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Londzin P, Cegieła U, Trawczyński M, Czuba ZP, Folwarczna J. Unfavorable effects of memantine on the skeletal system in female rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114921. [PMID: 37229803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). NMDA receptors are expressed on bone cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of memantine on the rat musculoskeletal system. Taking into account that most of female AD patients are postmenopausal, the study was carried out on intact and ovariectomized (estrogen-deficient) rats. Mature Wistar rats were divided into following groups: non-ovariectomized (NOVX) control rats, NOVX rats treated with memantine, ovariectomized (OVX) control rats, and OVX rats treated with memantine. Memantine (2 mg/kg p.o.) was administered once daily for four weeks, starting one week after ovariectomy. The serum bone turnover marker and cytokine levels, bone density, mass, mineralization, mechanical properties, histomorphometric parameters of compact and cancellous bone, skeletal muscle mass and grip strength were determined. In NOVX rats, memantine slightly decreased the strength of compact bone of the femoral diaphysis (parameters in the yield point) and unfavorably affected histomorphometric parameters of cancellous bone (the femoral epiphysis and metaphysis). In OVX rats, in which estrogen deficiency induced osteoporotic changes, memantine increased the phosphorus content in the femoral bone mineral. No other effects on bone were observed in the memantine-treated OVX rats. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated slight damaging skeletal effects of memantine in rats with normal estrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Londzin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Urszula Cegieła
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Marcin Trawczyński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Zenon P Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Joanna Folwarczna
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Ou L, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Wang K, Wen Y, Ao Y. The relationship between canopy microclimate, fruit and seed yield, and quality in Xanthoceras sorbifolium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 284:153975. [PMID: 37028192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolium has high oil content and important biomass energy value, but its development is limited by the problem of low yield. This study investigated the relationship between the canopy microclimate, fruit yield, and fruit quality of Xanthoceras sorbifolium. Difference between the distributions of canopy microclimate factors as well as fruit and seed parameters in the inner and outer canopies of the lower layer, as well as between the inner and outer canopies of the upper layer, were investigated for a period of one year. Canopy structure induced significant differences between canopy microclimate factors during various periods of the year. Light intensity and temperature of the outer and upper canopies were higher than those of inner and lower canopies. However, relative humidity showed an opposing trend. Light intensity was significantly and positively correlated with fruit set percentage, fruit yield, and seed yield. Temperature was significantly and positively correlated with fruit yield and seed yield, but significantly negatively correlated with the oil concentration of seed kernels. Fruit and seed yields significantly decreased from the outer to the inner canopy and from the upper to the lower canopy. Fruit set percentage in the outer canopy was also significantly higher than that in the inner canopy. However, oil concentrations in the seed kernels of the lower layer were significantly higher than those of the upper layer. Additionally, regression analysis was used to construct evaluation models for microclimate, fruit, and seed parameters. Regression equations corresponding to the association between single microclimatic factors during different periods and the fruit and seed parameters may provide a reference for canopy pruning and help develop an optimal regression model that may be used to predict and estimate fruit and seed parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Ou
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Forestry Biomass Energy, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; National Energy R&D Center for Non-food Biomass, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Forestry Biomass Energy, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Forestry Biomass Energy, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Forestry Biomass Energy, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Forestry Biomass Energy, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Wen
- Xinjiang characteristic fruit tree research center, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830052, China
| | - Yan Ao
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Base of Forestry Biomass Energy, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Protective effect of 3-n-butylphthalide against intrastriatal injection of malonic acid-induced neurotoxicity and biochemical alteration in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113664. [PMID: 36095961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities and a defective expression of neurotrophic factors contribute to neuronal damage in Huntington's disease (HD). HD patients showed a reduction in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) levels in the peripheral blood and in cortical neurons. 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is first isolated from the seeds of celery, treats ischemic stroke in China. NBP could attenuate cognitive and motor impairments in the experimental models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress and increase the expression of TGF-β1 in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. To our knowledge, the effect of NBP on Huntington's disease has not been reported. We proposed the hypothesis that whether NBP could protect mitochondria and regulate TGF-β1 and its downstream signaling in a HD animal model, further prevents motor dysfunction. Malonic acid is a reversible inhibitor of mitochondrial enzyme complex-II, induces energy crisis and free radical generation. In this study, we used intrastriatal injections of malonic acid in rats to mimic mitochondrial abnormalities and the other HD like symptoms. We found that treatment with NBP significantly attenuated malonic acid-induced motor and cognitive dysfunction in locomotor behaviour test, rotarod test, novel object recognition test and morris water maze test, prevented neurotoxicity and mitochondrial damage, activated TGF-β1/Akt/Wnt/β-Catenin pathway in striatum, but didn't regulate mitochondrial fusion and fission. The above effect was partly reversed by a PI3K/Akt inhibitor. Our data support NBP as a potential candidate for the treatment of HD.
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Liu X, Song W, Yu Y, Su J, Shi X, Yang X, Wang H, Liu P, Zou L. Inhibition of NLRP1-Dependent Pyroptosis Prevents Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Overactivation-Induced Hyperphosphorylated Tau in Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1163-1173. [PMID: 35951283 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that inhibition of NLRP1-dependent pyroptosis could decrease intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of a protein kinase A (PKA) agonist- or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperphosphorylated tau. In this study, we used a glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) overactivation rat model to reconfirm our previous results. ICV injection of wortmannin (WT, a PI3K inhibitor) and GF-109203X (GFX, a PKC inhibitor) was used to induce overactivation of GSK-3β in rats. We injected NLRP1 siRNA together with WT/GFX to evaluate the effect of the inhibition of NLRP1-dependent neuronal pyroptosis on hyperphosphorylated tau. Our results indicated that ICV injection of NLRP1 siRNA prevented ICV-WT/GFX-induced neuronal death, further improving the spatial memory of the rats in the Morris water maze test. ICV injection of NLRP1 siRNA downregulated the expression of ASC, caspase-1, and GSDMD and the contents of IL-1β and IL-18 in rat brains. ICV injection of NLRP1 siRNA also decreased hyperphosphorylated tau and the activity of GSK-3β. Thus, these results support our previous study that NLRP1-dependent pyroptosis could enhance hyperphosphorylation of tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Liaoning Medical Device Test Institute, 600-1 Maizitun, Hunnan District, Shenyang, 110171, China
| | - Jianhua Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Honghui Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Yang X, Zhang H, Qu T, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Yan Y, Ji X, Chi T, Liu P, Zou L. Tolfenamic acid inhibits ROS-generating oxidase Nox1-regulated p53 activity in intrastriatal injection of malonic acid rats. J Physiol Sci 2022; 72:15. [PMID: 35850611 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-022-00842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that wild-type p53-induced gene 1 (Wig1), which is downstream of p53, regulates the expression of mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) in Huntington's disease (HD) patients and transgenic mouse brains. Intrastriatal injection of malonic acid in rats is often used as a model to study the pathological changes of Huntington's disease, and this model has the advantages of a fast preparation and low cost. Therefore, in this study, we used intrastriatal injections of 6 μM malonic acid in rats to evaluate the effect of tolfenamic acid on motor and cognitive deficits and the effect of 6 mg/kg and 32 mg/kg tolfenamic acid on p53 and its downstream targets, such as Wig1. The results showed that 32 mg/kg tolfenamic acid attenuated motor and spatial memory dysfunction, prevented Nox1-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and downregulated the activity of p53 by increasing the phosphorylation level at the Ser378 site and decreasing the acetylation level at the Lys382 site. Tolfenamic acid reduced mouse double minute 2 (Mdm2), phosphatase and tensin homologue (Pten), P53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma) and Bcl2-associated X (Bax) at the mRNA level to inhibit apoptosis and downregulated sestrin 2 (Sesn2) and hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (Hif-1α) mRNA levels to exert antioxidative stress effects. In addition, 32 mg/kg tolfenamic acid played a role in neuroprotection by decreasing the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive cell numbers. However, there was no difference in the Wig mRNA level among all groups, and tolfenamic acid could not decrease the protein level of Wig1. In conclusion, tolfenamic acid inhibited the ROS-generating oxidase Nox1-regulated p53 activity and attenuated motor and spatial memory deficits in malonic acid-injected rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Heling Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Tong Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongxian Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuchen Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Tiayan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Zhou H, Zhao J, Liu C, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Meng D. Xanthoceraside exerts anti-Alzheimer's disease effect by remodeling gut microbiota and modulating microbial-derived metabolites level in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153937. [PMID: 35104764 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial-derived metabolites play important roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, yet how intestinal microbes influence AD progression remains uncertain. Xanthoceraside (XAN), a triterpenoid saponin with anti-AD activity, was extracted from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. However, it is still unclear that how XAN modulates the gut microbiota community to regulate AD progression through changing the levels of microbial-derived metabolites. PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the anti-AD effect of XAN. METHODS The current combination studies of multiple-targeted metabolomics, natural product chemistry and pharmacology revealed that oral XAN mediated intestinal microbiota to ameliorate Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory deficits in rats, which were confirmed through antibiotic treatments and fecal microbiota transplantation. RESULTS As a poor water solubility and low permeability compound that hardly be absorbed into blood-brain barrier, XAN significantly regulated Aβ1-42-induced metabolism disorders directly or indirectly in gut, including neurotransmitters, amino acids, bile acids and SCFAs metabolism that were detected by UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. In particularly, the in vitro evaluation of XAN on SCFAs production not only found a striking increase in the production of SCFAs after fermentation, but revealed the inner relationship among XAN, gut microbiota and SCFAs in vivo. All results demonstrated that XAN could improve AD rats' learning and memory deficits by modulating the community of gut microbiota which was connected through 16S rRNA sequencing and CCA analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided a novel mechanism for developing XAN as a potential anti-AD drug and revealed that the gut microbiota might be a potential target for AD treatment .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaming Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhengfeng Zhang
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chunlan Road 2, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chunlan Road 2, Chongqing 401121, China
| | - Dali Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Zhang H, Wang X, He D, Zou D, Zhao R, Wang H, Li S, Xu Y, Abudureheman B. Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Flowers, and the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacity of the Extract. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010113. [PMID: 35011345 PMCID: PMC8746314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the extraction process of total flavonoids (TFs) from X. sorbifolia flowers by ultrasound-assisted extraction was optimized under the response surface methodology (RSM) on the basis of single-factor experiments. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: ethanol concentration of 80%, solid–liquid ratio of 1:37 (g/mL), temperature of 84 °C, and extraction time of 1 h. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction yield of the TFs was 3.956 ± 0.04%. The radical scavenging capacities of TFs against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) were much greater than that of rutin. The results of antibacterial experiments indicated that the TFs displayed strong inhibitory activities on E. coli, S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Therefore, X. sorbifolia flowers can be used as a novel source of natural flavonoids, and the TFs have potential applications as natural antioxidants or antibacterial agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henghui Zhang
- Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China; (H.Z.); (X.W.); (D.H.); (D.Z.); (R.Z.); (H.W.)
- SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian 116600, China
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China; (H.Z.); (X.W.); (D.H.); (D.Z.); (R.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Dongliang He
- Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China; (H.Z.); (X.W.); (D.H.); (D.Z.); (R.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Dongliang Zou
- Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China; (H.Z.); (X.W.); (D.H.); (D.Z.); (R.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Runzhu Zhao
- Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China; (H.Z.); (X.W.); (D.H.); (D.Z.); (R.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China; (H.Z.); (X.W.); (D.H.); (D.Z.); (R.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Shuying Li
- SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian 116600, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (Y.X.); (B.A.)
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (Y.X.); (B.A.)
| | - Buhailiqiemu Abudureheman
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 843100, China
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (Y.X.); (B.A.)
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Rong W, Han K, Zhao Z, An J, Li Q, Bi K. The protective effect of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge husks on cognitive disorder based on metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:113094. [PMID: 32634462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge mainly used in north China as folk medicine were reported to have potential protective effect on cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In order to fully understand the mechanism of the protection, a complementary study of the husks was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS The urinary and fecal metabolomics were used to analyze the potential biomarkers by the liquid chromatography-tandem time of flight mass spectrometry, and the16S rDNA technology was applied to conduct the analysis of microbiota species in the fecal samples of the rats, which is a significant influencing factor for the development of cognitive impairment. RESULTS In metabolomics study, ten potential metabolic biomarkers, which are hippuric acid, kynurenic acid, creatinine, phenylalanine, xanthurenic acid, phenylacetylglycine, succinyladenosine, cresol sulfate, tryptophan 2-C-mannoside and N4-Acetylcytidine in urine, along with two, including isoleucine and phenylalanine in feces, were preliminarily identified, involving multiple pathways such as tryptophan, purine, kynurenine, and phenylalanine metabolism. The perturbation of these metabolic pathways could be related with insulin resistance, oxidative stress, energy metabolism deficit and neuroinflammation, which were risk factors to cause cognitive impairment. In gut microbiota analysis, the relative abundance of c_Bacteroidia, c_Alphaproteobacteria, f_Prevotellaceae, f_Sphingomonadaceae, f_Burkholderiaceae, g_Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group and p_Bacteroidetes was significantly changed in the rats with cognitive impairment. Spearman's analysis showed obvious correlation between the metabolites and the microbiota species. In the rats with pretreatment of the husks extract, metabolites maintained a relative normal level, and the husks extract could regulate the gut microbiota, especially f_Prevotellaceae and g_Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, indicating the effect of the husks on the metabolic pathways via GMs. Such amino acids as isoleucine and phenylalanine failed to show any significant correlation with the microbiota species, indicating that the husks exhibited the potential protective effect through gut microbiota and other pathways. CONCLUSIONS The husks extract could improve the intestinal microenvironment, and the stability of intestinal microenvironment was associated with normality of tryptophan, purine, kynurenine and phenylalanine metabolic pathways etc, which probably had an effect on cognitive function. This complementary work suggested that gut microbiotas were potential targets of the husks to exert its effect on cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
| | - Kefei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
| | - Junying An
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China.
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control, China
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Zang E, Qiu B, Chen N, Li C, Liu Q, Zhang M, Liu Y, Li M. Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge: A Review on Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:708549. [PMID: 34526898 PMCID: PMC8435727 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.708549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge (Sapindaceae) is a native Chinese plant with promising applications as a biofuel feedstock and a source of novel drugs. Historical records and documents from different periods have mentioned the use of X. sorbifolium and its botanical constituents in treating diseases, highlighting its central role in Chinese and Mongolian traditional medicinal therapies. Phytochemical research has focused on the husks, leaves, trunks, and branches of this herb. A total of 278 chemical compounds have been isolated and divided into 8 categories: triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, steroids, phenols, fatty acids, alkaloids, and quinones. Modern pharmacological studies on X. sorbifolium have demonstrated positive effects on learning and memory, as well as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidative properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the available research on X. sorbifolium, focusing on the relationship between chemical constituents, traditional uses, and pharmacological effects. We also assess the potential for therapeutic and other applications of this plant in support of further research and development of X. sorbifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhuan Zang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resource, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Namuhan Chen
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
| | - Caifeng Li
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Office of Academic Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
- Office of Academic Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou, China
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Guan W, Gu JH, Ji CH, Liu Y, Tang WQ, Wang Y, Jiang B. Xanthoceraside administration produces significant antidepressant effects in mice through activation of the hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2021; 757:135994. [PMID: 34058291 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current available antidepressants have various adverse reactions and slow pharmacodynamics, so it is necessary to find novel antidepressants for effective treatment. Xanthoceraside (XAN), a novel triterpenoid saponin extracted from the fruit husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, has anti-amnesic and neuroprotective properties. The purpose and significance of this study is to assess whether XAN has antidepressant effects in mice using the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression. The effects of XAN treatment on the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway and neurogenesis were examined. The antidepressant mechanism of XAN was explored using a BDNF inhibitor (K252a) and an anti-BDNF antibody. It was found that XAN administration significantly reversed the depressive-like behaviors of CUMS-treated mice. XAN treatment also significantly prevented the decreasing effects of CUMS on the hippocampal BDNF signaling and neurogenesis. The antidepressant effects of XAN in mice were blocked by both administration of K252a and anti-BDNF antibody. Collectively, these findings indicate that XAN possesses antidepressant effects in mice which are mediated by activation of hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway, thus providing the first evidence that XAN can be a potential antidepressant candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Hui Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 PingHai Road, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Flores-Cuadra JA, Madrid A, Fernández PL, Pérez-Lao AR, Oviedo DC, Britton GB, Carreira MB. Critical Review of the Alzheimer's Disease Non-Transgenic Models: Can They Contribute to Disease Treatment? J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S227-S250. [PMID: 33216029 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing neurodegenerative disease without effective treatments or therapies. Despite the use of different approaches and an extensive variety of genetic amyloid based models, therapeutic strategies remain elusive. AD is characterized by three main pathological hallmarks that include amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammatory processes; however, many other pathological mechanisms have been described in the literature. Nonetheless, the study of the disease and the screening of potential therapies is heavily weighted toward the study of amyloid-β transgenic models. Non-transgenic models may aid in the study of complex pathological states and provide a suitable complementary alternative to evaluating therapeutic biomedical and intervention strategies. In this review, we evaluate the literature on non-transgenic alternatives, focusing on the use of these models for testing therapeutic strategies, and assess their contribution to understanding AD. This review aims to underscore the need for a shift in preclinical research on intervention strategies for AD from amyloid-based to alternative, complementary non-amyloid approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Flores-Cuadra
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Alanna Madrid
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Patricia L Fernández
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Ambar R Pérez-Lao
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Diana C Oviedo
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá.,Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua (USMA), Panamá
| | - Gabrielle B Britton
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Maria B Carreira
- Centro de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, República de Panamá
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12
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Zhang H, Wang X, Xu P, Ji X, Chi T, Liu P, Zou L. Tolfenamic acid inhibits GSK-3β and PP2A mediated tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease models. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:29. [PMID: 32517647 PMCID: PMC10717460 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, alleviated learning and memory deficits and decreased the expression of specificity protein 1 (SP1)-mediated cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5), a major protein kinase that regulates hyperphosphorylated tau, in Alzheimer's disease (AD) transgenic mice. However, whether tolfenamic acid can regulate the major tau protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), or tau protein phosphatase, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), further inhibiting hyperphosphorylation of tau, remains unknown. To this end, tolfenamic acid was administered i.p. in a GSK-3β overactivation postnatal rat model and orally in mice after intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of okadaic acid (OA) to develop a PP2A inhibition model. We used four behavioural experiments to evaluate memory function in ICV-OA mice. In this study, tolfenamic acid attenuated memory dysfunction. Tolfenamic acid decreased the expression of hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain by inhibiting GSK-3β activity, decreasing phosphorylated PP2A (Tyr307), and enhancing PP2A activity. Tolfenamic acid also increased wortmannin (WT) and GF-109203X (GFX) induced phosphorylation of GSK-3β (Ser9) and prevented OA-induced downregulation of PP2A activity in PC12 cells. Altogether, these results show that tolfenamic acid not only decreased SP1/CDK5-mediated tau phosphorylation, but also inhibited GSK-3β and PP2A-mediated tau hyperphosphorylation in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Li W, Lu Q, Li X, Liu H, Sun L, Lu X, Zhao Y, Liu P. Anti-Alzheimer's disease activity of secondary metabolites from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Food Funct 2020; 11:2067-2079. [PMID: 32141445 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01138b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is an edible oil tree species peculiar to China and it has long been used as a traditional medicine for enuresis in children. In this study, we investigated the active components in X. sorbifolia and eight barrigenol-type triterpenoids were isolated and identified. All the isolated compounds were tested first for H2O2-induced oxidative stress on human SH-SY5Y cells. Then Y-maze, Morris water maze, novel object recognition and passive avoidance tests were conducted to evaluate the improved effect of selected compounds with neuroprotective activity on ICV Aβ1-42 mice. Among all the tested compounds, XS-8 exhibited significant protective effects against learning and memory impairments induced by ICV-Aβ1-42. The XS-8 treatment significantly altered Aβ-induced hippocampal oxidative defense (increased MDA, nitrite and decreased SOD, glutathione) and pro-inflammatory levels (increased IL-1β and IL-18). The present study strongly suggests that X. sorbifolia is a promising plant resource for AD use and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang pharmaceutical university, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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14
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Zhu L, Zhang Z, Hou XJ, Wang YF, Yang JY, Wu CF. Inhibition of PDE5 attenuates streptozotocin-induced neuroinflammation and tau hyperphosphorylation in a streptozotocin-treated rat model. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Zhang S, Xue R, Hu R. The neuroprotective effect and action mechanism of polyphenols in diabetes mellitus-related cognitive dysfunction. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1295-1311. [PMID: 31598747 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex and prevalent metabolic disorder worldwide. Strong evidence has emerged that DM is a risk factor for the accelerated rate of cognitive decline and the development of dementia. Though traditional pharmaceutical agents are efficient for the management of DM and DM-related cognitive decrement, long-term use of these drugs are along with undesired side effects. Therefore, tremendous studies have focused on the therapeutic benefits of natural compounds at present. Ample evidence exists to prove that polyphenols are capable to modulate diabetic neuropathy with minimal toxicity and adverse effects. PURPOSE To describe the benefits and mechanisms of polyphenols on DM-induced cognitive dysfunction. In this review, we introduce an updated overview of associations between DM and cognitive dysfunction. The risk factors as well as pathological and molecular mechanisms of DM-induced cognitive dysfunction are summarized. More importantly, many active polyphenols that possess preventive and therapeutic effects on DM-induced cognitive dysfunction and the potential signaling pathways involved in the action are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effects of polyphenols on DM-related cognitive dysfunction pave a novel way for the management of diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenshen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Ran Xue
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruizhe Hu
- School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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16
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New barrigenol-type triterpenoids with anti-Alzheimer’s disease activity from Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Zhou H, Tai J, Xu H, Lu X, Meng D. Xanthoceraside Could Ameliorate Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms of Rats by Affecting the Gut Microbiota Composition and Modulating the Endogenous Metabolite Levels. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1035. [PMID: 31572201 PMCID: PMC6753234 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthoceraside (XAN) is a natural-derived compound with anti-Alzheimer activity from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia. Although its therapeutic effect had been confirmed in previous studies, the mechanism was still unclear due to its poor solubility and low permeability. In this study, the pharmacological effect of XAN on Alzheimer's disease (AD) was confirmed by behavior experiments and H&E staining observation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment also replicated the therapeutic effects, which indicates the potential targets of XAN on gut microbiota. The sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in fecal samples demonstrated that XAN reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis in AD animals. XAN could change the relative abundances of several phyla and genus of bacterial, particularly the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes. Among them, Clostridium IV, Desulfovibrio, Corynebacterium, and Enterorhabdus had been reported to be involved in the pathologic developments of AD and other central nervous system disease. In metabolomics study, a series of host endogenous metabolites were detected, including amino acids, lysophosphatidylcholine, dihydrosphingosine, phytosphingosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine, which were all closely associated with the development of AD. Combined with the Spearman's correlation analysis, it was confirmed that the increases of five bacterial strains and decreases of six bacterial strains were closely correlated with the increases of nine host metabolites and the decreases of another five host metabolites. Therefore, XAN can modulate the structure of gut microbiota in AD rats; the changes of gut microbiota were significantly correlated with endogenous metabolites, and symptom of AD was ultimately alleviated. Our findings suggest that XAN may be a potential therapeutic drug for AD, and the gut microbiota may be potential targeting territory of XAN via microbiome-gut-brain pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjie Tai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiumei Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dali Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Yarube IU, Ayo JO, Magaji RA, Umar IA. Insulin-induced oxidative stress in the brain is nitric oxide-dependent. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2019; 26:199-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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19
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Metabolomics analysis of Xanthoceras sorbifolia husks protection of rats against Alzheimer's disease using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1126-1127:121739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Zhang L, Quan J, Zhao Y, Yang D, Zhao Q, Liu P, Cheng M, Ma C. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1-benzyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboximidamide derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111654. [PMID: 31494474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1-benzyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboximidamide derivatives were designed and synthesized. Their protective activities against N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced cytotoxicity were investigated in vitro. All of the compounds exhibited neuroprotective activities, especially 12k, which showed higher potency than reference compound 1 (ifenprodil). Further investigation showed that 12k could attenuate Ca2+ influx and suppress the NR2B upregulation induced by NMDA. The docking results indicated that 12k could fit well into binding site of 1 in the NR2B-NMDA receptor. Additionally, 12k exhibited excellent metabolic stability. Furthermore, the results of behavioral tests showed that compound 12k could significantly improve learning and memory in vivo. These results suggested that 12k is a promising neuroprotective drug candidate and that the NR2B-NMDA receptor is a potential target of 12k.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design& Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Jishun Quan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design& Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design& Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Donglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design& Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- Department of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design& Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design& Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China
| | - Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design& Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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21
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Yarube I, Ayo J, Magaji R, Umar I. Insulin treatment increases brain nitric oxide and oxidative stress, but does not affect memory function in mice. Physiol Behav 2019; 211:112640. [PMID: 31377312 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin increases brain nitric oxide (NO) level but the mechanism and the significance of the effect on memory are not fully understood. This study aimed to demonstrate the mechanism of insulin-induced increase in oxidative stress (OS) and its consequences on learning and memory. Twenty four mice were assigned to groups (n = 6) and treated daily for seven days with water (control), insulin, insulin+Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and L-NAME, respectively. Memory was assessed using Y-maze; NO, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in brain homogenate were also determined. There was no difference between the groups in the number of entries into the arms and time spent in them, and in number of and percentage alternations performed by the mice, indicating normal memory function of the control and treated mice. NO level in the insulin group was higher compared to the control (p = .018), while those of the other groups were statistically the same compared to the control group. MDA values in the insulin group were higher (p = .001) than those of the control, while those of the other groups were statistically the same compared to those of the control group. GPx activity in the insulin group was lower compared to control (p = .004), while that of the other groups was not significantly different compared to control. It was concluded that insulin treatment increased brain level of NO and OS through increased malondialdehyde level and glutathione peroxidase activity; insulin treatment did not affect long-term visuo-spatial and short-term working memory in the animals. Insulin treatment may have deleterious effects on the brain through increased NO and OS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isyaku Yarube
- Neuroscience and Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph Ayo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Rabiu Magaji
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Umar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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22
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Jin G, Zhu L, Liu P, Xu Q, Qi Y, Zhou X, Xu J, Ji X, Chi T, Zou L. Xanthoceraside prevented synaptic loss and reversed learning-memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:477-488. [PMID: 30767122 PMCID: PMC10718037 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Xanthoceraside, a novel triterpenoid saponin, has been found to attenuate learning and memory impairments in AD animal models. However, whether xanthoceraside has a positive effect on synaptic morphology remains unclear. Herein, we evaluated the effects of xanthoceraside on learning and memory impairments and the abnormalities of synaptic structure in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The behavioral experiments demonstrated that xanthoceraside attenuated the imaginal memory and spatial learning impairments, and improved social interaction. Transmission electron microscopy and Golgi staining showed that xanthoceraside ameliorated synapse morphology abnormalities and dendritic spine density deficits, respectively. Western-blot analysis identified that xanthoceraside increased the expression of SYP and PSD95, activated BDNF/TrkB/MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, meanwhile decreased the expression of RhoA, ROCK and Snk, increased the levels of SPAR, and activated the BDNF/TrkB/cofilin signaling pathway. Taken together, our study indicated that xanthoceraside improved cognitive function and protected both synaptic morphology and dendritic spine in APP/PS1 transgenic mice, which might be related in part to its activation in the BDNF/TrkB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110034, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikai Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Zhang X, Zhang S, Yang Y, Wang D, Gao H. Natural barrigenol-like triterpenoids: A comprehensive review of their contributions to medicinal chemistry. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:41-74. [PMID: 30818173 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Barrigenol-like triterpenoids (BATs), which contain an unusual oleanane substituted by many hydroxyl groups as the skeleton, are subdivided into five subtypes: barrigenol A1, barrigenol A2, barrigenol R1, barringtogenol C, and 16-deoxybarringtogenol C. The variations in acyl derivatives, hydroxyl groups, and carbohydrate chains in their structures have enhanced the diversity of BATs. Moreover, the stable polyhydroxy-replaced pentacyclic skeleton provides an ideal platform for structural modifications. To date, more than 500 BAT derivatives have been isolated from plants. Synchronously, BATs possess anti-tumour, anti-Alzheimer's disease, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-obesity and anti-allergic activities by regulating numerous cellular molecules. Some BAT derivatives, such as escin obtained from Aesculus hippocastanum L. and xanthoceraside isolated from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, have been used to treat encephaloedema or inflammatory diseases. This review aims to provide comprehensive information about the chemistry, sources, bioavailability, and anti-tumour effects of BATs, with a particular emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of action. The pharmacokinetics and clinical progress are also concerned. More than 300 structures identified over past 25 years are summarized here (249 compounds) and in the supplementary information (114 compounds). Accordingly, the pharmaceutical activity of barrigenol triterpenoids suggests that some compounds should be developed as promising anti-tumour or anti- Alzheimer's disease agents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiren Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Rapid HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Neurotransmitters in the Brain Tissue of Alzheimer's Disease Rats before and after Oral Administration of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123111. [PMID: 30486507 PMCID: PMC6321314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore the potential therapeutic effect of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. against Alzheimer’s disease, an HPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination in rat brain of eight neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, acetylcholine, l-tryptophan, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid and aspartic acid with a simple protein precipitation method for sample pre-treatment. The brain samples were separated on a polar functional group embedded column, then detected on a 4000 QTrap HPLC-MS/MS system equipped with a turbo ion spray source in positive ion and multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was fully validated to be precise and accurate within the linearity range of the assay, and successfully applied to compare the neurotransmitters in the rat brain from four groups of normal, Alzheimer’s disease, and the oral administration group of X. sorbifolia extract and huperzine. The results indicated that brain levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and acetyl choline all decreased in the AD rats, while l-tryptophan showed an opposite trend. After administration of the Xanthoceras sorbifolia extract and huperzine, the level of acetyl choline and tryptophan returned to normal. Combination of the metabolic analysis, the results indicated that acetyl choline and l-tryptophan could be employed as therapy biomarkers for AD, and the results shown that the crude extract of the husks from Xanthoceras sorbifolia might ameliorate the impairment of learning and memory in the Alzheimer’s disease animal model with similar function of AchEI as huperzine. The established method would provide an innovative and effective way for the discovery of novel drug against Alzheimer’s disease, and stimulate a theoretical basis for the design and development of new drugs.
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Rong W, Ding K, Guo S, Yuan Z, Li Q, Bi K. A time-of-flight mass spectrometry based strategy to fast screen triterpenoids in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge husks for bioactive substances against Alzheimer's disease. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14732-14739. [PMID: 35541365 PMCID: PMC9079961 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge is a folk medicine in China. Recently, the triterpenoids in its husks have attracted more and more attention for potential prevention against Alzheimer's disease. However, current studies on its bioactive substances were still insufficient. To reveal more bioactive substances, an efficient and practical strategy based on high resolution mass spectra coupled with multiple data mining techniques was developed to characterize the barrigenol type triterpenoids in the husks and dosed rat plasma. A total of 50 barrigenol type triterpenoids were identified in the husks, and 6 of these were detected in the rat plasma, which were regarded as bioactive candidates. To find the real bioactive substances, the neuroprotective effect of the candidates was further tested by calculating the PC12 cell viability against amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity. As a result, three out of the six candidates exhibited obvious neuroprotction against amyloid-β-induced cytotoxicity on PC12 cells, indicating their potential to be bioactive substances against Alzheimer's disease. This study will be a valuable reference of the bioactive substances in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge husks against Alzheimer's disease and the provided strategy can also be applied to the exploration of the effective constituents in other medicines. An efficient strategy was developed to reveal the neuroprotective substances in X. sorbifolia husks.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Rong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Kewen Ding
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Sirui Guo
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Ziyue Yuan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Qing Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Key Technology of Chinese Material Medica Quality Control
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
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Qi Y, Ji XF, Chi TY, Liu P, Jin G, Xu Q, Jiao Q, Wang LH, Zou LB. Xanthoceraside attenuates amyloid β peptide 1-42-induced memory impairments by reducing neuroinflammatory responses in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:18-30. [PMID: 29229533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xanthoceraside, a novel triterpenoid saponin extracted from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, has neuroprotective effects in vivo and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. However, the exact mechanism of xanthoceraside on anti-amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neuroinflammatory responses has not been elucidated. Therefore, we used intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42) to establish a mouse model to test the effects of xanthoceraside on Aβ-induced cognitive impairments and the TLR2/NF-κB and MAPK pathways. The mice received xanthoceraside (0.02, 0.08 or 0.32mg/kg) or vehicle from the day of Aβ1-42 injection. The Morris water maze test was performed 4 days after Aβ1-42 injection. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-4) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) in the hippocampus were determined with an immunohistochemistry assay. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were analysed by Western blotting; iNOS, COX-2 and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mRNA expression levels were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Here, we observed that xanthoceraside at doses of 0.08 and 0.32mg/kg significantly improved learning and memory impairments and significantly inhibited GFAP and CD11b overexpression induced by Aβ1-42 in mice. ELISA results revealed that xanthoceraside suppressed IL-6 release and increased IL-4 levels. Western blotting results showed that xanthoceraside reduced iNOS and COX-2 protein levels in hippocampus; xanthoceraside also inhibited translocation of NF-κB p50 and p65 into the nucleus and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. RT-PCR confirmed that xanthoceraside decreased iNOS, COX-2 and TLR2 mRNA levels. These results suggest that xanthoceraside inhibition of the TLR2 pathway and down-regulation of MAPK and NF-κB activities may be related to the improvement in learning and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Liaoning Chinese Medical University, Shenyang 110034, PR China
| | - Xue-Fei Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Tian-Yan Chi
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Li-Bo Zou
- Department of Pharmacology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutics School, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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27
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Bao J, Mahaman YAR, Liu R, Wang JZ, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Wang X. Sex Differences in the Cognitive and Hippocampal Effects of Streptozotocin in an Animal Model of Sporadic AD. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:347. [PMID: 29163130 PMCID: PMC5671606 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 95% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to sporadic AD (sAD), and related animal models are the important research tools for investigating the pathogenesis and developing new drugs for sAD. An intracerebroventricular infusion of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) is commonly employed to generate sporadic AD animal model. Moreover, the potential impact of sex on brain function is now emphasized in the field of AD. However, whether sex differences exist in AD animal models remains unknown. Here we reported that ICV-STZ remarkably resulted in learning and memory impairment in the Sprague-Dawley male rats, but not in the female rats. We also found tau hyperphosphorylation, an increase of Aβ40/42 as well as increase in both GSK-3β and BACE1 activities, while a loss of dendritic and synaptic plasticity was observed in the male STZ rats. However, STZ did not induce above alterations in the female rats. Furthermore, estradiol levels of serum and hippocampus of female rats were much higher than that of male rats. In conclusion, sex differences exist in this sporadic AD animal model (Sprague-Dawley rats induced by STZ), and this should be considered in future AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Bao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yacoubou A R Mahaman
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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28
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Ling J, Wang N, Wang S, Liu Y, Xia D, Bi K. Determination and Pharmacokinetics of WGA in Rat Plasma by LC–MS After Oral Administration of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge Extract. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 56:68-73. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Ling
- Schools of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shaoning Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- Schools of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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29
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Knezovic A, Loncar A, Homolak J, Smailovic U, Osmanovic Barilar J, Ganoci L, Bozina N, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Rat brain glucose transporter-2, insulin receptor and glial expression are acute targets of intracerebroventricular streptozotocin: risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:695-708. [PMID: 28470423 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that the insulin-resistant brain state and cerebral glucose hypometabolism might be the cause, rather than the consequence, of the neurodegeneration found in a sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). We have explored whether the insulin receptor (IR) and the glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2), used here as their markers, are the early targets of intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered streptozotocin (STZ) in an STZ-icv rat model of sAD, and whether their changes are associated with the STZ-induced neuroinflammation. The expression of IR, GLUT2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was measured by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis in the parietal (PC) and the temporal (TC) cortex, in the hippocampus (HPC) and the hypothalamus. One hour after the STZ-icv administration (1.5 mg/kg), the GFAP immunoreactivity was significantly increased in all four regions, thus indicating the wide spread neuroinflammation, pronounced in the PC and the HPC. Changes in the GLUT2 (increment) and the IR (decrement) expression were mild in the areas close to the site of the STZ injection/release but pronounced in the ependymal lining cells of the third ventricle, thus indicating the possible metabolic implications. These results, together with the finding of the GLUT2-IR co-expression, and also the neuronal IR expression in PC, TC and HPC, indicate that the cerebral GLUT2 and IR should be further explored as the possible sAD etiopathogenic factors. It should be further clarified whether their alterations are the effect of a direct STZ-icv toxicity or they are triggered in a response to STZ-icv induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A Loncar
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Neurology, General Hospital Karlovac, Karlovac, Croatia
| | - J Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - U Smailovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - L Ganoci
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Bozina
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - P Riederer
- Centre of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology and Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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30
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Ji XF, Chi TY, Liu P, Li LY, Xu JK, Xu Q, Zou LB, Meng DL. The total triterpenoid saponins of Xanthoceras sorbifolia improve learning and memory impairments through against oxidative stress and synaptic damage. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 25:15-24. [PMID: 28190466 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X. sorbifolia is a widely cultivated ecologicalcrop in the north of China which is used to produce biodiesel fuel. It also possesses special medicinal value and has attracted keen interests of researchers to explore its bioactivity. PURPOSE To extract the total triterpenoid saponins from the husk of X. sorbifolia (TSX) and investigate its effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD). STUDY DESIGN TSX was prepared via modern extraction techniques. Its effects on two AD animal models, as well as the preliminary mechanism were investigated comprehensively. METHODS The behavioral experiments including Y maze test, Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test were performed to observe the learning and memory abilities of the animals. ELISA assays, transmission electron microscope observation and Western blotting were employed in mechanism study. RESULTS TSX, the main composition of X. sorbifolia, accounted for 88.77% in the plant material. It could significantly increase the spontaneous alternation in Y maze test (F (6, 65)=3.209, P<0.01), prolong the swimming time in the fourth quadrant in probe test of Morris water maze test (F (6, 71)=4.019, P<0.01), and increase the escape latency in passive avoidance test (F (6, 65)=3.684, P<0.01) in AD model animals. The preliminary mechanism research revealed that TSX could significantly increase the contents of hippocampal Ach and ChAT, and enhance activity of ChAT in hippocampus of quinolinic acid injected rats (F (5, 61)=3.915, P 0.01; F (5, 61)=3.623, P<0.01, F (5, 61)=4.344, P<0.01, respectively). It could also increase the activities of T-AOC and T-SOD, and decrease the content of MDA in hippocampus of Aβ1-42 injected mice (F (5, 30)=5.193, P<0.01, F (5, 30)=2.865, P<0.05, F (5, 30)=4.735, P<0.01, respectively). Moreover, it significantly increased the expressions of SYP, PSD-95 and GAP-43 in hippocampus (F (4, 27)=3.495, P<0.05; F (4, 27)=2.965, P<0.05; F (4, 27)=4.365, P<0.01, respectively), and improved the synaptic ultra-structure damage in model rats. CONCLUSION TSX could significantly improve the impairments of learning and memory. The preliminary mechanism might associate with its protection effects against oxidative stress damage, cholinergic system deficiency and synaptic damage. TSX are perfectly suitable for AD patients as medicine or functional food, which would be a new candidate to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Fei Ji
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Tian-Yan Chi
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lu-Yi Li
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ji-Kai Xu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qian Xu
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Li-Bo Zou
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Da-Li Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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31
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Li Y, Xu J, Xu P, Song S, Liu P, Chi T, Ji X, Jin G, Qiu S, Hou Y, Zheng C, Wang L, Meng D, Zou L. Xanthoceras sorbifolia extracts ameliorate dendritic spine deficiency and cognitive decline via upregulation of BDNF expression in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2016; 629:208-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Icariside II, a novel phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, attenuates streptozotocin-induced cognitive deficits in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 328:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Meng DL, Shang L, Feng XH, Huang XF, Che X. Xanthoceraside hollow gold nanoparticles, green pharmaceutics preparation for poorly water-soluble natural anti-AD medicine. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:184-90. [PMID: 27102991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble natural product, xanthoceraside, an effective anti-AD compound from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, and maintain its natural property, the xanthoceraside hollow gold nanoparticles were successively prepared by green ultrasonic method with silica spheres as templates and HF solution as selective etching solvent. Hollow gold nanoparticles and drug-loaded hollow gold nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The solubilities of xanthoceraside loaded on hollow gold nanoparticles were increased obviously from 3.0μg/ml and 2.5μg/ml to 12.7μg/ml and 10.7μg/ml at 25°C and 37°C, respectively. The results of XRD and DSC indicated that the reason for this increase was mainly due to the amorphous state of xanthoceraside loaded on the hollow gold nanoparticles. In summary, the method of loading xanthoceraside onto hollow gold nanoparticles was a green and useful strategy to improve the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble natural products and worth to applying to other natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Li Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, PR China
| | - Xiao-He Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xing-Fei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xin Che
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
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Protective effect of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) modulator, against behavioral, biochemical and structural damage in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2016; 1642:397-408. [PMID: 27084583 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheime's disease (AD) is an overwhelming neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by synaptic dysfunction, memory loss, neuro-inflammation and neural cell death. Very few treatments are in hand for the management of AD and they are only concentrating on peculiar aspects. Hence, an immense thrust is required to find utmost therapeutic targets to conquer this condition. This study investigates a potential role of vanillin, a selective agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) in the experimental models of AD viz. intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) streptozotocin (STZ) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl3)+d-galactose induced AD in mice. The i.c.v. administration of STZ and intraperitoneally administration of AlCl3+d-galactose have significantly impaired learning-memory (Morris water maze and attentional set-shifting test), brain structure (hematoxylin, eosin and Congo red staining), enhanced brain oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance - TBARS and glutathione - GSH), nitrosative stress (nitrite/nitrate), acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), inflammation (MPO), and calcium levels (Ca(++)). Treatment with vanillin in different doses and donepezil have significantly ameliorated i.c.v. STZ and AlCl3+d-galactose induced reduction in executive function, impaired reversal learning, cognition, memory and brain damage. Treatment with these drugs has also reduced the brain oxidative stress (TBARS and GSH), nitrosative stress (nitrite/nitrate), and AChE, MPO, and Ca(++) levels. These results indicate that vanillin, a selective agonist of TRPV1 and donepezil, a potent acetylcholine esterase inhibitor have attenuated i.c.v. STZ and AlCl3+d-galactose induced experimental AD. Hence, pharmacological positive modulation of TRPV1 channels may be a potential research target for mitigation of AD.
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Song X, Zhou B, Zhang P, Lei D, Wang Y, Yao G, Hayashi T, Xia M, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Protective Effect of Silibinin on Learning and Memory Impairment in LPS-Treated Rats via ROS–BDNF–TrkB Pathway. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1662-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Streptozotocin Intracerebroventricular-Induced Neurotoxicity and Brain Insulin Resistance: a Therapeutic Intervention for Treatment of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (sAD)-Like Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4548-62. [PMID: 26298663 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is remarkably characterized by pathological hallmarks which include amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and progressive cognitive loss. Several well-known genetic mutations which are being used for the development of a transgenic model of AD lead to an early onset familial AD (fAD)-like condition. However, these settings are only reasons for a small percentage of the total AD cases. The large majorities of AD cases are considered as a sporadic in origin and are less influenced by a single mutation of a gene. The etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) remains unclear, but numerous risk factors have been identified that increase the chance of developing AD. Among these risk factors are insulin desensitization/resistance state, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, synapse dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and deposition of Aβ in the brain. Subsequently, these risk factors lead to development of sAD. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not so clear. Streptozotocin (STZ) produces similar characteristic pathology of sAD such as altered glucose metabolism, insulin signaling, synaptic dysfunction, protein kinases such as protein kinase B/C, glycogen synthase-3β (GSK-3β) activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, Aβ deposition, and neuronal apoptosis. Further, STZ also leads to inhibition of Akt/PKB, insulin receptor (IR) signaling molecule, and insulin resistance in brain. These alterations mediated by STZ can be used to explore the underlying molecular and pathophysiological mechanism of AD (especially sAD) and their therapeutic intervention for drug development against AD pathology.
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Nine-month follow-up of the insulin receptor signalling cascade in the brain of streptozotocin rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:565-76. [PMID: 25503661 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer disease (sAD) is associated with impairment of insulin receptor (IR) signalling in the brain. Rats used to model sAD develop insulin-resistant brain state following intracerebroventricular treatment with a betacytotoxic drug streptozotocin (STZ-icv). Brain IR signalling has been explored usually at only one time point in periods ≤3 months after the STZ-icv administration. We have investigated insulin signalling in the rat hippocampus at five time points in periods ≤9 months after STZ-icv treatment. Male Wistar rats were given vehicle (control)- or STZ (3 mg/kg)-icv injection and killed 0.5, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months afterwards. Insulin-1 (Ins-1), IR, phospho- and total (p/t)-glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), p/t-tau and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) mRNA and/or protein were measured. Acute upregulation of tau and IR mRNA (p < 0.05) was followed by a pronounced downregulation of Ins-1, IR and IDE mRNA (p < 0.05) in the course of time. Acute decrement in p/t-tau and p/t-GSK-3β ratios (p < 0.05) was followed by increment in both ratios (3-6 months, p < 0.05) after which p/t-tau ratio demonstrated a steep rise and p/t-GSK-3β ratio a steep fall up to 9 months (p < 0.05). Acute decline in IDE and IR expression (p < 0.05) was followed by a slow progression of the former and a slow recovery of the latter in 3-9 months. Results indicate a biphasic pattern in time dependency of onset and progression of changes in brain insulin signalling of STZ-icv model (partly reversible acute toxicity and chronic AD-like changes) which should be considered when using this model as a tool in translational sAD research.
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Hou Y, Xie G, Miao F, Ding L, Mou Y, Wang L, Su G, Chen G, Yang J, Wu C. Pterostilbene attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory impairment possibly via inhibiting microglia activation and protecting neuronal injury in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:92-102. [PMID: 24709550 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the effects of pterostilbene on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced learning and memory impairment as well as the possible changes of microglia and neurons. Firstly, learning and memory function was investigated by behavioral tests. Pterostilbene attenuated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment tested by Y-maze and Morris water maze. Secondly, immunohistochemical method was used to study the changes of microglia and neurons. The results showed that pterostilbene produced a significant decrease in the number of Iba-1 and Doublecortin (DCX) positive cells and a significant increase in neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN)-stained area of neurons in mouse hippocampal compared to the LPS group. Finally, an in vitro study was performed to further confirm the inhibitory effect on microglia activation and protective effect on neurons exerted by pterostilbene. The results demonstrated that pterostilbene significantly inhibited microglia activation, showing the obvious decrease of LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in N9 microglial cells. In addition, the viability of SH-SY5Y cells decreased by conditioned media of LPS-activated N9 microglial cells was remarkably recovered by pterostilbene. In summary, the present study demonstrated for the first time that pterostilbene attenuated LPS-induced learning and memory impairment, which may be associated with its inhibitory effect on microglia activation and protective effect on neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China; College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guanbo Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Fengrong Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Lingling Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yanhua Mou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guangyue Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016 Shenyang, PR China.
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Jin G, Wang LH, Ji XF, Chi TY, Qi Y, Jiao Q, Xu Q, Zhou XY, Zhang R, Zou LB. Xanthoceraside rescues learning and memory deficits through attenuating beta-amyloid deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation in APP mice. Neurosci Lett 2014; 573:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xanthoceraside ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to the improvement of learning and memory impairment in mice with intracerebroventricular injection of aβ1-42. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:969342. [PMID: 24976855 PMCID: PMC4058193 DOI: 10.1155/2014/969342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of xanthoceraside on learning and memory impairment were investigated and the possible mechanism associated with the protection of mitochondria was also preliminarily explored in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice model induced by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42. The results indicated that xanthoceraside (0.08–0.32 mg/kg) significantly improved learning and memory impairment in Morris water maze test and Y-maze test. Xanthoceraside significantly reversed the aberrant decrease of ATP levels and attenuated the abnormal increase of ROS levels both in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in mice injected with Aβ1-42. Moreover, xanthoceraside dose dependently reversed the decrease of COX, PDHC, and KGDHC activity in isolated cerebral cortex mitochondria of the mice compared with Aβ1-42 injected model mice. In conclusion, xanthoceraside could improve learning and memory impairment, promote the function of mitochondria, decrease the production of ROS, and inhibit oxidative stress. The improvement effects on mitochondria may be through withstanding the damage of Aβ to mitochondrial respiratory chain and the key enzymes in Kreb's cycle. Therefore, the results from present study and previous study indicate that xanthoceraside could be a competitive candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Mechanisms of action of brain insulin against neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:611-26. [PMID: 24398779 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin, a pancreatic hormone, is best known for its peripheral effects on the metabolism of glucose, fats and proteins. There is a growing body of evidence linking insulin action in the brain to neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin present in central nervous system is a regulator of central glucose metabolism nevertheless this glucoregulation is not the main function of insulin in the brain. Brain is known to be specifically vulnerable to oxidative products relative to other organs and altered brain insulin signaling may cause or promote neurodegenerative diseases which invalidates and reduces the quality of life. Insulin located within the brain is mostly of pancreatic origin or is produced in the brain itself crosses the blood-brain barrier and enters the brain via a receptor-mediated active transport system. Brain Insulin, insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-mediated signaling pathways play important roles in the regulation of peripheral metabolism, feeding behavior, memory and maintenance of neural functions such as neuronal growth and differentiation, neuromodulation and neuroprotection. In the present review, we would like to summarize the novel biological and pathophysiological roles of neuronal insulin in neurodegenerative diseases and describe the main signaling pathways in use for therapeutic strategies in the use of insulin to the cerebral tissues and their biological applications to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Torrellas C, Tellado I, Carril JC. Pharmacogenomics of Alzheimer's disease: novel therapeutic strategies for drug development. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:323-556. [PMID: 25150875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major problem of health and disability, with a relevant economic impact on our society. Despite important advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, its primary causes still remain elusive, accurate biomarkers are not well characterized, and the available pharmacological treatments are not cost-effective. As a complex disorder, AD is a polygenic and multifactorial clinical entity in which hundreds of defective genes distributed across the human genome may contribute to its pathogenesis. Diverse environmental factors, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and epigenetic phenomena, together with structural and functional genomic dysfunctions, lead to amyloid deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and premature neuronal death, the major neuropathological hallmarks of AD. Future perspectives for the global management of AD predict that genomics and proteomics may help in the search for reliable biomarkers. In practical terms, the therapeutic response to conventional drugs (cholinesterase inhibitors, multifactorial strategies) is genotype-specific. Genomic factors potentially involved in AD pharmacogenomics include at least five categories of gene clusters: (1) genes associated with disease pathogenesis; (2) genes associated with the mechanism of action of drugs; (3) genes associated with drug metabolism (phase I and II reactions); (4) genes associated with drug transporters; and (5) pleiotropic genes involved in multifaceted cascades and metabolic reactions. The implementation of pharmacogenomic strategies will contribute to optimize drug development and therapeutics in AD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain,
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