1
|
Wahid HH, Anahar FN, Isahak NH, Mohd Zoharodzi J, Mohammad Khoiri SNL, Mohamad Zainal NH, Kamarudin N, Ismail H, Mustafa Mahmud MIA. Role of Platelet Activating Factor as a Mediator of Inflammatory Diseases and Preterm Delivery. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:862-878. [PMID: 38403163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Nearly 70% of preterm deliveries occur spontaneously, and the clinical pathways involved include preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Prediction of preterm delivery is considered crucial due to the significant effects of preterm birth on health and the economy at both the personal and community levels. Although similar inflammatory processes occur in both term and preterm delivery, the premature activation of these processes or exaggerated inflammatory response triggered by infection or sterile factors leads to preterm delivery. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a phosphoglycerylether lipid mediator of inflammation that is implicated in infections, cancers, and various chronic diseases and disorders including cardiovascular, renal, cerebrovascular, and central nervous system diseases. In gestational tissues, PAF mediates the inflammatory pathways that stimulate the effector mechanisms of labor, including myometrial contraction, cervical dilation, and fetal membrane rupture. Women with preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes have increased levels of PAF in their amniotic fluid. In mice, the intrauterine or intraperitoneal administration of carbamyl PAF activates inflammation in gestational tissues, thereby eliciting preterm delivery. This review summarizes recent research on PAF as an important inflammatory mediator in preterm delivery and in other inflammatory disorders, highlighting its potential value for prediction, intervention, and prevention of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H Wahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Fatin N Anahar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul H Isahak
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Juwairiyah Mohd Zoharodzi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Siti N L Mohammad Khoiri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul H Mohamad Zainal
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhidayah Kamarudin
- Department of Pathology, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Hamizah Ismail
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed I A Mustafa Mahmud
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Pahang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lai AKW, Ng TC, Hung VKL, Tam KC, Cheung CW, Chung SK, Lo ACY. Exacerbated VEGF up-regulation accompanies diabetes-aggravated hemorrhage in mice after experimental cerebral ischemia and delayed reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1566-1575. [PMID: 34916442 PMCID: PMC8771109 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy is the preferred treatment for ischemic stroke, but is hindered by its short treatment window, especially in patients with diabetes whose reperfusion after prolonged ischemia is often accompanied by exacerbated hemorrhage. The mechanisms underlying exacerbated hemorrhage are not fully understood. This study aimed to identify this mechanism by inducing prolonged 2-hour transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in diabetic Ins2Akita/+ mice to mimic patients with diabetes undergoing delayed mechanical thrombectomy. The results showed that at as early as 2 hours after reperfusion, Ins2Akita/+ mice exhibited rapid development of neurological deficits, increased infarct and hemorrhagic transformation, together with exacerbated down-regulation of tight-junction protein ZO-1 and up-regulation of blood-brain barrier-disrupting matrix metallopeptidase 2 and matrix metallopeptidase 9 when compared with normoglycemic Ins2+/+ mice. This indicated that diabetes led to the rapid compromise of vessel integrity immediately after reperfusion, and consequently earlier death and further aggravation of hemorrhagic transformation 22 hours after reperfusion. This observation was associated with earlier and stronger up-regulation of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its downstream phospho-Erk1/2 at 2 hours after reperfusion, which was suggestive of premature angiogenesis induced by early VEGF up-regulation, resulting in rapid vessel disintegration in diabetic stroke. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related pro-apoptotic C/EBP homologous protein was overexpressed in challenged Ins2Akita/+ mice, which suggests that the exacerbated VEGF up-regulation may be caused by overwhelming endoplasmic reticulum stress under diabetic conditions. In conclusion, the results mimicked complications in patients with diabetes undergoing delayed mechanical thrombectomy, and diabetes-induced accelerated VEGF up-regulation is likely to underlie exacerbated hemorrhagic transformation. Thus, suppression of the VEGF pathway could be a potential approach to allow reperfusion therapy in patients with diabetic stroke beyond the current treatment window. Experiments were approved by the Committee on the Use of Live Animals in Teaching and Research of the University of Hong Kong [CULATR 3834-15 (approval date January 5, 2016); 3977-16 (approval date April 13, 2016); and 4666-18 (approval date March 29, 2018)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ka Wai Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Tsz Chung Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Victor Ka Lok Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Ka Cheung Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau Special Administration Region; School of Biomedical Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
PAF Physiology in Target Organ Systems—A Deep Dive to Understand the PAF Mystery in Pathogenesis of Disease. HEARTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/hearts2040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this literature review is to gain an overview of the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) within each of the body systems and how it contributes to normal and pathophysiological states. The review showed that there are multiple functions of PAF that are common to several body systems; however, there is little evidence to explain why PAF has this affect across multiple systems. Interestingly, there seems to be conflicting research as to whether PAF is an overall protective or pathogenic pathway. Within this research, it was found that there are different pathways depending on the specific body system, as well as between body systems. However, one universal function reported in the literature is of PAF as a pro-inflammatory molecule. Overall, this review identified five major functions of PAF: vasoconstriction, increased inflammation, vascular remodeling, increased edema, and endothelial permeability.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao C, Jia W, Xu W, Wu Q, Wu J. Downregulation of CD151 restricts VCAM-1 mediated leukocyte infiltration to reduce neurobiological injuries after experimental stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:118. [PMID: 34022890 PMCID: PMC8140507 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Translational failures in anti-adhesion molecule therapies after stroke reveal the necessity of developing new strategies that not only interrupt leukocyte recruitment but also consider the inhibition of endothelial cell inflammation, verification of therapeutic time window, and normal function maintenance of circulating leukocytes. Our study focused on the potential therapeutic value of CD151 downregulation in improving current anti-adhesion molecule therapies. Methods Lentivirus intracerebroventricular administration was conducted to inhibit the CD151 expression and observe its functional influence on neurological injuries and outcomes. Then, immunohistochemistry and myeloperoxidase activity assessment were performed to explore the effects of CD151 expression on neutrophil and monocyte recruitment after rat cerebral ischemia. Primary rat brain microvascular endothelial cells were subjected to oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation to elucidate the underlying working mechanisms between CD151 and VCAM-1. Results The CD151 downregulation remarkably reduced neurological injuries and improved neurological outcomes, which were accompanied with reduced neutrophil and monocyte infiltration after the CD151 downregulation. The VCAM-1 expression was remarkably decreased among the adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell responsible for neutrophil and monocyte infiltration. The activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways was restricted after the CD151 downregulation. p38 MAPK and NF-κB inhibitors decreased the VCAM-1 expression, and p38 acted as an upstream regulator of NF-κB. However, CD151 downregulation did not directly influence the neutrophil and monocyte activation. Conclusions Overall, CD151 regulated the expression of adhesion molecules. It also played a critical role in suppressing VCAM-1-mediated neutrophil and monocyte infiltration via the p38/NF-κB pathway. This study possibly provided a new basis for improving current anti-adhesion molecule therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02171-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ceshu Gao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Wangyue Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wendeng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han C, Yu G, Mao Y, Song S, Li L, Zhou L, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li M, Xu B. LPCAT1 enhances castration resistant prostate cancer progression via increased mRNA synthesis and PAF production. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240801. [PMID: 33137125 PMCID: PMC7605678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previously study shown that Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase1 (LPCAT1) is overexpressed in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) relative to primary prostate cancer (PCa), and androgen controls its expression via the Wnt signaling pathway. While highly expressed in CRPC, the role of LPCAT1 remains unclear. In vitro cell experiments referred to cell transfection, mutagenesis, proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression and apoptosis, Western blotting, Pulse-chase RNA labeling. BALB/c nude mice were used for in vivo experiments. We found that LPCAT1 overexpression enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRPC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Silencing of LPCAT1 reduced the proliferation and the invasive capabilities of CRPC cells. Providing exogenous PAF to LPCAT1 knockdown cells increased their invasive capabilities; however platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) and the PAFR antagonist ABT-491 both reversed this phenotype; proliferation of CRPC cells was not affected in either model. LPCAT1 was found to mediate CRPC growth via nuclear re-localization and Histone H4 palmitoylation in an androgen-dependent fashion, increasing mRNA synthesis rates. We also found that LPCAT1 overexpression led to CRPC cell resistance to treatment with paclitaxel. LPCAT1 overexpression in CRPC cells drives tumor progression via increased mRNA synthesis and PAF production. Our results highlight LPCAT1 as a viable therapeutic target in the context of CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guopeng Yu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanshen Mao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangqing Song
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushan Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BX); (YL); (ML)
| | - Minglun Li
- Urologic and Hematologic Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (BX); (YL); (ML)
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (BX); (YL); (ML)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu M, Wu R, Liang Y, Fu K, Zhou Y, Li X, Wu L, Wang Z. Protective effect and mechanism of Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via blood-brain barrier and metabonomics. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110723. [PMID: 33152910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease caused by the sudden rupture of cerebral blood vessels or vascular obstruction from brain tissue damage or dysfunction, thereby preventing blood flow into the brain. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI), a common syndrome of ischemic stroke, is a complex pathological process whose physiological mechanism is still unclear. Qishiwei Zhenzhu pills (QSW), a famous Tibetan medicine preparation, has the effect of tranquilizing by heavy settling, dredging channels and activating collaterals, harmonizing Qi and blood, restoring consciousness, and inducing resuscitation. Here, we investigated the protective effect of QSW on CI/RI in rats and its potential mechanism. First, the volatile and liposoluble components in QSW were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). After 24 h of CI/RI, the neuroprotective effect was determined by evaluating the neurological function, cerebral infarction, histopathology, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and western blot (WB) were used to detect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), claudin-5, and occludin. Finally, GCMS metabonomics was used to identify different metabolites and analyze metabolic pathways. The results showed that 88 volatile components and 63 liposoluble components were detected in QSW. Following the experimental stroke operation, it was observed that rats administered QSW pretreatment had improved neurological function, reduced infarct volume (P < 0.01), increased Nissl bodies (P < 0.05), improved histopathology, and reduced BBB disruption. Immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and WB results showed that MMP-9 level in the brain tissue of the QSW pretreatment group had a decreasing trend and the expression of claudin-5 and occludin had a tendency to increase. Eleven metabolites related to lipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and energy metabolism, were identified via GC-MS metabonomics. Our study shows that QSW preconditioning has a neuroprotective effect on CI/RI; however, its mechanism requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuan Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ke Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - You Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhang Wang
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun P, Zhou W, Yue H, Zhang C, Ou Y, Yang Z, Hu W. Compound AD110 Acts as Therapeutic Management for Alzheimer's Disease and Stroke in Mouse and Rat Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:929-938. [PMID: 32105445 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective therapeutic intervention for neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke. As an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) inhibits proinflammatory responses of both innate and adaptive immune cells. We tested the hypothesis that drug-induced promotion of IL-10 expression is effective in improving cognitive abilities and neurologic outcomes of AD and stroke. An orally small molecule AD110 was synthesized and subjected to in vitro and in vivo analyses. We found that AD110 enhanced IL-10 release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglial cells. Y-Maze and Morris water maze tests showed improved cognitive abilities in AD mice treated with AD110. Moreover, AD110 attenuated cerebral ischemic injury in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model. This study not only provides a promising lead compound with IL-10-promoting activity, but also supports the hypothesis that promoting IL-10 expression is a potential therapeutic strategy for AD and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Hu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yitao Ou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhongjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen S, Sun M, Zhao X, Yang Z, Liu W, Cao J, Qiao Y, Luo X, Wen A. Neuroprotection of hydroxysafflor yellow A in experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via metabolic inhibition of phenylalanine and mitochondrial biogenesis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3009-3020. [PMID: 30816517 PMCID: PMC6423596 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most frequent cause of mortality, resulting in a huge societal burden worldwide. Timely reperfusion is the most effective therapy; however, it is difficult to prevent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In traditional Chinese medicine, hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease and as a protective therapy against I/R injury. Evidence has demonstrated that HSYA could reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species and suppress cellular apoptosis; however, whether HSYA alters the metabolic profile as its underlying mechanism for neuroprotection remains unknown. In the present study, using a metabolomic screening, phenylalanine was identified to significantly increase in an experimental model of mouse cerebral I/R injury. Notably, western blotting and qPCR analysis were conducted to test the expression level of apoptosis-associated factors, and HSYA was identified to be able to protect neuronal cells by reducing phenylalanine level associated with I/R injury. Additionally, these findings were confirmed in primary mouse neurons and PC12 cells exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) stress. Of note, HSYA was observed to regulate the mRNA expression of key metabolic enzymes, phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, which are responsible for phenylalanine metabolism. Furthermore, by performing mitochondrial labeling and JC-1 fluorescence assay, HSYA was identified to promote mitochondrial function and biogenesis suppressed by OGD/R. The findings of the present study demonstrated that I/R injury could increase the levels of phenylalanine, and HSYA may inhibit phenylalanine synthesis to enhance mitochondrial function and biogenesis for neuroprotection. The present study proposed a novel metabolite biomarker for cerebral I/R injury and the evaluated the efficacy of HSYA as a potential therapeutic treatment I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suning Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Mao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for DNA Typing, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xianghui Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhifu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wenxing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jinyi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxing Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shu T, Liu C, Pang M, Wang J, Liu B, Zhou W, Wang X, Wu T, Wang Q, Rong L. Effects and mechanisms of matrix metalloproteinase2 on neural differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Brain Res 2017; 1678:407-418. [PMID: 29137974 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) possess the potential to differentiate into neural lineage cells. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), an endopeptidase in the extracellular matrix, has been shown to protect neural cells from injury. However, the mechanisms and effects of MMP2 on neural differentiation of iPSCs remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated a role for MMP2 in the differentiation of iPSCs to neurons via the AKT pathway. Treatment of iPSCs with MMP2 promoted their proliferation and differentiation into neural stem cells (NSCs), and then into neurons. The transcript and protein expression of Nestin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) increased. Moreover, MMP2 markedly induced the expression of phospho-AKT (pAKT) during these differentiation stages. Consistently, silencing MMP2 using siRNA attenuated the expression of Nestin, MAP2 and pAKT, compared with the control group. In addition, the increasing levels of Nestin, MAP2 and pAKT in the MMP2 group were declined by pretreatment with the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT inhibitor, LY294002. Furthermore, the study detected that TrkA and TrkB were perhaps the potential receptors for these effects of MMP2 on neural differentiation through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that MMP2 induces the differentiation of iPSCs into neurons by regulating the AKT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Mao Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Common Splendor International Health Management, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Emergency, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Qiyou Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Shields LBE, Gao Z, Wang Y, Zhang YP, Chu T, Zhu Q, Shields CB, Cai J. Current Understanding of Platelet-Activating Factor Signaling in Central Nervous System Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5563-5572. [PMID: 27613281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a bioactive lipid mediator which serves as a reciprocal messenger between the immune and nervous systems. PAF, a pluripotent inflammatory mediator, is extensively expressed in many cells and tissues and has either beneficial or detrimental effects on the progress of inflammation-related neuropathology. Its wide distribution and various biological functions initiate a cascade of physiological or pathophysiological responses during development or diseases. Current evidence indicates that excess PAF accumulation in CNS diseases exacerbates the inflammatory response and pathological consequences, while application of PAF inhibitors or PAFR antagonists by blocking this signaling pathway significantly reduces inflammation, protects cells, and improves the recovery of neural functions. In this review, we integrate the current findings of PAF signaling in CNS diseases and elucidate topics less appreciated but important on the role of PAF signaling in neurological diseases. We propose that the precise use of PAF inhibitors or PAFR antagonists that target the specific neural cells during the appropriate temporal window may constitute a potential therapy for CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Zhongwen Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tianci Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | | | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 S. Preston Street, Donald Baxter Building, Suite 321B, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nash KM, Shah ZA. Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders. INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE INSIGHTS 2015; 10:1-9. [PMID: 26604665 PMCID: PMC4640423 DOI: 10.4137/imi.s25054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba extract is an alternative medicine available as a standardized formulation, EGb 761®, which consists of ginkgolides, bilobalide, and flavonoids. The individual constituents have varying therapeutic mechanisms that contribute to the pharmacological activity of the extract as a whole. Recent studies show anxiolytic properties of ginkgolide A, migraine with aura treatment by ginkgolide B, a reduction in ischemia-induced glutamate excitotoxicity by bilobalide, and an alternative antihypertensive property of quercetin, among others. These findings have been observed in EGb 761 as well and have led to clinical investigation into its use as a therapeutic for conditions such as cognition, dementia, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. This review explores the therapeutic mechanisms of the individual EGb 761 constituents to explain the pharmacology as a whole and its clinical application to cardiovascular and neurological disorders, in particular ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nash
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA. ; Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
This chapter is focused on the role of the plasma form of platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), heretofore referred to as PAF-AH, in tumorigenic responses. Biochemical and other properties of this enzyme were discussed in detail in chapter "Plasma PAF-AH (PLA2G7): Biochemical Properties, Association with LDLs and HDLs, and Regulation of Expression" by Stafforini and in other chapters. Although phospholipases tend not to be drivers of tumorigenesis themselves, these enzymes and the lipid mediators whose levels they regulate interact with a variety of oncogenes and tumor suppressors [1]. Like other phospholipases, the functions of PAF-AH in cancer likely are related to its ability to regulate the levels of lipid mediators that participate in cellular processes related to initial tumorigenic events (e.g., proliferation, growth, inflammation) and/or spreading of the disease (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase secretion, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, migration, and angiogenesis) [1]. The importance of substrates and products of PAF-AH on key cellular functions has been evaluated in cell-based analyses which revealed that these metabolites can have pro- and antitumorigenic functions. Studies in genetically engineered mice lacking PAF-AH expression and genetic manipulation of PAF-AH levels in cancer cells demonstrated diverse functions of the protein in models of melanoma, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and others. The following sections highlight lessons learned from studies in cell lines and in mouse models regarding the diversity of functions of PAF-AH in cancer, and the potential of PAFAH transcripts, protein, and/or activity levels to become cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bexarotene reduces blood-brain barrier permeability in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122744. [PMID: 25844636 PMCID: PMC4386818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) over-expression disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the ischemic brain. The retinoid X receptor agonist bexarotene suppresses MMP-9 expression in endothelial cells and displays neuroprotective effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that bexarotene may have a beneficial effect on I/R-induced BBB dysfunction. METHODS A total of 180 rats were randomized into three groups (n = 60 each): (i) a sham-operation group, (ii) a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) group, and (iii) an I/R+bexarotene group. Brain water content was measured by the dry wet weight method. BBB permeability was analyzed by Evans Blue staining and the magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent Omniscan. MMP-9 mRNA expression, protein expression, and activity were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and gelatin zymography, respectively. Apolipoprotein E (apoE), claudin-5, and occludin expression were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS After 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-I/R, several effects were observed with bexarotene administration: (i) brain water content and BBB permeability were significantly reduced; (ii) MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression as well as activity were significantly decreased; (iii) claudin-5 and occludin expression were significantly increased; and (iv) apoE expression was significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Bexarotene decreases BBB permeability in rats with cerebral I/R injury. This effect may be due in part to bexarotene's upregulation of apoE expression, which has been previously shown to reduce BBB permeability through suppressing MMP-9-mediated degradation of the tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin. This work offers insight to aid future development of therapeutic agents for cerebral I/R injury in human patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
Fan ZY, Liu XG, Guo RZ, Dong X, Gao W, Li P, Yang H. Pharmacokinetic studies of ginkgolide K in rat plasma and tissues after intravenous administration using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
15
|
Hou H, Zhang G, Wang H, Gong H, Wang C, Zhang X. High matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression induces angiogenesis and basement membrane degradation in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats after cerebral infarction. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1154-62. [PMID: 25206775 PMCID: PMC4146104 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.135318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membrane degradation and blood-brain barrier damage appear after cerebral infarction, severely impacting neuronal and brain functioning; however, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we induced cerebral infarction in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats by intragastric administration of high-sodium water (1.3% NaCl) for 7 consecutive weeks. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that, compared with the non-infarcted contralateral hemisphere, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats on normal sodium intake and Wistar-Kyoto rats, matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, the number of blood vessels with discontinuous collagen IV expression and microvessel density were significantly higher, and the number of continuous collagen IV-positive blood vessels was lower in the infarct border zones of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats given high-sodium water. Linear correlation analysis showed matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression was positively correlated with the number of discontinuously collagen IV-labeled blood vessels and microvessel density in cerebral infarcts of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. These results suggest that matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation is associated with increased regional angiogenesis and degradation of collagen IV, the major component of the basal lamina, in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats with high-sodium water-induced focal cerebral infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huilian Hou
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huilin Gong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chunbao Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|