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Parrasia S, Szabò I, Zoratti M, Biasutto L. Peptides as Pharmacological Carriers to the Brain: Promises, Shortcomings and Challenges. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3700-3729. [PMID: 36174227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are among the most difficult to treat, mainly because the vast majority of the drugs fail to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) or to reach the brain at concentrations adequate to exert a pharmacological activity. The obstacle posed by the BBB has led to the in-depth study of strategies allowing the brain delivery of CNS-active drugs. Among the most promising strategies is the use of peptides addressed to the BBB. Peptides are versatile molecules that can be used to decorate nanoparticles or can be conjugated to drugs, with either a stable link or as pro-drugs. They have been used to deliver to the brain both small molecules and proteins, with applications in diverse therapeutic areas such as brain cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and imaging. Peptides can be generally classified as receptor-targeted, recognizing membrane proteins expressed by the BBB microvessels (e.g., Angiopep2, CDX, and iRGD), "cell-penetrating peptides" (CPPs; e.g. TAT47-57, SynB1/3, and Penetratin), undergoing transcytosis through unspecific mechanisms, or those exploiting a mixed approach. The advantages of peptides have been extensively pointed out, but so far few studies have focused on the potential negative aspects. Indeed, despite having a generally good safety profile, some peptide conjugates may display toxicological characteristics distinct from those of the peptide itself, causing for instance antigenicity, cardiovascular alterations or hemolysis. Other shortcomings are the often brief lifetime in vivo, caused by the presence of peptidases, the vulnerability to endosomal/lysosomal degradation, and the frequently still insufficient attainable increase of brain drug levels, which remain below the therapeutically useful concentrations. The aim of this review is to analyze not only the successful and promising aspects of the use of peptides in brain targeting but also the problems posed by this strategy for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Parrasia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Solés-Tarrés I, Cabezas-Llobet N, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Against Cognitive Decline in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:221. [PMID: 32765225 PMCID: PMC7380167 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the major symptoms in most neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson (PD), and Huntington diseases (HD), affecting millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, there is no treatment to cure or prevent the progression of those diseases. Cognitive impairment has been related to neuronal cell death and/or synaptic plasticity alteration in important brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex, substantia nigra, striatum, and hippocampus. Therefore, compounds that can act to protect the neuronal loss and/or to reestablish the synaptic activity are needed to prevent cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two highly related multifunctional neuropeptides widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). PACAP and VIP exert their action through two common receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, while PACAP has an additional specific receptor, PAC1. In this review article, we first presented evidence showing the therapeutic potential of PACAP and VIP to fight the cognitive decline observed in models of AD, PD, and HD. We also reviewed the main transduction pathways activated by PACAP and VIP receptors to reduce cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we identified the therapeutic targets of PACAP and VIP, and finally, we evaluated different novel synthetic PACAP and VIP analogs as promising pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Solés-Tarrés
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Cabezas-Llobet
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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Ciranna L, Costa L. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Modulates Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity: New Therapeutic Suggestions for Fragile X Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:524. [PMID: 31827422 PMCID: PMC6890831 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) modulates glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus, a brain area with a key role in learning and memory. In agreement, several studies have demonstrated that PACAP modulates learning in physiological conditions. Recent publications show reduced PACAP levels and/or alterations in PACAP receptor expression in different conditions associated with cognitive disability. It is noteworthy that PACAP administration rescued impaired synaptic plasticity and learning in animal models of aging, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's chorea. In this context, results from our laboratory demonstrate that PACAP rescued metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of a mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS), a genetic form of intellectual disability. PACAP is actively transported through the blood-brain barrier and reaches the brain following intranasal or intravenous administration. Besides, new studies have identified synthetic PACAP analog peptides with improved selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties with respect to the native peptide. Our review supports the shared idea that pharmacological activation of PACAP receptors might be beneficial for brain pathologies with cognitive disability. In addition, we suggest that the effects of PACAP treatment might be further studied as a possible therapy in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ciranna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lara Costa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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A Molecular Dynamics Study of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 1 and the Basis of Its Therapeutic Antagonism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184348. [PMID: 31491880 PMCID: PMC6770453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VPAC1) is a member of a secretin-like subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Its endogenous neuropeptide (VIP), secreted by neurons and immune cells, modulates various physiological functions such as exocrine and endocrine secretions, immune response, smooth muscles relaxation, vasodilation, and fetal development. As a drug target, VPAC1 has been selected for therapy of inflammatory diseases but drug discovery is still hampered by lack of its crystal structure. In this study we presented the homology model of this receptor constructed with the well-known web service GPCRM. The VPAC1 model is composed of extracellular and transmembrane domains that form a complex with an endogenous hormone VIP. Using the homology model of VPAC1 the mechanism of action of potential drug candidates for VPAC1 was described. Only two series of small-molecule antagonists of confirmed biological activity for VPAC1 have been described thus far. Molecular docking and a series of molecular dynamics simulations were performed to elucidate their binding to VPAC1 and resulting antagonist effect. The presented work provides the basis for the possible binding mode of VPAC1 antagonists and determinants of their molecular recognition in the context of other class B GPCRs. Until the crystal structure of VPAC1 will be released, the presented homology model of VPAC1 can serve as a scaffold for drug discovery studies and is available from the author upon request.
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Atlasz T, Werling D, Song S, Szabo E, Vaczy A, Kovari P, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Yu R. Retinoprotective Effects of TAT-Bound Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide. J Mol Neurosci 2019. [PMID: 30542799 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1229-5/figures/7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) belong to the same peptide family and exert a variety of biological functions. Both PACAP and VIP have protective effects in several tissues. While PACAP is known to be a stronger retinoprotective peptide, VIP has very potent anti-inflammatory effects. The need for a non-invasive therapeutic approach has emerged and PACAP has been shown to be retinoprotective when administered in the form of eye drops as well. The cell penetrating peptide TAT is composed of 11 amino acids and tagging of TAT at the C-terminus of neuropeptides PACAP/VIP can enhance the traversing ability of the peptides through the biological barriers. We hypothesized that TAT-bound PACAP and VIP could be more effective in exerting retinoprotective effects when given in eye drops, by increasing the traversing efficacy and enhancing the activation of the PAC1 receptor. Rats were subjected to bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), and retinas were processed for histological analysis 14 days later. The efficiency of the TAT-bound peptides to reach the retina was assessed as well as their cAMP increasing ability. Our present study provides evidence, for the first time, that topically administered PACAP and VIP derivatives (PACAP-TAT and VIP-TAT) attenuate ischemic retinal degeneration via the PAC1 receptor presumably due to a multifactorial protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - D Werling
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S Song
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - E Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kovari
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Rongjie Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Atlasz T, Werling D, Song S, Szabo E, Vaczy A, Kovari P, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Yu R. Retinoprotective Effects of TAT-Bound Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:397-407. [PMID: 30542799 PMCID: PMC6581923 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) belong to the same peptide family and exert a variety of biological functions. Both PACAP and VIP have protective effects in several tissues. While PACAP is known to be a stronger retinoprotective peptide, VIP has very potent anti-inflammatory effects. The need for a non-invasive therapeutic approach has emerged and PACAP has been shown to be retinoprotective when administered in the form of eye drops as well. The cell penetrating peptide TAT is composed of 11 amino acids and tagging of TAT at the C-terminus of neuropeptides PACAP/VIP can enhance the traversing ability of the peptides through the biological barriers. We hypothesized that TAT-bound PACAP and VIP could be more effective in exerting retinoprotective effects when given in eye drops, by increasing the traversing efficacy and enhancing the activation of the PAC1 receptor. Rats were subjected to bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), and retinas were processed for histological analysis 14 days later. The efficiency of the TAT-bound peptides to reach the retina was assessed as well as their cAMP increasing ability. Our present study provides evidence, for the first time, that topically administered PACAP and VIP derivatives (PACAP-TAT and VIP-TAT) attenuate ischemic retinal degeneration via the PAC1 receptor presumably due to a multifactorial protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - D Werling
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S Song
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - E Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kovari
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Rongjie Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Amin FM, Schytz HW. Transport of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide across the blood-brain barrier: implications for migraine. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:35. [PMID: 29785578 PMCID: PMC5962479 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is widely distributed in the nervous system and is involved in migraine pathophysiology. Understanding the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in relation to PACAP is important to the understand the mechanisms behind PACAP-induced migraine attacks, but also to develop antimigraine drugs targeting the PACAP receptors Here, we aim to review the transport ability of PACAP across the BBB. Methods We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed to identify studies reporting original data on PACAP and BBB. The search was finalized in July 2017. Results The literature search identified 96 papers of which 11 contained relevant data. In addition, two papers were known to be relevant and were included. A total of 13 papers studies were included in the final analysis. Preclinical studies (n = 10) suggest the existence of specific PACAP transport systems across the BBB, while human PACAP studies failed to show vasodilator effect of PACAP on the cerebral arteries from the lumen (n = 3). Conclusion PACAP38 is transported over the BBB actively, while PACAP27 cross the BBB by diffusion over the membrane, but after crossing the endothelial membrane both isoforms are either rapidly degraded or efflux back from brain to blood. Thus, a direct central action of the PACAPs is unlikely. This is supported by studies showing selective PACAP effect on extra-cerebral arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Mohammad Amin
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1A, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Winther Schytz
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Valdemar Hansens Vej 1A, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
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8
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Wang N, Jin X, Zhu X. Construction of biomimetic long-circulation delivery platform encapsulated by zwitterionic polymers for enhanced penetration of blood–brain barrier. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A core–shell protein-based long circulation delivery platform has been constructed for enhanced penetration of the blood–brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- P. R. China
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9
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Transport of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Across the Blood–Brain Barrier: Consequences for Disease States and Therapeutic Effects. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROTOXICITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Zhong J, Kang J, Wang X, Jiang W, Liao H, Yuan J. TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E), a novel TAT-fusion protein with high selectivity for human ovarian cancer, exhibits anti-tumor activity. Med Oncol 2015; 32:118. [PMID: 25782870 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve the selectivity of TAT-fusion proteins for targeted cancer therapy, we developed a novel TAT-based target-specific fusion protein, TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E), and evaluated its selectivity and anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. The fusion protein containing TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E) has three functional domains: (1) the protein transduction domain of TAT, (2) the human ovarian cancer HO8910 cell-specific binding peptide (OSBP-1) and (3) the potential anti-tumor effector domain of MKK6(E). The transduction efficiency, selectivity, cytotoxicity and apoptotic effect of TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E) were examined using immunofluorescence, CCK8 assay and flow cytometry. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy and target specificity of the fusion protein were evaluated using a nude mouse model with subcutaneous xenografts of human ovarian cancer HO8910 cells. Tumor-bearing mice were divided into three treatment groups that received tail vein injections of TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E), TAT-OSBP-1 or normal saline. Tumor growth inhibition was determined by tumor volume, weight and morphology. The distribution and apoptotic effect of TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E) were assessed by immunohistochemical staining and TUNEL assays. TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E) can be selectively internalized into human ovarian cancer HO8910 cells, rather than normal ovarian OSE cells. In vivo, the fusion protein was mainly expressed in the tumor xenograft, but not in ovary or liver tissues. As a result, TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E) significantly induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, with limited effects in normal cells and tissues. TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E) treatment can selectively target HO8910 cells in vitro and in vivo, leading to growth inhibition and apoptosis of tumor cells. As such, TAT-OSBP-1-MKK6(E) may be a potential approach for ovarian cancer target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, People's Republic of China
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11
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Yu R, Yang Y, Cui Z, Zheng L, Zeng Z, Zhang H. Novel peptide VIP-TAT with higher affinity for PAC1 inhibited scopolamine induced amnesia. Peptides 2014; 60:41-50. [PMID: 25086267 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel peptide VIP-TAT with a cell penetrating peptide TAT at the C-terminus of VIP was constructed and prepared using intein mediated purification with an affinity chitin-binding tag (IMPACT) system to enhance the brain uptake efficiency for the medical application in central nervous system. It was found by labeling VIP-TAT and VIP with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) that the extension with TAT increased the brain uptake efficiency of VIP-TAT significantly. Then short-term and long-term treatment with scopolamine (Scop) was used to evaluate the effect of VIP-TAT or VIP on Scop induced amnesia. Both short-term and long-term administration of VIP-TAT inhibited the latent time reduction in step-through test induced by Scop significantly, but long-term administration of VIP aggravated the Scop induced amnesia. Long-term i.p. injection of VIP-TAT was shown to have positive effect by inhibiting the oxidative damage, apoptosis and the cholinergic system activity reduction that induced by Scop, while VIP exerted negative effect in brain opposite to that in periphery system. The in vitro data showed that VIP-TAT had not only protective but also proliferative effect on Neuro2a cells which was inhibited by PAC1 antagonist PACAP(6-38). Competition binding assay and cAMP assay confirmed that VIP-TAT had higher affinity and activation for PAC1 than VIP. So it was concluded that the significantly stronger protective effect of VIP-TAT against Scop induced amnesia than VIP was due to (1) the enhanced brain uptake efficiency of VIP-TAT and (2) the increased affinity and activation of VIP-TAT for receptor PAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Yu
- Cell Biology Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yanxu Yang
- Cell Biology Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zekai Cui
- Cell Biology Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Cell Biology Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhixing Zeng
- Cell Biology Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huahua Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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Qian S, Wang Q, Zuo Z. Improved brain uptake of peptide-based CNS drugs via alternative routes of administrations of its nanocarrier delivery systems: a promising strategy for CNS targeting delivery of peptides. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1491-508. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.956080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Isakson BE, Thompson RJ. Pannexin-1 as a potentiator of ligand-gated receptor signaling. Channels (Austin) 2014; 8:118-23. [PMID: 24576994 PMCID: PMC4048300 DOI: 10.4161/chan.27978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexins are a class of plasma membrane spanning proteins that presumably form a hexameric, non-selective ion channel. Although similar in secondary structure to the connexins, pannexins notably do not form endogenous gap junctions and act as bona fide ion channels. The pannexins have been primarily studied as ATP-release channels, but the overall diversity of their functions is still being elucidated. There is an intriguing theme with pannexins that has begun to develop. In this review we analyze several recent reports that converge on the idea that pannexin channels (namely Panx1) can potentiate ligand-gated receptor signaling. Although the literature remains sparse, this emerging concept appears consistent between both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors of several ligand families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Virginia School of Medicine; Charlottesville, VA USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics; University of Virginia School of Medicine; Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Roger J Thompson
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy; University of Calgary; Calgary, AB Canada
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14
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Overcoming oral insulin delivery barriers: application of cell penetrating peptide and silica-based nanoporous composites. Front Chem Sci Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-013-1306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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