells were cultured in RPMI culture medium containing 214nM staurosporine for induction of neurite outgrowth. The percentage of Cell cytotoxicity and apoptotic index was assessed. Total neurite length (TNL) and fraction of cell differentiation were assessed. After 24h, the percentage of cell cytotoxicity were increased in treatments 1, 2 and 4 compared with control (p<0.05). After 6h, apoptotic index was similar between all treatments. After 12h, apoptotic index were increased in treatment 4 compared with control (p<0.05). After 24h, apoptotic index were increased in treatments 1, 2 and 4 compared with control (p<0.05). TNL were decreased in treatments 1, 2 and 4 compared with control in different times of assessment (6, 12 and 24 h) (p<0.05). The fraction of cell differentiation were decreased in treatments 1, 2 and 4 compared with control (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the possible involvement of L-type calcium channel and the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor on staurosporine-induced neurite outgrowth process in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Zhaleh
- Department of Biology, Razi University, Taqe Bostan, Baghe Abrisham, Kermanshah, Iran.
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