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Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhang G, Zheng YJ, Zhao A, Jiang X, Gan J. Astrocyte modulation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: A promising therapeutic strategy. Exp Neurol 2024; 378:114814. [PMID: 38762094 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) poses significant challenges for drug development due to its complex pathogenesis. Astrocyte involvement in CIRI pathogenesis has led to the development of novel astrocyte-targeting drug strategies. To comprehensively review the current literature, we conducted a thorough analysis from January 2012 to December 2023, identifying 82 drugs aimed at preventing and treating CIRI. These drugs target astrocytes to exert potential benefits in CIRI, and their primary actions include modulation of relevant signaling pathways to inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, reduce cerebral edema, restore blood-brain barrier integrity, suppress excitotoxicity, and regulate autophagy. Notably, active components from traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) such as Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginkgo, and Ginseng exhibit these important pharmacological properties and show promise in the treatment of CIRI. This review highlights the potential of astrocyte-targeted drugs to ameliorate CIRI and categorizes them based on their mechanisms of action, underscoring their therapeutic potential in targeting astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Jia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Anliu Zhao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Patel AMR, Apaijai N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The Protective and Reparative Role of Colony-Stimulating Factors in the Brain with Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:1029-1065. [PMID: 33075777 DOI: 10.1159/000512367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease and has the ability to culminate in devastating clinical outcomes. Ischemic stroke followed by reperfusion entrains cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is a complex pathological process and is associated with serious clinical manifestations. Therefore, the development of a robust and effective poststroke therapy is crucial. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and erythropoietin (EPO), originally discovered as hematopoietic growth factors, are versatile and have transcended beyond their traditional role of orchestrating the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic progenitors to one that fosters brain protection/neuroregeneration. The clinical indication regarding GCSF and EPO as an auspicious therapeutic strategy is conferred in a plethora of illnesses, including anemia and neutropenia. EPO and GCSF alleviate cerebral I/R injury through a multitude of mechanisms, involving antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neurogenic, and angiogenic effects. Despite bolstering evidence from preclinical studies, the multiple brain protective modalities of GCSF and EPO failed to translate in clinical trials and thereby raises several questions. The present review comprehensively compiles and discusses key findings from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data pertaining to the administration of EPO, GCSF, and other drugs, which alter levels of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in the brain following cerebral I/R injury, and elaborates on the contributing factors, which led to the lost in translation of CSFs from bench to bedside. Any controversial findings are discussed to enable a clear overview of the role of EPO and GCSF as robust and effective candidates for poststroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Mohamed Rafik Patel
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,
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Gatto R, Chauhan M, Chauhan N. Anti-edema effects of rhEpo in experimental traumatic brain injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 33:927-41. [PMID: 26484701 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of disability and death which begins with the formation of edema as the persistent primary causative factor in TBI. Although medical management of cerebral edema by hypothermia, ventriculostomy, mannitol or hypertonic saline have been effective in treating edema, many of these therapies end up with some neurologic deficits, necessitating novel treatment options for treating post-TBI edema. This study investigated edema reducing effects of recombinant human Erythropoietin (rhEPO) in reducing acute brain edema in the CCI mouse model of TBI. METHODS Anti-edema effects of rhEpo in reducing acute brain edema after injury in the CCI mouse model of TBI were assessed by T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2wMRI) as the accurate detector of brain edema in correlation with Western blot analysis of cerebral aquaporin 4 (AQP4) index as the critical marker of edema. RESULTS Results show that rhEpo treatment significantly reduced brain edema with concomitant reduction in AQP4 immunoexpression in the CCI mouse model of TBI. CONCLUSION Current results emphasize clinical utility of rhEpo in treating post-TBI edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Gatto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Neelima Chauhan
- Neuroscience Research, R&D, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Yu D, Fan Y, Sun X, Yao L, Chai W. Effects of erythropoietin preconditioning on rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the GLT-1/GLAST pathway. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:513-518. [PMID: 26893639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether erythropoietin (EPO) preconditioning affects the expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) and protects against rat cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. A total of 140 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: Sham, EPO-sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and EPO-MCAO. Neurological function scores were obtained 24, 36 and 72 h after reperfusion. Seventy-two hours after the induction of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the number of apoptotic neural cells and the cerebral infarct volume of each group were measured. The mRNA levels of GLT-1 and GLAST were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis, while the GLT-1 and GLAST protein levels were assessed using western blotting. The cerebral infarct volume was significantly increased in the MCAO group compared with that in the sham group (P<0.01); however, the infarct volume of the EPO-MCAO group was significantly lower than that of the MCAO group (P<0.01). In addition, the number of apoptotic cells found in the MCAO group was higher than that in the sham group (P<0.01), but the number of apoptotic cells in the EPO-MCAO group was significantly lower than that in the MCAO group (P<0.01). The GLT-1 and GLAST mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased 72 h after the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (P<0.01) compared with those in the sham group, whereas the same levels were increased significantly in the EPO-MCAO group relative to those in the MCAO group (P<0.01). In conclusion, EPO preconditioning protected against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and upregulated the GLT-1 and GLAST expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihua Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhua Fan
- Intensive Care Unit, Ganzhou People Hospital, Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Linong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710000, P.R. China
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Wei X, Zhang B, Cheng L, Chi M, Deng L, Pan H, Yao X, Wang G. Hydrogen sulfide induces neuroprotection against experimental stroke in rats by down-regulation of AQP4 via activating PKC. Brain Res 2015; 1622:292-9. [PMID: 26168888 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now known as an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether exogenous H2S gas can attenuate brain edema induced by experimental stroke and to clarify the potential mechanisms. Rats underwent 2-h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and received 40 ppm or 80 ppm H2S inhalation for 3h at the beginning of reperfusion. The effects of H2S were investigated by evaluating neurological function, infarct size, brain edema volume, and aquaporin4 (AQP4) protein expression at 24h after reperfusion. Moreover, to explore the possible mechanisms for the neuroprotective effects of H2S, protein kinase C (PKC) activity was detected and a PKC inhibitor, Go6983, was used via intracerebral ventricular injection. Our results showed that 40 ppm or 80 ppm H2S inhalation significantly reduced neurological deficits, infarct size, and brain edema after MCAO. The expression of AQP4 in the peri-infarct area of brain was also inhibited after inhalation of H2S. PKC was activated by H2S treatment and the PKC inhibitor attenuated the neuroprotection of H2S with an increased AQP4 expression at the same time. In conclusion, H2S inhalation attenuates brain edema, reduces infarct volume, and improves neurologic function in a rat experimental stroke model. The therapeutic benefits of H2S inhalation are associated with down-regulation of AQP4 expression via activating PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Meng Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xuan Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Guonian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China.
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Further improving the cognitive effect profile of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): the case for studying carbamylated erythropoietin. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:258-61. [PMID: 25649853 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the most effective acute treatment for severe depression and several other psychiatric illnesses. However, its use has been limited by concerns about cognitive adverse effects. ECT may cause temporary cognitive impairment in some patients, typically anterograde amnesia for 1-2 weeks after a course of treatment, and circumscribed retrograde amnesia. These cognitive effects largely disappear within days to weeks after treatment. Efforts to find a pharmacological agent to reduce the cognitive effects of ECT have largely been unsuccessful, with the possible exception of thyroid hormone. We review the literature on pharmacological attempts to attenuate ECT's cognitive effects, and propose a novel neuroprotective and neurotrophic agent, carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO), for this indication.
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CHOI HYEJUNG, LEE KYOUNGJAE, HWANG EUNAH, MUN KYOCHEOL, HA EUNYOUNG. Carbamylated low-density lipoprotein attenuates glucose uptake via a nitric oxide-mediated pathway in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 12:1342-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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