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Ding L, Wang L, Yang J, Jiang C, Sun X, Huang H, Zhan X, Liu F, Zhang Q. (+)-Borneol Protects Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice: A Study of Dopamine Level using In Vivo Brain Microdialysis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2308-2321. [PMID: 38747405 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Considerable research efforts have been directed toward the symptom relief of Parkinson's disease (PD) by attenuating dopamine (DA) depletion. One common feature of these existing therapies is their unavailability of preventing the neurodegenerative process of dopaminergic neurons. (+)-Borneol, a natural highly lipid-soluble bicyclic monoterpene, has been reported to regulate the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system and exhibit neuroprotective effects. However, the effect of (+)-borneol on the dopaminergic neuronal loss of methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice is not defined. Herein, we first report that 30 mg/kg (+)-borneol significantly attenuated the motor deficits of PD mice, which benefits from markedly increasing the level of DA and decreasing the metabolic rate of DA in the striatum of conscious and freely moving mouse detected by ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry online combined with in vivo brain microdialysis sampling. It is worth noting that the enhanced level of DA by (+)-borneol was enabled by the reduction in loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum and promotion of reserpine- or nomifensine-induced DA release in PD mice. Interestingly, (+)-borneol evidently inhibited the decreased expression levels of DA transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) on the MPTP mouse model of PD. Moreover, (+)-borneol suppressed the neuroinflammation by inhibiting the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and attenuated oxidative stress by decreasing the level of MDA and increasing the activities of SOD and GSH-px in PD mice. These findings demonstrate that (+)-borneol protects DA neurons by inhibiting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Further research work for the neuroprotection mechanism of (+)-borneol will focus on reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis. Therefore, (+)-borneol is a potential therapeutic candidate for retarding the neurodegenerative process of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cuicui Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xifeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huite Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Feilong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- Stomatologic Hospital and College, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
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Mao Z, Liu Y, Lv X, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Yang L, Jiang H, Tan R, Tan R. Inter-synergized Neuroprotection of Costunolide Engineered Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Targeting System. Int J Pharm 2023; 639:122823. [PMID: 36921741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of stroke remains difficult due to the unsatisfactory or unlocalized delivery of small molecule- and cell-based therapeutics in injured brain tissues. This is particularly the case for costunolide (Cos), which is highly neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory but finds great difficulty in reaching the brain. Here, we present that Cos induces the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs) into glia-like cells (C-bMSCs) capable of secreting neurotrophic factors and homing to injured brain tissues. By taking advantage of the homing effect, Cos and C-bMSCs were simultaneously funneled into the damaged brain by: (i) preparing Cos micelles (Cos-M) through entrapping Cos into the amphiphilic copolymer mPEG-PLGA [poly(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether-poly(lactide-co-glycolide)], and (ii) incorporating Cos-M into C-bMSCs to give an intravenously injectable cell-like composite termed Cos@C-bMSCs, which displayed the inter-synergized neuroprotective efficacy in the cerebral ischemia reperfusion (CIR) injured rats. As desired, in the injured brain area, Cos@C-bMSCs simultaneously released Cos and C-bMSCs (glia-like cells) to repair the injured brain and to secret neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF). In view of the availability and reliability of autologous MSCs, the proof-of-concept design, development, and in vivo efficacy of Cos@C-bMSCs signify a movement in our management of brain damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Mao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hezhong Jiang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- Cultivation Base for Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality and Efficacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Tan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
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Li X, Liu Q, Yu J, Zhang R, Sun T, Jiang W, Hu N, Yang P, Luo L, Ren J, Wang Q, Wang Y, Yang Q. Costunolide ameliorates intestinal dysfunction and depressive behaviour in mice with stress-induced irritable bowel syndrome via colonic mast cell activation and central 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. Food Funct 2021; 12:4142-4151. [PMID: 33977961 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional bowel disease, associated with a high risk of depression and anxiety. The brain-gut axis plays an important role in the pathophysiological changes involved in IBS; however, an effective treatment for the same is lacking. The natural compound costunolide (COS) has been shown to exert gastroprotective, enteroprotective, and neuroprotective effects, but its therapeutic effects in IBS are unclear. Our study explored the effect of COS on intestinal dysfunction and depressive behaviour in stress-induced IBS mice. Mice were subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress to trigger IBS, and some were administered COS. Behavioural tests, histochemical assays, western blotting, and measurement of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the colon and hippocampus were applied to monitor the physiological and molecular consequences of COS treatment in IBS mice. COS administration relieved intestinal dysfunction and depression-like behaviours in IBS mice. Improvements in low-grade colon inflammation and intestinal mucosal permeability, inhibition of the activation of mast cells, upregulation of colonic Occludin expression, and downregulation of Claudin 2 expression were also observed. COS was also found to upregulate GluN2A, BDNF, p-ERK1/2, and p-CREB expression and 5-HT levels in hippocampal cells but inhibited 5-HT metabolism. Molecular docking showed that COS could form hydrogen bonds with the serotonin transporter (SERT) to affect the reuptake of 5-HT in the intercellular space. In conclusion, COS alleviates intestinal dysfunction and depressive behaviour in stress-induced IBS mice by inhibiting mast cell activation in the colon and regulating 5-HT metabolism in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Jiaoyan Yu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Ruitao Zhang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Ting Sun
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Na Hu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Li Luo
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Jing Ren
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Qinhui Wang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Center, No. 986 Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710054 China
| | - Qi Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China.
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Borgo J, Laurella LC, Martini F, Catalán CAN, Sülsen VP. Stevia Genus: Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Update. Molecules 2021; 26:2733. [PMID: 34066562 PMCID: PMC8125113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stevia genus (Asteraceae) comprises around 230 species, distributed from the southern United States to the South American Andean region. Stevia rebaudiana, a Paraguayan herb that produces an intensely sweet diterpene glycoside called stevioside, is the most relevant member of this genus. Apart from S. rebaudiana, many other species belonging to the Stevia genus are considered medicinal and have been popularly used to treat different ailments. The members from this genus produce sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes, longipinanes, and flavonoids as the main types of phytochemicals. Many pharmacological activities have been described for Stevia extracts and isolated compounds, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities being the most frequently mentioned. This review aims to present an update of the Stevia genus covering ethnobotanical aspects and traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of the extracts and isolated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Borgo
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (J.B.); (L.C.L.); (F.M.)
- Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Laura C. Laurella
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (J.B.); (L.C.L.); (F.M.)
- Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Florencia Martini
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (J.B.); (L.C.L.); (F.M.)
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Cesar A. N. Catalán
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471 (T4000INI), San Miguel de Tucumán T4000, Argentina;
| | - Valeria P. Sülsen
- Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina; (J.B.); (L.C.L.); (F.M.)
- Cátedra de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Medicinal, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
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Costunolide, a Sesquiterpene Lactone, Suppresses Skin Cancer via Induction of Apoptosis and Blockage of Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042075. [PMID: 33669832 PMCID: PMC7922093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Costunolide is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone that demonstrates various therapeutic actions such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Costunolide has recently emerged as a potential anti-cancer agent in various types of cancer, including colon, lung, and breast cancer. However, its mode of action in skin cancer remains unclear. To determine the anti-cancer potential of costunolide in skin cancer, human epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431 was treated with costunolide. A lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that costunolide diminished the viability of A431 cells. Apoptotic cells were detected by annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay assay, and costunolide induced cell apoptosis via activation of caspase-3 as well as induction of poly-ADP ribose polymerase cleavage in A431 cells. In addition, costunolide elevated the level of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax while lowering the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. To address the inhibitory effect of costunolide on cell proliferation and survival, various signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and Akt, were investigated. Costunolide activated the p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathways while suppressing the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), STAT3, NF-κB, and Akt pathways in A431 cells. Consequently, it was inferred that costunolide suppresses cell proliferation and survival via these signaling pathways. Taken together, our data clearly indicated that costunolide exerts anti-cancer activity in A431 cells by suppressing cell growth via inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis. Therefore, it may be employed as a potentially tumor-specific candidate in skin cancer treatment.
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Aissani F, Grara N, Bensouici C, Bousbia A, Ayed H, Idris MHM, Teh LK. Algerian Sonchus oleraceus L.: a comparison of different extraction solvent on phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties and anti-cholinesterase activity. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00553-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Costunolide-A Bioactive Sesquiterpene Lactone with Diverse Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122926. [PMID: 31208018 PMCID: PMC6627852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones constitute a major class of bioactive natural products. One of the naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactones is costunolide, which has been extensively investigated for a wide range of biological activities. Multiple lines of preclinical studies have reported that the compound possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, bone remodeling, neuroprotective, hair growth promoting, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. Many of these bioactivities are supported by mechanistic details, such as the modulation of various intracellular signaling pathways involved in precipitating tissue inflammation, tumor growth and progression, bone loss, and neurodegeneration. The key molecular targets of costunolide include, but are not limited to, intracellular kinases, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases, Akt kinase, telomerase, cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, and redox-regulated transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB, signal transducer and activator of transcription, activator protein-1. The compound also diminished the production and/expression of proinflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and cytokines. This review provides an overview of the therapeutic potential of costunolide in the management of various diseases and their underlying mechanisms.
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Javed H, Nagoor Meeran MF, Azimullah S, Adem A, Sadek B, Ojha SK. Plant Extracts and Phytochemicals Targeting α-Synuclein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease Models. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1555. [PMID: 30941047 PMCID: PMC6433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic protein that regulates the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles in the brain. α-Syn aggregates, including Lewy bodies, are features of both sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). These aggregates undergo several key stages of fibrillation, oligomerization, and aggregation. Therapeutic benefits of drugs decline with disease progression and offer only symptomatic treatment. Novel therapeutic strategies are required which can either prevent or delay the progression of the disease. The link between α-syn and the etiopathogenesis and progression of PD are well-established in the literature. Studies indicate that α-syn is an important therapeutic target and inhibition of α-syn aggregation, oligomerization, and fibrillation are an important disease modification strategy. However, recent studies have shown that plant extracts and phytochemicals have neuroprotective effects on α-syn oligomerization and fibrillation by targeting different key stages of its formation. Although many reviews on the antioxidant-mediated, neuroprotective effect of plant extracts and phytochemicals on PD symptoms have been well-highlighted, the antioxidant mechanisms show limited success for translation to clinical studies. The identification of specific plant extracts and phytochemicals that target α-syn aggregation will provide selective molecules to develop new drugs for PD. The present review provides an overview of plant extracts and phytochemicals that target α-syn in PD and summarizes the observed effects and the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we provide a synopsis of current experimental models and techniques used to evaluate plant extracts and phytochemicals. Plant extracts and phytochemicals were found to inhibit the aggregation or fibril formation of oligomers. These also appear to direct α-syn oligomer formation into its unstructured form or promote non-toxic pathways and suggested to be valuable drug candidates for PD and related synucleinopathy. Current evidences from in vitro studies require confirmation in the in vivo studies. Further studies are needed to ascertain their potential effects and safety in preclinical studies for pharmaceutical/nutritional development of these phytochemicals or dietary inclusion of the plant extracts in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayate Javed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassem Sadek
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Kumar Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Nemu D. Getting high with the most high: Entheogens in the Old Testament. JOURNAL OF PSYCHEDELIC STUDIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/2054.2019.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article collects evidence from psychopharmacology, scripture, and archeology to explore several preparations for consumption described in the Old Testament: Manna, Showbread, the Holy Ointment, and the Tabernacle Incense. The Ointment and the Incense are herbal preparations used by the priestly caste to facilitate a direct experience of the Israelite God. A wide variety of psychoactive components are found in these preparations, including GABA-receptor agonists and modulators, opioid receptor agonists, and other agents. They are normally broken down by the body’s enzymes, and therefore orally inactive, but the Holy Ointment also contains inhibitors specific to the enzymes in question. The preparations indicate that the ancient Israelites had a profound understanding of synergism, and the way they are consumed and the taboos around them are highly suggestive of their use as psychoactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Nemu
- 1 Independent Researcher, Psychedelic Press, UK
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Protective effects of a herbal extract combination of Bupleurum falcatum , Paeonia suffruticosa , and Angelica dahurica against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity via regulation of nuclear receptor-related 1 protein. Neuroscience 2017; 340:166-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Vitamin D signaling and the differentiation of developing dopamine systems. Neuroscience 2016; 333:193-203. [PMID: 27450565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D regulates multiple factors including those involved in the ontogeny of dopaminergic systems. It has been shown that in neonatal rats maternally deprived of vitamin D, dopamine (DA) turnover is decreased with associated reductions in one catabolic enzyme, catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT). To directly examine this signaling relationship, in the present study we have over-expressed the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in order to examine the mechanisms by which the active vitamin D hormone, 1,25(OH)2D3, via its receptor VDR, affects DA production and turnover. Our results show that VDR overexpression increases DA neuron differentiation by increasing tyrosine hydroxylase expression, DA production and decreasing the expression of NEUROG2 a marker of immature DA neurons. In the VDR-overexpressing cells, 1,25(OH)2D3 further increased the levels of the DA-metabolites 3-MT and HVA and elevated COMT gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that 1,25(OH)2D3 increased VDR binding in three regions of the COMT promoter, strongly suggesting direct regulation. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment attenuated increased levels of MAOA, DRD2 and VMAT2 gene expression caused by the VDR-overexpression. Taken together, these results show VDR and 1,25(OH)2D3 are directly involved in regulating the expression of dopaminergic-associated genes and that this in vitro neuronal model is a useful tool for identifying the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in DA neuronal development and maturation.
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Protective Effects of Costunolide against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Injury in PC12 Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070898. [PMID: 27409597 PMCID: PMC6274107 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-mediated cellular injury has been considered as a major cause of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by antioxidants may be a potential strategy for retarding the diseases’ progression. Costunolide (CS) is a well-known sesquiterpene lactone, used as a popular herbal remedy, which possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of CS against the cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to elucidate potential protective mechanisms in PC12 cells. The results showed that the treatment of PC12 cells with CS prior to H2O2 exposure effectively increased the cell viability. Furthermore, it decreased the intracellular ROS, stabilized the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), and reduced apoptosis-related protein such as caspase 3. In addition, CS treatment attenuated the cell injury by H2O2 through the inhibition of phosphorylation of p38 and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These results demonstrated that CS is promising as a potential therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases resulting from oxidative damage and further research on this topic should be encouraged.
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Pahuja R, Seth K, Shukla A, Shukla RK, Bhatnagar P, Chauhan LKS, Saxena PN, Arun J, Chaudhari BP, Patel DK, Singh SP, Shukla R, Khanna VK, Kumar P, Chaturvedi RK, Gupta KC. Trans-blood brain barrier delivery of dopamine-loaded nanoparticles reverses functional deficits in parkinsonian rats. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4850-71. [PMID: 25825926 DOI: 10.1021/nn506408v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sustained and safe delivery of dopamine across the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a major hurdle for successful therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder. Therefore, in the present study we designed neurotransmitter dopamine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DA NPs) to deliver dopamine to the brain. These nanoparticles slowly and constantly released dopamine, showed reduced clearance of dopamine in plasma, reduced quinone adduct formation, and decreased dopamine autoxidation. DA NPs were internalized in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum, regions affected in PD. Treatment with DA NPs did not cause reduction in cell viability and morphological deterioration in SH-SY5Y, as compared to bulk dopamine-treated cells, which showed reduced viability. Herein, we report that these NPs were able to cross the BBB and capillary endothelium in the striatum and substantia nigra in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of PD. Systemic intravenous administration of DA NPs caused significantly increased levels of dopamine and its metabolites and reduced dopamine-D2 receptor supersensitivity in the striatum of parkinsonian rats. Further, DA NPs significantly recovered neurobehavioral abnormalities in 6-OHDA-induced parkinsonian rats. Dopamine delivered through NPs did not cause additional generation of ROS, dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and ultrastructural changes in the striatum and substantia nigra as compared to 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Interestingly, dopamine delivery through nanoformulation neither caused alterations in the heart rate and blood pressure nor showed any abrupt pathological change in the brain and other peripheral organs. These results suggest that NPs delivered dopamine into the brain, reduced dopamine autoxidation-mediated toxicity, and ultimately reversed neurochemical and neurobehavioral deficits in parkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pahuja
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Kavita Seth
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Anshi Shukla
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar Shukla
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | | | | | - Prem Narain Saxena
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Jharna Arun
- ∥CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Bhushan Pradosh Chaudhari
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Rakesh Shukla
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
- ∥CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Khanna
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
| | - Kailash Chand Gupta
- †CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- §Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi 110001, India
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Lazzarini M, Martin S, Mitkovski M, Vozari RR, Stühmer W, Bel ED. Doxycycline restrains glia and confers neuroprotection in a 6-OHDA Parkinson model. Glia 2013; 61:1084-100. [PMID: 23595698 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuron-glia interactions play a key role in maintaining and regulating the central nervous system. Glial cells are implicated in the function of dopamine neurons and regulate their survival and resistance to injury. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, decreased striatal dopamine levels and consequent onset of extrapyramidal motor dysfunction. Parkinson's disease is a common chronic, neurodegenerative disorder with no effective protective treatment. In the 6-OHDA mouse model of Parkinson's disease, doxycycline administered at a dose that both induces/represses conditional transgene expression in the tetracycline system, mitigates the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta and nerve terminals in the striatum. This protective effect was associated with: (1) a reduction of microglia in normal mice as a result of doxycycline administration per se; (2) a decrease in the astrocyte and microglia response to the neurotoxin 6-OHDA in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra compacta, and (3) the astrocyte reaction in the striatum. Our results suggest that doxycycline blocks 6-OHDA neurotoxicity in vivo by inhibiting microglial and astrocyte expression. This action of doxycycline in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron protection is consistent with a role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration. The neuroprotective effect of doxycycline may be useful in preventing or slowing the progression of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases linked to glia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Lazzarini
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Pathology, School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto (FORP), University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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