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Jin GS, Li XL, Jin YZ, Kim MS, Park BR. Role of peripheral vestibular receptors in the control of blood pressure following hypotension. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:363-368. [PMID: 29962850 PMCID: PMC6019876 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.4.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypotension is one of the potential causes of dizziness. In this review, we summarize the studies published in recent years about the electrophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms of hypotension-induced dizziness and the role of the vestibular system in the control of blood pressure in response to hypotension. It is postulated that ischemic excitation of the peripheral vestibular hair cells as a result of a reduction in blood flow to the inner ear following hypotension leads to excitation of the central vestibular nuclei, which in turn may produce dizziness after hypotension. In addition, excitation of the vestibular nuclei following hypotension elicits the vestibulosympathetic reflex, and the reflex then regulates blood pressure by a dual-control (neurogenic and humoral control) mechanism. In fact, recent studies have shown that peripheral vestibular receptors play a role in the control of blood pressure through neural reflex pathways. This review illustrates the dual-control mechanism of peripheral vestibular receptors in the regulation of blood pressure following hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Shi Jin
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, Yanbian University College of Clinical Medicine, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Xiang-Lan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Byung Rim Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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Park SE, Jin YZ, Park BR. Dual control of the vestibulosympathetic reflex following hypotension in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:675-686. [PMID: 29200911 PMCID: PMC5709485 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.6.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is associated with symptoms including headache, dizziness, and syncope. The incidence of OH increases with age. Attenuation of the vestibulosympathetic reflex (VSR) is also associated with an increased incidence of OH. In order to understand the pathophysiology of OH, we investigated the physiological characteristics of the VSR in the disorder. We applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) to conscious rats with sinoaortic denervation in order to induce hypotension. Expression of pERK in the intermediolateral cell column (IMC) of the T4~7 thoracic spinal regions, blood epinephrine levels, and blood pressure were evaluated following the administration of glutamate and/or SNP. SNP-induced hypotension led to increased pERK expression in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), rostral ventrolateral medullary nucleus (RVLM) and the IMC, as well as increased blood epinephrine levels. We co-administered either a glutamate receptor agonist or a glutamate receptor antagonist to the MVN or the RVLM. The administration of the glutamate receptor agonists, AMPA or NMDA, to the MVN or RVLM led to elevated blood pressure, increased pERK expression in the IMC, and increased blood epinephrine levels. Administration of the glutamate receptor antagonists, CNQX or MK801, to the MVN or RVLM attenuated the increased pERK expression and blood epinephrine levels caused by SNP-induced hypotension. These results suggest that two components of the pathway which maintains blood pressure are involved in the VSR induced by SNP. These are the neurogenic control of blood pressure via the RVLM and the humoral control of blood pressure via epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eon Park
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yuan-Zhe Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Byung Rim Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University of School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
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Li LW, Jin GS, Yang YZ, Ameer AN, Kim MS, Park BR, Jin YZ. Effect of glutamate on the vestibulo-solitary projection after sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension in conscious rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:275-81. [PMID: 25954134 PMCID: PMC4422969 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orthostatic hypotension is most common in elderly people, and its prevalence increases with age. Attenuation of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex (VSR) is commonly associated with orthostatic hypotension. In this study, we investigated the role of glutamate on the vestibulo-solitary projection of the VSR pathway to clarify the pathophysiology of orthostatic hypotension. Blood pressure and expression of both pERK and c-Fos protein were evaluated in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) after microinjection of glutamate into the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) in conscious rats with sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hypotension that received baroreceptor unloading via sinoaortic denervation (SAD). SNP-induced hypotension increased the expression of both pERK and c-Fos protein in the NTS, which was abolished by pretreatment with glutamate receptor antagonists (MK801 or CNQX) in the MVN. Microinjection of glutamate receptor agonists (NMDA or AMPA) into the MVN increased the expression of both pERK and c-Fos protein in the NTS without causing changes in blood pressure. These results indicate that both NMDA and AMPA receptors play a significant role in the vestibulo-solitary projection of the VSR pathway for maintaining blood pressure, and that glutamatergic transmission in this projection might play a key role in the pathophysiology of orthostatic hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Guang-Shi Jin
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, Yanbian University College of Clinical Medicine, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Yan-Zhao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Abdul Nasir Ameer
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea. ; University of Baghdad College of Medicine, Baghdad Medical City, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Byung Rim Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Yuan-Zhe Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
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Lan Y, Lu HJ, Jiang X, Li LW, Yang YZ, Jin GS, Park JY, Kim MS, Park BR, Jin YZ. Analysis of the Baroreceptor and Vestibular Receptor Inputs in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla following Hypotension in Conscious Rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:159-65. [PMID: 25729278 PMCID: PMC4342736 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Input signals originating from baroreceptors and vestibular receptors are integrated in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) to maintain blood pressure during postural movement. The contribution of baroreceptors and vestibular receptors in the maintenance of blood pressure following hypotension were quantitatively analyzed by measuring phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase (pERK) expression and glutamate release in the RVLM. The expression of pERK and glutamate release in the RVLM were measured in conscious rats that had undergone bilateral labyrinthectomy (BL) and/or sinoaortic denervation (SAD) following hypotension induced by a sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusion. The expression of pERK was significantly increased in the RVLM in the control group following SNP infusion, and expression peaked 10 min after SNP infusion. The number of pERK positive neurons increased following SNP infusion in BL, SAD, and BL+SAD groups, although the increase was smaller than seen in the control group. The SAD group showed a relatively higher reduction in pERK expression when compared with the BL group. The level of glutamate release was significantly increased in the RVLM in control, BL, SAD groups following SNP infusion, and this peaked 10 min after SNP infusion. The SAD group showed a relatively higher reduction in glutamate release when compared with the BL group. These results suggest that the baroreceptors are more powerful in pERK expression and glutamate release in the RVLM following hypotension than the vestibular receptors, but the vestibular receptors still have an important role in the RVLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Huan-Jun Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Li-Wei Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yan-Zhao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Guang-Shi Jin
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133000, China
| | - Joo Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Wonkwang University College of Dentistry, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Byung Rim Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Yuan-Zhe Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
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Jiang X, Lan Y, Jin YZ, Park JY, Park BG, Ameer AN, Park BR. Effect of Vestibulosympathetic Reflex and Baroreflex on Expression of pERK in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarius following Acute Hypotension in Conscious Rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:353-8. [PMID: 25177169 PMCID: PMC4146639 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.4.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Control of blood pressure is maintained by the interaction between the arterial baroreflex and vestibulosympathetic reflex during postural changes. In this study, the contributions of vestibular receptors and baroreceptors to the maintenance of blood pressure following acute hypotension were compared in terms of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase (pERK) expression in the nucleus tractus solitaries (NTS). Expression of pERK in the NTS was measured in conscious rats that had undergone bilateral labyrinthectomy (BL) and/or sinoaortic denervation (SAD) 5, 10, 20, and 40 min following acute hypotension induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusion. Expression of pERK increased significantly in the NTS in the control group following SNP infusion, and the expression peaked at 10 min after SNP infusion. The number of pERK positive neurons increased following SNP infusion in BL, SAD, and BL+SAD groups, although the increase was smaller than in control group. The BL group showed a relatively higher reduction in pERK expression than the SAD group, and the pERK expression in the NTS was localized to the caudal portion of the nuclei in the BL and SAD groups. These results suggest that the vestibular receptors may play a key role in maintaining blood pressure following acute hypotension; thus, the vestibular system may contribute to compensate for orthostatic hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuan-Zhe Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Joo Young Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, Wonkwang University College of Dentistry, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Byung Geon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju 506-713, Korea
| | - Abdul Nasir Ameer
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
| | - Byung Rim Park
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine and Brain Science Institute at Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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