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Oka JI. [Improving Effects of Peptides on Brain Malfunction and Intranasal Delivery of Those Derivatives to the Brain]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:783-791. [PMID: 31061348 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the anti-dementia and antidepressant-like effects of peptides including glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2, neuromedin U (NmU), and oxytocin, and the intranasal delivery of these peptides to the brain. Intracerebroventricularly administered GLP-1, NmU, and oxytocin improved impairment of learning and memory in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide or β-amyloid protein. GLP-1 also improved impairment of learning and memory in juvenile diabetes model rats. On the other hand, GLP-2 exhibited antidepressant-like effects in mice during the forced-swim test, which were associated with 5-HT1A, α2, β1, and D2 receptors. GLP-2 also exerted antidepressant-like effects in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-treated mice through restoration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis and neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Because intracerebroventricular administration is invasive and the peptides are unable to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, we introduced our new method of intranasal administration to deliver the peptides to the brain. We prepared a GLP-2 derivative containing cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and a penetration accelerating sequence (PAS). Intranasally administered PAS-CPPs-GLP-2 was distributed throughout the brain, and exhibited antidepressant-like effects in both naive and ACTH-treated mice. The derivatives of GLP-1, NmU, and oxytocin with the PAS and CPPs were also distributed throughout the brain after intranasal administration, and improved impairment of learning and memory. We confirmed that our peptide derivatives were effectively delivered into the brain by intranasal administration. As such, these derivatives may be useful for the clinical treatment of psychiatric and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Oka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Isbil-Buyukcoskun N, Cam B, Gulec Suyen G, Ozluk K. Effects of intracerebroventricularly injected glucagon-like peptide-2 on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Endocr Res 2018; 43:220-227. [PMID: 29630414 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2018.1460604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.)-injected glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage and to reveal the mechanisms involved in this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats received absolute ethanol orally via an orogastric tube 30 minutes after GLP-2 (1-200 ng/10 µl; i.c.v.) or saline (10 µl) injections. They were decapitated 1 hour later, their stomachs were removed, and the gastric mucosal damage was scored. RESULTS A total of 100 ng GLP-2 inhibited the gastric mucosal damage by 67%. This effect was abolished by the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist CGRP-(8-37) (10 µg/kg; s.c.), but was not affected by either the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NAME (30 mg/kg; s.c.) or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (5 mg/kg; i.p.). The most effective gastroprotective dose of GLP-2 (100 ng/10 µl; i.c.v.), but not the higher doses (150 or 200 ng/10 µl; i.c.v.) prevented the decrease in gastric mucosal blood flow caused by ethanol. In conclusion, i.c.v. GLP-2 protects against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage and this effect is mediated by CGRP receptor activation and gastric mucosal blood flow, but not by NO or prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Betul Cam
- a Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Uludağ University , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Guldal Gulec Suyen
- b Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Kasim Ozluk
- a Department of Physiology, School of Medicine , Uludağ University , Bursa , Turkey
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Sasaki-Hamada S, Narusawa K, Nakamura R, Ishibashi H, Oka JI. Effects of centrally administered glucagon-like peptide-2 on blood pressure and barosensitive neurons in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuropeptides 2018; 69:66-75. [PMID: 29703428 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central administration of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) decreases blood pressure in rats. In the present study, we investigated the hypotensive effects of GLP-2 using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), an animal model of hypertension. The central administration of GLP-2 (0.6 μg) decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in SHRs (-24.1 ± 4.5%; P < 0.05), but not in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (-10.6 ± 7.4%; P > 0.05), whereas GLP-2 (6 μg) decreased MAP in WKY rats (-23.5 ± 4.2%; P < 0.05) and SHRs (-46.7 ± 11.6%; P < 0.01) under anesthesia with urethane and α-chloralose. Histological analyses revealed that the central administration of GLP-2 (6 μg) induced Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in the hypothalamic and medullary areas in WKY rats and SHRs. However, the distribution of Fos-IR in GABAergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) differed between WKY rats and SHRs. GLP-2 directly modulated the excitability of RVLM neurons in brainstem slices from SHRs, but not WKY rats. These results suggest that neuronal activity through the activation of GLP-2 receptors in the RVLM contributes to lowering blood pressure in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Sasaki-Hamada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Koji Narusawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nakamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishibashi
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Oka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Nakao Y, Horiguchi M, Nakamura R, Sasaki-Hamada S, Ozawa C, Funane T, Ozawa R, Oka JI, Yamashita C. LARETH-25 and β-CD improve central transitivity and central pharmacological effect of the GLP-2 peptide. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:37-45. [PMID: 27720872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Michiko Horiguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Columbia University Medical Center, Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research Abroad by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Ryuji Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sachie Sasaki-Hamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Center for Translational Research, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Taichi Funane
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Ozawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Oka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Center for Translational Research, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chikamasa Yamashita
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
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Connor EE, Evock-Clover CM, Wall EH, Baldwin RL, Santin-Duran M, Elsasser TH, Bravo DM. Glucagon-like peptide 2 and its beneficial effects on gut function and health in production animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S56-65. [PMID: 27345324 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous endocrine cell subtypes exist within the intestinal mucosa and produce peptides contributing to the regulation of critical physiological processes including appetite, energy metabolism, gut function, and gut health. The mechanisms of action and the extent of the physiological effects of these enteric peptides are only beginning to be uncovered. One peptide in particular, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) produced by enteroendocrine L cells, has been fairly well characterized in rodent and swine models in terms of its ability to improve nutrient absorption and healing of the gut after injury. In fact, a long-acting form of GLP-2 recently has been approved for the management and treatment of human conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and short bowel syndrome. However, novel functions of GLP-2 within the gut continue to be demonstrated, including its beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function and reducing intestinal inflammation. As knowledge continues to grow about GLP-2's effects on the gut and its mechanisms of release, the potential to use GLP-2 to improve gut function and health of food animals becomes increasingly more apparent. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize: (1) the current understanding of GLP-2's functions and mechanisms of action within the gut; (2) novel applications of GLP-2 (or stimulators of its release) to improve general health and production performance of food animals; and (3) recent findings, using dairy calves as a model, that suggest the therapeutic potential of GLP-2 to reduce the pathogenesis of intestinal protozoan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Connor
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA.
| | - C M Evock-Clover
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - E H Wall
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R L Baldwin
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - M Santin-Duran
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - T H Elsasser
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - D M Bravo
- Pancosma S.A., CH-1218 Geneva, Switzerland
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Sasaki-Hamada S, Ito K, Oka JI. Neuronal Fos-like immunoreactivity associated with dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rats and effects of glucagon-like peptide-2. Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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