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Almeida AACD, Ferreira JRDO, de Carvalho RBF, Rizzo MDS, Lopes LDS, Dittz D, Castro E Souza JMD, Ferreira PMP. Non-clinical toxicity of (+)-limonene epoxide and its physio-pharmacological properties on neurological disorders. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 393:2301-2314. [PMID: 32653979 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The compound (+)-limonene epoxide has antioxidant, anxiolytic, and antihelminthic properties. However, investigations to determine its long-term exposure were not performed. We investigated the systemic toxicological profile after chronic exposure as well as the antidepressant and antiepileptic potentialities of (+)-limonene epoxide on mice. Initially, we evaluated acute toxicity on Artemia salina nauplii and cytotoxicity on mice erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Aftterwards, mice were chronically treated for 120 days by gavage with (+)-limonene epoxide (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day) and this exposure was assessed by pathophysiological measurements. For antidepressant and anticonvulsivant analysis, we performed the forced swimming and tail suspension protocols and pentylenetetrazol- and picrotoxin-induced seizures, respectively. (+)-Limonene epoxide showed a LC50 value of 318.7 μg/mL on A. salina shrimps, caused lysis of red blood cells at higher concentrations only but did not show cytotoxicity on PMBC, which suggests pharmacological safety if plasma concentrations do not exceed 100 μg/mL. Macroscopic, hematological, clinical chemistry, and nutritional changes were not detected, though focal areas of hepatic necrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, and karyolysis have been detected at 75 mg/kg/day. The compound inhibited the developing of pentylenetetrazol- and picrotoxin-induced seizures, decreased deaths, and reduced immobility times, mainly at 75 mg/kg. So, it reversed reserpine effects, suggesting antidepressant effects should be linked to serotonergic and/or adrenergic transmission. It is feasible that (+)-limonene epoxide plays a benzodiazepine-like anticonvulsive action and may be also recommended as an antidote for poisonings caused by central depressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Amanda Cardoso de Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí, Universitária Avenue, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luciano da Silva Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí, Universitária Avenue, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Dalton Dittz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - João Marcelo de Castro E Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Brazil.
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Federal University of Piauí, Universitária Avenue, Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, 64049-550, Brazil.
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2
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Bayat F, Hosseinpour-Moghadam R, Mehryab F, Fatahi Y, Shakeri N, Dinarvand R, Ten Hagen TLM, Haeri A. Potential application of liposomal nanodevices for non-cancer diseases: an update on design, characterization and biopharmaceutical evaluation. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 277:102121. [PMID: 32092487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes, lipid-based vesicular systems, have attracted major interest as a means to improve drug delivery to various organs and tissues in the human body. Recent literature highlights the benefits of liposomes for use as drug delivery systems, including encapsulating of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cargos, passive and active targeting, enhanced drug bioavailability and therapeutic effects, reduced systemic side effects, improved cargo penetration into the target tissue and triggered contents release. Pioneering work of liposomes researchers led to introduction of long-circulating, ligand-targeted and triggered release liposomes, as well as, liposomes containing nucleic acids and vesicles containing combination of cargos. Altogether, these findings have led to widespread application of liposomes in a plethora of areas from cancer to conditions such as cardiovascular, neurologic, respiratory, skin, autoimmune and eye disorders. There are numerous review articles on the application of liposomes in treatment of cancer, which seems the primary focus, whereas other diseases also benefit from liposome-mediated treatments. Therefore, this article provides an illustrated detailed overview of liposomal formulations, in vitro characterization and their applications in different disorders other than cancer. Challenges and future directions, which must be considered to obtain the most benefit from applications of liposomes in these disorders, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Bayat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Hosseinpour-Moghadam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehryab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niayesh Shakeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Timo L M Ten Hagen
- Laboratory Experimental Surgical Oncology, Section Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Huang S, Huang Z, Fu Z, Shi Y, Dai Q, Tang S, Gu Y, Xu Y, Chen J, Wu X, Ren F. A Novel Drug Delivery Carrier Comprised of Nimodipine Drug Solution and a Nanoemulsion: Preparation, Characterization, in vitro, and in vivo Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1161-1172. [PMID: 32110014 PMCID: PMC7036601 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s226591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nimodipine (NIMO) is used clinically to treat ischemic damage resulting from subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, clinical application of NIMO is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low safety. To overcome these limitations, a novel two-vial NIMO-loaded nanoemulsion (NIMO-TNE) was designed in this study. Methods NIMO-TNE was prepared by mixing a nimodipine-polyethylene glycol 400 (NIMO-PEG400) solution and a commercially available 20% injectable blank nanoemulsion (BNE). Drug distribution in NIMO-TNE, physical stability, and dilution stability were evaluated in vitro, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were evaluated in vivo. Safety was assessed using the hemolysis test and the intravenous irritation test, and acute toxicity of NIMO-TNE was compared with that of commercial Nimotop injection. Results Drug loading (DL) in NIMO-TNE was enhanced 5-fold compared with that in Nimotop injection. The mean particle size of NIMO-TNE was 241.53 ± 1.48 nm. NIMO-TNE and NIMO-TNE diluted in 5% glucose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride was stable for a sufficient duration to allow for clinical use. In addition, NIMO-TNE exhibited a similar pharmacokinetic profile and similar brain ischemia reduction in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model compared to Nimotop injection. Furthermore, NIMO-TNE did not induce hemolysis at 37°C, and NIMO-TNE induced less intravenous irritation than Nimotop injection. Moreover, NIMO-TNE could be injected at a 23-fold higher dose than the LD50 of Nimotop injection with no obvious toxicity or side effects. Conclusion NIMO-TNE is a promising formulation suitable for intravenous injection, is easy to prepare, and exhibits excellent safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saixu Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqin Fu
- Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamin Shi
- Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Tang
- Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Gu
- Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Youfa Xu
- Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wu
- Shanghai Weier Biological Medicine Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuzheng Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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4
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Ghosh S, Lalani R, Patel V, Bhowmick S, Misra A. Surface engineered liposomal delivery of therapeutics across the blood brain barrier: recent advances, challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1287-1311. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1676721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
- Formulation Development Department-Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, India
| | - Rohan Lalani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
- Formulation Development Department-Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, India
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Subhas Bhowmick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
- Formulation Development Department-Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Vadodara, India
| | - Ambikanandan Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kalabhavan Campus, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
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5
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Bruch GE, Fernandes LF, Bassi BL, Alves MTR, Pereira IO, Frézard F, Massensini AR. Liposomes for drug delivery in stroke. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:246-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Pegylated nanoparticles for the oral delivery of nimodipine: Pharmacokinetics and effect on the anxiety and cognition in mice. Int J Pharm 2018; 543:245-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Maria DN, Abd-Elgawad AEH, Soliman OAE, El-Dahan MS, Jablonski MM. Nimodipine Ophthalmic Formulations for Management of Glaucoma. Pharm Res 2017; 34:809-824. [PMID: 28155073 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preparation and evaluation of topical ophthalmic formulations containing nimodipine-CD complexes prepared using HP-β-CD, SBE-β-CD and M-β-CD for the management of glaucoma. METHODS Nimodipine-CD complexes were prepared using a freeze-drying method. Two different molar ratios (NMD:CD) were used for each cyclodextrin. The inclusion complexes were characterized using DSC, FTIR, yield (%), drug content and in vitro release characteristics. NMD-CD complexes incorporated into chitosan eye drops and a temperature-triggered in situ gelling system were evaluated for their pH, viscosity and in vitro release characteristics. We determined the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect of NMD-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) eye drops through a single dose response design using C57BL/6J mice. The minimum effective concentration (MEC) of nimodipine was further applied to mice that vary in the parental allele of Cacna1s, the drug target of nimodipine. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated. RESULTS Our ophthalmic formulations possessed pH and viscosity values that are compatible with the eye. In vitro release of nimodipine was significantly increased from chitosan eye drops containing NMD-CD complexes compared to uncomplexed drug. Administration of nimodipine can lower IOP significantly after a single drop of drug HPMC suspension. The IOP-lowering response of the MEC (0.6%) was significantly influenced by the parental allele of Cacna1s. CONCLUSIONS Nimodipine can be used as a promising topical drug for management of glaucoma through ocular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Nabih Maria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | | | | | - Marwa Salah El-Dahan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Monica M Jablonski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 731, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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8
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Ji B, Wang M, Gao D, Xing S, Li L, Liu L, Zhao M, Qi X, Dai K. Combining nanoscale magnetic nimodipine liposomes with magnetic resonance image for Parkinson's disease targeting therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:237-253. [PMID: 28093036 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To enhance drug targeting and blood-brain barrier penetration for Parkinson's disease (PD), a novel nanoscale magnetic nimodipine (NMD) delivery system was designed and prepared. MATERIALS & METHODS The PD rats were established and treated with free NMD or Fe3O4-modified NMD liposomes (Fe3O4-NMD-lips). Then, factional anisotropy values were measured by MRI to evaluate therapy efficacy. RESULTS Fe3O4-NMD-lips showed the best neuroprotective effect, and the NMD concentration of lesions was 2.5-fold higher in Fe3O4-NMD-lips group than that of free NMD group. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that the magnetic drug system had a great potential to cross the blood-brain barrier and provided a noninvasive and effective therapeutic strategy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshuo Ji
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Meili Wang
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Dawei Gao
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Cultural Street, Qinhuangdao 066000, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology, the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Cultural Street, Qinhuangdao 066000, PR China
| | - Ximing Qi
- Department of Pathology, the First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, No. 258 Cultural Street, Qinhuangdao 066000, PR China
| | - Kun Dai
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
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9
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Moreno LCGEAI, Rolim HML, Freitas RM, Santos-Magalhães NS. Antidepressant-like activity of liposomal formulation containing nimodipine treatment in the tail suspension test, forced swim test and MAOB activity in mice. Brain Res 2016; 1646:235-240. [PMID: 27270234 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that intracellular calcium ion dysfunction may be an etiological factor in affective illness. Nimodipine (NMD) is a Ca(2+) channel blocker that has been extensively investigated for therapy of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this work, we have evaluated the antidepressant-like activity of nimodipine encapsulated into liposomes (NMD-Lipo) in mice through tail suspension and forced swim assays, as well as MAOB activity. During the tail suspension test, the administration of NMD-Lipo at 0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg was able to promote a reduction in the immobility time of animals greater than the positive control (imipramine). In the forced swim test, the immobility time of mice treated with NMD-Lipo was reduced. This reduction was significantly greater than that found in the animals treated with imipramine and paroxetine. This may suggest that NMD-Lipo provides more antidepressant-like activity than in positive controls. The groups that received a combination of liposomal NMD and antidepressant drugs showed lower immobility time than the groups, which were treated only with imipramine or paroxetine. The mice treated with the combination of NMD-Lipo and reserpine presented an increase in the time of immobility compared with animals treated only with NMD-Lipo. There was a significant decrease in MAOB activity in animals treated with NMD-Lipo compared with untreated animals. The results of the tail suspension test, forced swim test and MAOB activity suggested that the antidepressant activity of NMD-Lipo may be related to an increase in the cerebral monoamine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Clara Gayoso E Almendra Ibiapina Moreno
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurochemistry Research, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Immunophatology Keizo-Asami Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Hercília Maria Lins Rolim
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurochemistry Research, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Rivelilson Mendes Freitas
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurochemistry Research, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
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10
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Cardoso A, Guedes J, Cardoso A, Morais C, Cunha P, Viegas A, Costa R, Jurado A, Pedroso de Lima M. Recent Trends in Nanotechnology Toward CNS Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 130:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Salgado PRR, da Fonsêca DV, Braga RM, de Melo CGF, Andrade LN, de Almeida RN, de Sousa DP. Comparative Anticonvulsant Study of Epoxycarvone Stereoisomers. Molecules 2015; 20:19660-73. [PMID: 26528962 PMCID: PMC6332048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereoisomers of the monoterpene epoxycarvone (EC), namely (+)-cis-EC, (-)-cis-EC, (+)-trans-EC, and (-)-trans-EC, were comparatively evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in specific methodologies. In the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced anticonvulsant test, all of the stereoisomers (at 300 mg/kg) increased the latency to seizure onset, and afforded 100% protection against the death of the animals. In the maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) test, prevention of tonic seizures was also verified for all of the isomers tested. However, the isomeric forms (+) and (-)-trans-EC showed 25% and 12.5% inhibition of convulsions, respectively. In the pilocarpine-induced seizures test, all stereoisomers demonstrated an anticonvulsant profile, yet the stereoisomers (+) and (-)-trans-EC (at 300 mg/kg) showed a more pronounced effect. A strychnine-induced anticonvulsant test was performed, and none of the stereoisomers significantly increased the latency to onset of convulsions; the stereoisomers probably do not act in this pathway. However, the stereoisomers (+)-cis-EC and (+)-trans-EC greatly increased the latency to death of the animals, thus presenting some protection. The four EC stereoisomers show promise for anticonvulsant activity, an effect emphasized in the isomers (+)-cis-EC, (+)-trans-EC, and (-)-trans-EC for certain parameters of the tested methodologies. These results serve as support for further research and development of antiepileptic drugs from monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Regina Rodrigues Salgado
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (P.R.R.S.); (D.V.F.); (R.M.B.); (C.G.F.M.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Diogo Vilar da Fonsêca
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (P.R.R.S.); (D.V.F.); (R.M.B.); (C.G.F.M.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Renan Marinho Braga
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (P.R.R.S.); (D.V.F.); (R.M.B.); (C.G.F.M.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Cynthia Germoglio Farias de Melo
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (P.R.R.S.); (D.V.F.); (R.M.B.); (C.G.F.M.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Luciana Nalone Andrade
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão-SE, CEP 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (P.R.R.S.); (D.V.F.); (R.M.B.); (C.G.F.M.); (R.N.A.)
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (P.R.R.S.); (D.V.F.); (R.M.B.); (C.G.F.M.); (R.N.A.)
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, CP 5009, João Pessoa, CEP 58051-900, PB, Brazil
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