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Mankad JP, Paulsen K, Shah M. Partial Recovery in Toxic Leukoencephalopathy: Is It Really a Slow Improvement or a Warning Sign? Cureus 2023; 15:e42966. [PMID: 37667711 PMCID: PMC10475324 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 55-year-old African American man who was found down by a friend nine hours after being last seen at the same place was brought to the emergency department (ED) with encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, elevated troponin, acute kidney injury (AKI), and transaminitis. His urine drug screen (UDS) was positive for cocaine. Intravenous (IV) Narcan was given with minimal improvement in mental status. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the head and a CT scan of the cervical spine in the ED showed no acute findings. Due to hypoxia, the patient was eventually intubated. The patient also required a fasciotomy and eventually hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy due to the left lower extremity wound. He was transferred to our facility for further care. Due to incomplete cognitive recovery, as the patient was oriented to self only, further neurological workup, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, was obtained, which showed bilateral symmetric T2 FLAIR (Fluid attenuated inversion recovery) hyperintensity in the globus pallidus. The patient had slow and gradual deterioration with worsening encephalopathy, akinetic mutism, parkinsonian features, and seizures, which prompted further evaluation from neurology. The patient eventually underwent extensive workup, including a continuous video electroencephalogram (cvEEG), repeat MRI brain with and without contrast, lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, MRI brain with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The patient was treated with multivitamin therapy and coenzyme Q10, but there was no significant benefit. We report a case of cocaine-induced leukoencephalopathy with findings like 'chasing the dragon encephalopathy' with a possible component of delayed post-hypoxic injury with underlying neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar P Mankad
- Neurology, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Kyle Paulsen
- Neuro Critical Care, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Mihir Shah
- Neuro Critical Care, Aurora St. Luke's Medical Center, Milwaukee, USA
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Zhang W, Deng X, Liu H, Ke J, Xiang M, Ma Y, Zhang L, Yang M, Liu Y, Huang F. Identification and Verification of Potential Hub Genes in Amphetamine-Type Stimulant (ATS) and Opioid Dependence by Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:837123. [PMID: 35432486 PMCID: PMC9006114 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.837123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) and opioid dependencies are chronic inflammatory diseases with similar symptoms and common genomics. However, their coexpressive genes have not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to identify and verify the coexpressive hub genes and pathway involved in the pathogenesis of ATS and opioid dependencies. Methods: The microarray of ATS- and opioid-treatment mouse models was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. GEO2R and Venn diagram were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and coexpressive DEGs (CDEGs). Functional annotation and protein–protein interaction network detected the potential functions. The hub genes were screened using the CytoHubba and MCODE plugin with different algorithms, and further validated by receiver operating characteristic analysis in the GSE15774 database. We also validated the hub genes mRNA levels in BV2 cells using qPCR. Result: Forty-four CDEGs were identified between ATS and opioid databases, which were prominently enriched in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The top 10 hub genes were mainly enriched in apoptotic process (CD44, Dusp1, Sgk1, and Hspa1b), neuron differentiation, migration, and proliferation (Nr4a2 and Ddit4), response to external stimulation (Fos and Cdkn1a), and transcriptional regulation (Nr4a2 and Npas4). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis found that six hub genes (Fos, Dusp1, Sgk1, Ddit4, Cdkn1a, and Nr4a2) have an area under the curve (AUC) of more than 0.70 in GSE15774. The mRNA levels of Fos, Dusp1, Sgk1, Ddit4, Cdkn1a, PI3K, and Akt in BV2 cells and GSE15774 with METH and heroin treatments were higher than those of controls. However, the Nr4a2 mRNA levels increased in BV2 cells and decreased in the bioinformatic analysis. Conclusions: The identification of hub genes was associated with ATS and opioid dependencies, which were involved in apoptosis, neuron differentiation, migration, and proliferation. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of substance dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodong Deng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jianlin Ke
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Mingliang Xiang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Department of Criminal Investigation, Nanchong Municipal Public Security Bureau, Nanchong, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Liu, ; Feijun Huang,
| | - Feijun Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Liu, ; Feijun Huang,
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Liu D, Cheng Y, Tang Z, Mei X, Cao X, Liu J. Toxicity mechanism of acrolein on DNA damage and apoptosis in BEAS-2B cells: Insights from cell biology and molecular docking analyses. Toxicology 2021; 466:153083. [PMID: 34958888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrolein is a hazardous air pollutant for humans and is responsible for many pulmonary diseases, but the underlying mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. This work is focused on the genotoxicity effects of human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells induced by acrolein (20, 40, 80 μM). The molecular mechanism was investigated base on DNA damage and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. The results showed that after exposure to acrolein, the cell viability, glutathione (GSH) of BEAS-2B cells were reduced. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level significantly increased, accompanied by increased levels of DNA damage-related indicators 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), DNA content of comet tail (Tail DNA%), olive tail moment (OTM), and nucleus morphology. Cell arrested at the G2/M phase. Then, the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathway (Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and Rad-3-related (ATR)/Chk1 and ATM/Chk2) and the consequent cell cycle checkpoints were activated. The expression of γ-H2AX was significantly increased, indicating that acrolein induced DNA double-strand breaks. Molecular docking assay showed that acrolein bound to DNA in a spontaneous process. Moreover, mitochondrial apoptosis pathway involved in apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of BEAS-2B cells were significantly reduced, and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased. The protein expression of Bax/Bcl-2 and Cleaved Caspase-3 were increased, and JNK signaling pathway was activated. All the results indicated that acrolein induced DNA damage, activated DDR and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways, which might be the pivotal factors to mediate cytotoxicity in BEAS-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, PR China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, PR China
| | - Xueying Mei
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, PR China.
| | - Jianli Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, PR China.
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Protective Effect of Total Panax Notoginseng Saponins on Retinal Ganglion Cells of an Optic Nerve Crush Injury Rat Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4356949. [PMID: 34395614 PMCID: PMC8360732 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4356949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a common pathological feature of various optic nerve degenerative diseases such as glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy. Effective protection of RGCs is the key to successful treatment of these diseases. Total Panax notoginseng saponins (TPNS) are the main active component of Panax notoginseng, which has an inhibitory effect on the apoptosis pathway. This study is aimed at assessing the protective effect of TPNS on RGCs of the optic nerve crush (ONC) model of rats and exploring the underlying mechanisms. The intraperitoneal or intravitreal injection of TPNS was used based on the establishment of the rat ONC model. Fifteen days after the injury, the cell membrane fluorescent probe (Fluoro-Gold) was applied to retrograde RGCs through the superior colliculus and obtain the number of surviving RGCs. TUNEL assay was also used to detect the number and density of RGC apoptosis after the ONC model. The expression and distribution of Bcl-2/Bax, c-Jun/P-c-Jun, and P-JNK in the retina were demonstrated by Western blot analysis. After the intervention of TPNS, the rate of cell survival increased in different retinal regions (p < 0.05) and the number of apoptosis cells decreased. Regarding the expression of Bcl-2/Bax, c-Jun/P-c-Jun, and P-JNK-related apoptotic proteins, TPNS can reduce the level of apoptosis and play a role in protecting RGCs (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that topical administration of TPNS can inhibit cell apoptosis and promote RGC survival in the crushed optic nerve.
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Neuroprotective effects of Senkyunolide I against glutamate-induced cells death by attenuating JNK/caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111696. [PMID: 34044281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-induced neurotoxicity is one of the most important pathogenic mechanisms in neurological diseases and is widely used as an in vitro model for ischemic stroke. Senkyunolide I (SEI), an active constituent derived from traditional Chinese medicine Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. and Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, has been shown to have beneficial effects against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. However, the mechanisms underlying SEI-mediated neuroprotection remain not well understood. Thus, we explored the influence of SEI in glutamate-mediated injury to mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) cells and determined the mechanisms involved. Neuro2a cells were treated with SEI under exposure to glutamate for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed by using WST-1 reagents, and apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V-FITC and a PI double staining kit. The protein expression levels of p-AKT, AKT, p-GSK3β, GSK3β, p-p38, p38, p-ERK, ERK, p-JNK, JNK, Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-xl, p-Bad, Bad, p53, and cleaved caspase-3 were determined by Western blot analysis. Glutamate significantly decreased cell viability and elevated the level of apoptosis. Treatment with SEI reversed those effects. Furthermore, the expression of p-JNK/JNK and cleaved caspase-3 were also reduced after treatment with SEI. Our findings demonstrate that SEI protected Neuro2a cells against glutamate toxicity by regulating JNK/caspase-3 pathway and apoptosis. Thus, SEI maybe a promising candidate for neuroprotection.
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Cong C, Kluwe L, Li S, Liu X, Liu Y, Liu H, Gui W, Liu T, Xu L. Paeoniflorin inhibits tributyltin chloride-induced apoptosis in hypothalamic neurons via inhibition of MKK4-JNK signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:1-8. [PMID: 30878547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paeoniflorin (PF) exerts a significant protective effect against neurotoxicity and mitochondrial damage in neurons. However, the mechanisms underlying PF-mediated rescue remain elusive. Therefore, we endeavored to further research the molecular mechanisms underlying PF-mediated inhibition of tributyltin chloride (TBTC)-induced apoptosis of neurons. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the influence and possible mechanism of action of PF in TBTC-induced neurodegenerative disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, primary hypothalamic neurons were treated with tributyltin chloride (150 μg/L) and PF (25, 50, and 100 μM). 17β-estradiol (1 nM) was used as a positive control. Subsequently, CCK-8 assay was performed. The level of apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry and the function of mitochondria was reflected by MMP levels. The mRNA expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), together with Bax, were examined using qRT-PCR. The protein levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 were examined using western blotting. Finally, pretreatment with JNK agonist, anisomycin, was done to observe the change in expressions of MKK4 and JNK. RESULTS Paeoniflorin treatment reduced TBTC-induced damage and neuron loss in a dose-dependent manner. Decrease in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as JNK levels were reversed by treatment with paeoniflorin via inhibition of JNK activation. Furthermore, ratio of levels of Bcl-2/Bax increased while the activation of caspase-3 was suppressed. In addition, pretreatment with JNK agonist, anisomycin effectively suppressed TBTC-induced cytotoxicity in hypothalamic neuron. CONCLUSIONS PF can potentially be used to prevent and/or treat neurodegenerative diseases and neural injury by inhibiting MKK4-JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cong
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Lan Kluwe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shengnan Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Huicong Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Wenjia Gui
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Te Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China
| | - Lianwei Xu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 20032, China.
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Erianin, a novel dibenzyl compound in Dendrobium extract, inhibits bladder cancer cell growth via the mitochondrial apoptosis and JNK pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 371:41-54. [PMID: 30946863 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Erianin, a component extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Dendrobium, has shown significant anti-tumour activity in various cancers but not in bladder cancer. In this study, we assessed the effects of Erianin on bladder cancer growth and elucidated the related mechanisms. First, Erianin was synthesized with high yields, and markedly suppressed EJ and T24 cell proliferation. It induced G2/M-phase arrest in vitro. Furthermore, Erianin triggered apoptosis via caspase cascades activation and the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway. Bim up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation as the symbol of apoptosis which were found to play the dominant role in the effects of Erianin. We further showed that JNK pathway activation is necessary for the Erianin-mediated anti-proliferation and apoptotic response. Finally, Erianin exhibited anti-tumour activity and induced apoptosis in tumour tissue in vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that Erianin induced cell cycle G2/M-phase arrest and apoptosis via the JNK signalling pathway in bladder cancer, indicating the potential usefulness of Erianin for the therapy of bladder cancer.
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All-Trans Retinoic Acid Ameliorates the Early Experimental Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Inhibiting the Loss of the Blood-Brain Barrier via the JNK/P38MAPK Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1283-1296. [PMID: 29802528 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) influences the outcomes of cerebral ischemic reperfusion (CIR) injury, but the mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ATRA on loss of the blood brain barrier (BBB) following CIR and to explore the possible mechanisms. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed on male SD rats to construct an in vivo CIR model. Neurological deficits, BBB permeability, brain edema, MRI and JNK/P38 MAPK proteins were detected at 24 h following CIR. We demonstrated that ATRA pretreatment could alleviate CIR-induced neurological deficits, increase of BBB permeability, infarct volume, degradation of tight junction proteins, inhibit MMP-9 protein expression and activity. ATRA treatment also reduced the p-P38 and p-JNK protein level. However the protective effect of ATRA on CIR could be reversed by administration of retinoic acid alpha receptor antagonist Ro41-5253. SP600125 and SB203580, which is the JNK/P38 pathway inhibitors has the same protective effect as ATRA. These results indicated that ATRA may inhibit the JNK/P38 MAPK pathway to alleviate BBB disruption and improve CIR outcomes.
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Zhang LD, Cao JP, Cai XH, Wu SB, Hou XR, Gao YL, Zhang RJ, Song XG. Effect of acupuncture in intervening heroin-induced brain damage via regulating ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-018-1029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Sun XZ, Liao Y, Li W, Guo LM. Neuroprotective effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:953-958. [PMID: 28761429 PMCID: PMC5514871 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.208590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides have protective effects against apoptosis in neurons exposed to ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the mechanisms are unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule cells. In these cells, ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides remarkably suppressed H2O2-induced apoptosis, decreased expression of caspase-3, Bax and Bim and increased that of Bcl-2. These findings suggested that ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides regulate expression of apoptosis-associated proteins, inhibit oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis and, therefore, have significant neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhi Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Public Security Technology, Railway Police College, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Public Security Technology, Railway Police College, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Li-Mei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Wang X, Luo Y, Sun H, Feng J, Ma S, Liu J, Huang B. Dynamic expression changes of Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Hsp70 in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Brain Inj 2016; 29:93-7. [PMID: 25158066 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.945958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to study the dynamic changes of B cell lymphoma/leukaemia 2 (Bcl-2), caspase-3 and heat shock response protein 70 (Hsp70) in blood serum following acute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. METHODS Occlusion of the cerebral artery was accomplished via the intraluminal filament, followed by the TTC staining evaluation and neurological deficit score. Meanwhile, the blood serum was extracted at 0.5, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours and 3 and 7 days after surgery. The serum expression levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Hsp70 were determined using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer's protocols. Expression correlations between Bcl-2 and Hsp70, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were analysed using correl function. A rats model was successfully established. RESULTS The expression of all three indexes, including Bcl-2, caspase-3 and Hsp70, was significantly increased after surgery (p < 0.05) and peaked at 12, 24 and 24 hours, respectively. Up to 7 days after MCAO, the expression levels of these proteins recovered to the control levels. There were positive correlations between the expressions of Bcl-2 and Hsp70, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The altered expressions of these proteins in the blood serum may result in many symptoms in acute ischaemic stroke individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- a Department of Neurology , Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu, Sichuan , PR China , and
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The Effect of Minimally Invasive Hematoma Aspiration on the JNK Signal Transduction Pathway after Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050710. [PMID: 27187368 PMCID: PMC4881532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effect of minimally invasive hematoma aspiration (MIHA) on the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods: In this experiment, 300 adult male Wistar rats were randomly and averagely divided into sham-operated group, ICH group and MIHA group. In each group, 60 rats were used in the detection of indexes in this experiment, while the other 40 rats were used to replace rats which reached the exclusion criteria (accidental death or operation failure). In ICH group and MIHA group, ICH was induced by injection of 70 µL of autologous arterial blood into rat brain, while only the rats in MIHA group were treated by MIHA 6 h after ICH. Rats in sham-operated group were injected nothing into brains, and they were not treated either, like rats in ICH group. In each group, six rats were randomly selected to observe their Bederson’s scales persistently (6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 h after ICH). According to the time they were sacrificed, the remaining rats in each group were divided into 3 subgroups (24, 72, 120 h). The change of brain water content (BWC) was measured by the wet weight to dry weight ratio method. The morphology of neurons in cortex was observed by the hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining. The expressions of phospho-c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (pJNK) and JNK in peri-hematomal brain tissue were determined by the immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB). Results: At all time points, compared with the ICH groups, the expression of pJNK decreased obviously in MIHA groups (p < 0.05), while their Bederson’s scales and BWC declined, and neuron injury in the cortex was relieved. The expression level of JNK was not altered at different groups. The data obtained by IHC and WB indicated a high-level of consistency, which provided a certain dependability of the test results. Conclusion: The JNK signal transduction pathway could be activated after intracerebral hemorrhage, with the expressions of pJNK increasing. MIHA could relieve the histo-pathological damage of nerve cells, reducing brain edema and neurological deficits, and these neuroprotective effects might be associated with suppression of JNK signal transduction pathway.
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Inhibition of development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm by c-jun N-terminal protein kinase inhibitor combined with lysyl oxidase gene modified smooth muscle progenitor cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 766:114-21. [PMID: 26435026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, imbalance between the extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation, and loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contribute to the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the therapy with periaortic incubation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase inhibitor SP600125 infused from an osmotic pump and subadventitial injection of lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene modified autologous smooth muscle progenitor cells (SPCs) on treatment of AAA in a rabbit model. Obvious dilation of the abdominal aorta in the control group was caused by periaortic incubation of calcium chloride and elastase. But the progression of aortic dilation was significantly decreased after the treatment with SP600125 and LOX gene modified SPCs compared to the treatment with phosphate-buffered saline. This therapy could inhibit matrix metalloproteinases expression, enhance elastin synthesis, improve preservation of elastic laminar integrity, benefit SPCs survival and restore SMCs population. It seemed that this method might provide a novel therapeutic strategy to treat AAA.
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Pu H, Wang X, Su L, Ma C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Chen X, Li X, Wang H, Liu X, Zhang J. Heroin activates ATF3 and CytC via c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways to mediate neuronal apoptosis. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2015; 21:53-62. [PMID: 25848832 PMCID: PMC4400970 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.893827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug abuse and addiction has become a major public health problem that impacts all societies. The use of heroin may cause spongiform leukoencephalopathy (SLE). Material/Methods Cerebellar granule cells were derived from 7-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups. Neurons were dissociated from freshly dissected cerebella by mechanical disruption in the presence of 0.125% trypsin and DNaseI and then seeded at a density of 4×106 cells/ml in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/nutrient mixture F-12 ham’s containing 10% fetal bovine serum and Arc-C(sigma) at concentrations to inhibit glial cell growth inoculated into 6-well plates and a small dish. Results We found that heroin induces the apoptosis of primary cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGCS) and that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway was activated under heroin treatment and stimulated obvious increases in the levels of C-jun, Cytc, and ATF3mRNA. CYTC and ATF3 were identified as candidate targets of the JNK/c-Jun pathway in this process because the specificity inhibitors SP600125 of JNK/C-jun pathways reduced the levels of C-jun, Cytc, and ATF3mRNA. The results suggested that SP600125 of JNK/C-jun can inhibit heroin-induced apoptosis of neurons. Conclusions The present study analyzes our understanding of the critical role of the JNK pathway in the process of neuronal apoptosis induced by heroin, and suggests a new and effective strategy to treat SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Pu
- Department of Science and Research Education Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Liping Su
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Chuang Ma
- Department of Micro-Reconstructive Surgery of Orthopedics Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of International Education, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Liping Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Medical Animal Model Research, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- Department of Forensic Science, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Jianlong Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Sinciang, China (mainland)
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15
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Silva-Torres LA, Vélez C, Lyvia Alvarez J, Ortiz JG, Zayas B. Toxic effects of xylazine on endothelial cells in combination with cocaine and 6-monoacetylmorphine. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1312-9. [PMID: 25017475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of xylazine as a drug of abuse has emerged worldwide in the last 7 years, including Puerto Rico. Clinical findings reported that xylazine users present greater physiological deterioration, than heroin users. The aim of this study was to assess the xylazine toxicity on endothelial cells, as this is one of the first tissues impact upon administration. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture were treated with xylazine, cocaine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (heroin metabolite) and its combinations, at concentrations of 0.10-400 μM, for periods of 24, 48 and 72 h. IC50 were calculated and the Annexin V assay implemented to determine the cell death mechanism. Results indicated IC50 values at 24h as follow: xylazine 62 μM, cocaine 210 μM, 6-monoacetylmorphine 300 μM. When these drugs were combined the IC50 value was 57 μM. Annexin V results indicated cell death by an apoptosis mechanism in cells treated with xylazine or in combination. Results demonstrated that xylazine use inhibits the endothelial cell proliferation, at lower concentrations than cocaine and 6-monoacetylmorphine. These findings contribute to the understanding of the toxicity mechanisms induced by xylazine on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Silva-Torres
- University of Puerto Rico, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Medicine, Medical Science Campus, Puerto Rico; Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Science, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
| | - C Vélez
- Universidad Metropolitana, School of Environmental Affairs, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - J Lyvia Alvarez
- Puerto Rico Institute of Forensic Science, San Juan, Puerto Rico; University of Puerto Rico, School of Health Professions, Medical Science Campus, Puerto Rico
| | - J G Ortiz
- University of Puerto Rico, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Medicine, Medical Science Campus, Puerto Rico
| | - B Zayas
- University of Puerto Rico, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Medicine, Medical Science Campus, Puerto Rico; Universidad Metropolitana, School of Environmental Affairs, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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16
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Liu X, Wang G, Pu H, Jing H. Abnormal intracellular calcium homeostasis associated with vulnerability in the nerve cells from heroin-dependent rat. Brain Res 2014; 1572:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Bernstein HG, Trübner K, Krebs P, Dobrowolny H, Bielau H, Steiner J, Bogerts B. Increased densities of nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons in the temporal cortex and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of polytoxicomanic heroin overdose victims: possible implications for heroin neurotoxicity. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:182-90. [PMID: 23953641 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is one of the most dangerous drugs of abuse, which may exert various neurotoxic actions on the brain (such as gray matter loss, neuronal apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic defects, depression of adult neurogenensis, as well as development of spongiform leucoencephalopathy). Some of these toxic effects are probably mediated by the gas nitric oxide (NO). We studied by morphometric analysis the numerical density of neurons expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in cortical and hypothalamic areas of eight heroin overdose victims and nine matched controls. Heroin addicts showed significantly increased numerical densities of nNOS immunoreactive cells in the right temporal cortex and the left paraventricular nucleus. Remarkably, in heroin abusers, but not in controls, we observed not only immunostained interneurons, but also cortical pyramidal cells. Given that increased cellular expression of nNOS was accompanied by elevated NO generation in brains of heroin addicts, these elevated levels of NO might have contributed to some of the known toxic effects of heroin (for example, reduced adult neurogenesis, mitochondrial pathology or disturbances in synaptic functioning).
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18
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Heroin activates Bim via c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun pathway to mediate neuronal apoptosis. Neuroscience 2012; 233:1-8. [PMID: 23262244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is reported to cause spongiform leukoencephalopathy (SLE) in heroin addicts and the exact mechanism has not yet been identified. In the present study, we found that heroin could induce apoptosis of primary cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and Bim was upregulated both transcriptionally and post transcriptionally during CGCs apoptosis. Upregulated Bim translocated to mitochondria and Bax was activated under heroin treatment. Genetic knockdown of Bim using lentiviruses significantly prevented neuronal apoptosis induced by heroin. Meanwhile, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun pathway was activated in heroin-induced apoptosis. Bim was demonstrated as a downstream target of JNK/c-Jun pathway in this process because pharmacological inhibition of JNK reduced the levels of Bim mRNA and protein. These results indicate that Bim plays a critical role in the neurotoxic process by heroin and JNK/c-Jun pathway acts upstream of Bim in regulating heroin-induced neuronal death. This represents a detailed mechanism of heroin-induced neuronal apoptosis and may provide a new and effective strategy to treat heroin-induced addiction and SLE.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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