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Xu C, Chen Y, Long F, Ye J, Li X, Huang Q, Yao D, Wang X, Zhao J, Meng W, Mo X, Lu R, Fan C, Zhang T. Prognostic value and biological function of LRRN4 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:158. [PMID: 35440048 PMCID: PMC9020117 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several nervous and nerve-related biomarkers have been detected in colorectal cancer (CRC) and can contribute to the progression of CRC. However, the role of leucine-rich repeat neuronal 4 (LRRN4), a recently identified neurogenic marker, in CRC remains unclear. Methods We examined the expression and clinical outcomes of LRRN4 in CRC from TCGA-COREAD mRNA-sequencing datasets and immunohistochemistry in a Chinese cohort. Furthermore, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing assays and mouse xenograft models were used to investigate the biological significance of LRRN4 in CRC cell lines with LRRN4 knockdown or overexpression in vitro and in vivo. In addition, weighted coexpression network analysis, DAVID and western blot analysis were used to explore the potential molecular mechanism. Results We provide the first evidence that LRRN4 expression, at both the mRNA and protein levels, was remarkably high in CRC compared to controls and positively correlated with the clinical outcome of CRC patients. Specifically, LRRN4 was an independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival and overall survival in CRC patients. Further functional experiments showed that LRRN4 promoted cell proliferation, cell DNA synthesis and cell migration and inhibited apoptosis. Knockdown of LRRN4 can correspondingly decrease these effects in vitro and can significantly suppress the growth of xenografts. Several biological functions and signaling pathways were regulated by LRRN4, including proteoglycans in cancer, glutamatergic synapse, Ras, MAPK and PI3K. LRRN4 knockdown resulted in downregulation of Akt, p-Akt, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2, the downstream of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway, overexpression of LRRN4 leaded to the upregulation of these proteins. Conclusions Our results suggest that LRRN4 could be a biological and molecular determinant to stratify CRC patients into distinct risk categories, and mechanistically, this is likely attributable to LRRN4 regulating several malignant phenotypes of neoplastic cells via RAS/MAPK signal pathways. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02579-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- College of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610000, China.,Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Feiwu Long
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, and Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC CC.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Junman Ye
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xue Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Qiaorong Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Dejiao Yao
- College of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610000, China.,Department of Oncology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- College of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610000, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Wentong Meng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Ran Lu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
| | - Chuanwen Fan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, and Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, West China-PUMC CC.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China. .,Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610000, China. .,Cancer Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610000, China.
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Zhang Y, Xie J, Liu D, Zhu S, Zhang S. The expression of LRRN4 was correlated with the progression and prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) patients. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210138. [PMID: 34919118 PMCID: PMC8679243 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our present study aims to investigate the value of LRRN4 in the progression and prognosis of COAD patients. All COAD and adjacent sample data was downloaded from TCGA database. Survival analysis was performed according to Kaplan-Meier method. The real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry analysis were conducted for validation in cell lines and tissues. The GSEA was conducted to find functional KEGG pathways. Multivariate Cox regression proportional hazard mode was used to determine whether LRRN4 expression was an independent prognostic factor. The LRRN4 expression in COAD samples were significantly higher than that in adjacent samples, which was consistent with our experiments in cell lines and tissues. Along with the increase of TNM Stage, LRRN4 expression had an increasing tendency. The COAD patients with high LRRN4 expression showed undesirable prognoses. Additionally, the TGF-β signaling pathway, WNT signaling pathway and other 25 pathways were significantly activated in the high LRRN4 expression group. In conclusion, high LRRN4 expression was closely related to the onset of COAD and it was a poor prognostic factor for COAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Zhang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, China
| | | | | | - Shengtao Zhu
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, China
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Marbiah MM, Harvey A, West BT, Louzolo A, Banerjee P, Alden J, Grigoriadis A, Hummerich H, Kan HM, Cai Y, Bloom GS, Jat P, Collinge J, Klöhn PC. Identification of a gene regulatory network associated with prion replication. EMBO J 2014; 33:1527-47. [PMID: 24843046 PMCID: PMC4198050 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201387150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions consist of aggregates of abnormal conformers of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). They propagate by recruiting host-encoded PrPC although the critical interacting proteins and the reasons for the differences in susceptibility of distinct cell lines and populations are unknown. We derived a lineage of cell lines with markedly differing susceptibilities, unexplained by PrPC expression differences, to identify such factors. Transcriptome analysis of prion-resistant revertants, isolated from highly susceptible cells, revealed a gene expression signature associated with susceptibility and modulated by differentiation. Several of these genes encode proteins with a role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, a compartment in which disease-related PrP is deposited. Silencing nine of these genes significantly increased susceptibility. Silencing of Papss2 led to undersulphated heparan sulphate and increased PrPC deposition at the ECM, concomitantly with increased prion propagation. Moreover, inhibition of fibronectin 1 binding to integrin α8 by RGD peptide inhibited metalloproteinases (MMP)-2/9 whilst increasing prion propagation. In summary, we have identified a gene regulatory network associated with prion propagation at the ECM and governed by the cellular differentiation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masue M Marbiah
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Anna Harvey
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Billy T West
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Anais Louzolo
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Priya Banerjee
- Biomedical Communications, Terrence Donnelly Health Sciences Complex University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Alden
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Research Oncology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Holger Hummerich
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Ho-Man Kan
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - George S Bloom
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Parmjit Jat
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Peter-Christian Klöhn
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, UK
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Winther M, Walmod PS. Neural cell adhesion molecules belonging to the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:315-95. [PMID: 25300143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) are motifs that form protein-ligand interaction domains. There are approximately 140 human genes encoding proteins with extracellular LRRs. These encode cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), proteoglycans, G-protein-coupled receptors, and other types of receptors. Here we give a brief description of 36 proteins with extracellular LRRs that all can be characterized as CAMs or putative CAMs expressed in the nervous system. The proteins are involved in multiple biological processes in the nervous system including the proliferation and survival of cells, neuritogenesis, axon guidance, fasciculation, myelination, and the formation and maintenance of synapses. Moreover, the proteins are functionally implicated in multiple diseases including cancer, hearing impairment, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Thus, LRR-containing CAMs constitute a large group of proteins of pivotal importance for the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system.
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Bando T, Morikawa Y, Hisaoka T, Komori T, Miyajima A, Senba E. Dynamic expression pattern of leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 4 in the mouse dorsal root ganglia during development. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:73-8. [PMID: 23701859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A member of leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein (Lrrn) family, Lrrn4, is a type I transmembrane protein and functions as a cell adhesion molecule. In our previous report, Lrrn4 is expressed in a subset of small-sized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of the adult mice. In the present study, we investigated the expression pattern of Lrrn4 in the developing DRGs. The expression of Lrrn4 was first observed in 7% of total DRG neurons at embryonic day (E) 13.5, gradually increasing to 44% at E17.5, reached the maximum level between E17.5 and postnatal day (P) 7, decreased drastically after P7, and became the adult level by P14. Interestingly, the expression of Lrrn4 was mainly observed in TrkC-positive neurons at E13.5, and the predominant expression was shifted from TrkC-positive neurons to TrkA-positive neurons between E15.5 and E17.5. As the central afferents of TrkC-positive and TrkA-positive neurons begin to penetrate into the spinal cord to form synapse with secondary neurons at E13.5 and E15.5, respectively, the time course of Lrrn4 expression may suggest the contribution of Lrrn4 to synaptic formation. In addition, some cell adhesion molecules containing leucine-rich repeat are identified as synaptic adhesion molecules, suggesting that the spatiotemporal expression pattern of Lrrn4 contributes to the development of synaptic function in the DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Bando
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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