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β-Elemene Improves Morphine Tolerance in Bone Cancer Pain via N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor 2B Subunit-Mediated μ-Opioid Receptor. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9897669. [PMID: 36164617 PMCID: PMC9509249 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9897669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Improving morphine tolerance (MT) is an urgent problem in the clinical treatment of bone cancer pain. Considering that β-Elemene is widely used in the treatment of cancer pain, we explored the effects and mechanism of β-Elemene in preventing MT of bone cancer pain. Method Bone cancer pain and chronic MT rat model was established by injecting MADB106 cells and morphine (10 mg/kg). SH-SY5Y cells were treated with morphine (10 μg/mL) for 48 h to establish a cell model. The mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency of rats were detected by mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests, respectively. The protein expressions of μ-opioid receptor (MOPR), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2B (NR2B), phosphorylated-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII), and CaMKII were detected by western blot. The viability of SH-SY5Y cells was determined by the cell counting kit-8 assay. cAMP content in SH-SY5Y cells was measured by a LANCE cAMP kit. Result Animal experiments showed that MT strengthened over time, while increased β-Elemene dosage alleviated MT. The viability of SH-SY5Y cells was down-regulated by high-dose β-Elemene. In the rat and cell models, long-term morphine treatment decreased the expression of MOPR and increased the cAMP and NR2B expressions and p-CaMKII/CaMKII, while β-Elemene and siNR2B counteracted the effects of morphine treatment. In addition, siNR2B reversed the effects of β-Elemene on related protein expressions and cAMP content in the cell model. Conclusion β-Elemene improved MT in bone cancer pain through the regulation of NR2B-mediated MOPR.
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Martins CC, Rosa SG, Zborowski VA, Rodrigues RF, Maroneze A, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Contribution of Opioid and Nitrergic Systems to m-Trifluoromethyl diphenyl Diselenide Attenuates Morphine-Induced Tolerance in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:910-919. [PMID: 35319862 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
m-Trifluoromethyl diphenyl diselenide (TFDD) has antinociceptive and antidepressant-like properties and attenuates morphine withdrawal signs in mice. This study investigated if TFDD affects the development of morphine tolerance to its antinociceptive and antidepressant-like effects in mice. We also investigated whether TFDD modulates signaling pathways related to morphine tolerance, including the opioid receptors and some parameters of the nitrergic system. Male adult Swiss mice received morphine alone (5 mg/kg, subcutaneous) and in combination with TFDD (10 mg/kg, intragastric) for 7 days. Mice were subjected to hot plate and forced swim tests on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the experimental protocol. Repeated TFDD administrations avoided tolerance development mediated by morphine, including its antinociceptive and antidepressant-like effects. A single morphine dose increased MOR and NOx but decreased iNOS contents in the mouse cerebral cortex. In turn, single morphine and TFDD co-administration restored the MOR and iNOS protein levels. On the other hand, morphine repeated doses enhanced DOR and reduced MOR and NOx contents, whereas the morphine and TFDD association reestablished DOR and NOx levels in the mouse cerebral cortex. In conclusion, some opioid and nitrergic system parameters might contribute to TFDD attenuation of antinociceptive and antidepressant-like tolerance induced by morphine in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C. Martins
- LASRAFTO, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Suzan G. Rosa
- LASRAFTO, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A. Zborowski
- LASRAFTO, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata F. Rodrigues
- LASRAFTO, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriano Maroneze
- LASRAFTO, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina W. Nogueira
- LASRAFTO, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- LASRAFTO, CCNE, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Chen J, Liu X, Yu S, Liu J, Chen R, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Dai Q. A novel ω-conotoxin Bu8 inhibiting N-type voltage-gated calcium channels displays potent analgesic activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2685-2693. [PMID: 34589389 PMCID: PMC8463271 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ω-Conotoxins inhibit N-type voltage-gated calcium (CaV2.2) channels and exhibit efficacy in attenuating neuropathic pain but have a low therapeutic index. Here, we synthesized and characterized a novel ω-conotoxin, Bu8 from Conus bullatus, which consists of 25 amino acid residues and three disulfide bridges. Bu8 selectively and potently inhibits depolarization-activated Ba2+ currents mediated by rat CaV2.2 expressed in HEK293T cells (IC50 = 89 nmol/L). Bu8 is two-fold more potent than ω-conotoxin MVIIA, a ω-conotoxin currently used for the treatment of severe chronic pain. It also displays potent analgesic activity in animal pain models of hot plate and acetic acid writhing but has fewer side effects on mouse motor function and lower toxicity in goldfish. Its lower side effects may be attributed to its faster binding rate and higher recovery ratios. The NMR structure demonstrates that Bu8 contains a small irregular triple β-strand. The structure-activity relationships of Bu8 Ala mutants and Bu8/MVIIA hybrid mutants demonstrate that the binding mode of CaV2.2 with the amino acid residues in loop 1 and loop 2 of Bu8 is different from that of MVIIA. This study characterizes a novel, more potent ω-conotoxin and provides new insights for designing CaV2.2 antagonists.
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Key Words
- Analgesic activity
- Bu8
- DIEA, diisopropylethylamine
- ESI-MS, electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy
- Fmoc, N-(9-fluorenyl)methyloxy-carbonyl
- HBTU, 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
- HOBt, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
- IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration
- N-type calcium ion channel
- RP-HPLC, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography
- Structure–activity relationship
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- ω-conotoxin
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqin Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xinhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Rongfang Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological System, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel: +86 10 66948897.
| | - Qiuyun Dai
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel: +86 10 66948897.
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Houshmand G, Pourasghar M, Shiran M, Arab Firozjae A, Goudarzi M, Manouchehr F, Shirzad S, Assadpour S, Nikbakht J, Ghorbanzadeh B. Simvastatin prevents morphine antinociceptive tolerance and withdrawal symptoms through antioxidative effect and nitric oxide pathway in mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113104. [PMID: 33417990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and the nitric oxide (NO) pathway are involved in the development of opioid analgesic tolerance and dependence. Simvastatin modulates NO and oxidative stress, so the present study aimed to investigate its effect on the development and expression of morphine analgesic tolerance and withdrawal signs in mice. Morphine tolerance and dependence were induced by twice daily morphine injection (10 mg/kg, s.c.) for 5 consecutive days. Tolerance was assessed by the hot-plate test and dependence by naloxone challenge, on the sixth day. To determine if the NO is involved in the effects of simvastatin, mice were pre-treated with l-arginine (200 mg/kg) or the NO synthesis inhibitors (L-NAME; 30 mg/kg) along with simvastatin (300 mg/kg). The results showed that acute and chronic administration of simvastatin reversed the antinociceptive tolerance of morphine and attenuated withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent mice, and this effect is reversed by l-arginine and augmented by l-NAME. Also, the concentration of NO and oxidative stress factors such as malondialdehyde content, total thiol, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in brain tissues was evaluated. Chronic administration of simvastatin reduced NO and malondialdehyde, and increased total thiol and GPx levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of morphine-dependent mice which were antagonized by l-arginine, and augmented by l-NAME. In summary, simvastatin attenuates morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, at least partly, through antioxidative properties and nitric oxide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Houshmand
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Pourasghar
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Shiran
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Atefeh Arab Firozjae
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Manouchehr
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shizer Shirzad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sara Assadpour
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Jafar Nikbakht
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Behnam Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran.
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A Conantokin Peptide Con-T[M8Q] Inhibits Morphine Dependence with High Potency and Low Side Effects. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010044. [PMID: 33478061 PMCID: PMC7835912 DOI: 10.3390/md19010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists have been found to be effective to inhibit morphine dependence. However, the discovery of the selective antagonist for NMDAR GluN2B with low side-effects still remains challenging. In the present study, we report a selective NMDAR GluN2B antagonist con-T[M8Q](a conantokin-T variant) that potently inhibits the naloxone-induced jumping and conditioned place preference of morphine-dependent mice at nmol/kg level, 100-fold higher than ifenprodil, a classical NMDAR NR2B antagonist. Con-T[M8Q] displays no significant impacts on coordinated locomotion function, spontaneous locomotor activity, and spatial memory mice motor function at the dose used. Further molecular mechanism experiments demonstrate that con-T[M8Q] effectively inhibited the transcription and expression levels of signaling molecules related to NMDAR NR2B subunit in hippocampus, including NR2B, p-NR2B, CaMKII-α, CaMKII-β, CaMKIV, pERK, and c-fos. The high efficacy and low side effects of con-T[M8Q] make it a good lead compound for the treatment of opiate dependence and for the reduction of morphine usage.
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Dong M, Wang F, Yan Z, Yu S, Wei J, Wu Q, Liu Z, Tang Y, Ding J, Dai Q. Structure-Activity Analysis of N-Type Calcium Channel Inhibitor SO-3. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6349-6355. [PMID: 30281282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an ω-conopeptide originally discovered from Conus striatus, SO-3 contains 25 amino acid residues and three disulfide bridges. Our previous study has shown that this peptide possesses potent analgesic activity in rodent pain models (mouse and rat), and it specifically inhibits an N-type calcium ion channel (Cav2.2). In the study presented here, we investigated the key amino acid residues for their inhibitory activity against Cav2.2 expressed in HEK 293 cells and analgesic activity in mice. To improve the inhibitory activity of SO-3, we also evaluated the effects of some amino acid residues derived from the corresponding residues of ω-peptide MVIIA, CVID, or GVIA. Our data reveal that Lys6, Ile11, and Asn14 are the important functional amino acid residues for SO-3. The replacement of some amino acid residues of SO-3 in loop 1 with the corresponding residues of CVID and GVIA improved the inhibitory activity of SO-3. The binding mode of Cav2.2 with SO-3 amino acids in loop 1 and loop 2 may be somewhat different from that of MVIIA. This study expanded our knowledge of the structure-activity relationship of ω-peptides and provided a new strategy for improving the potency of Cav2.2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxing Dong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing 100071 , China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing 100071 , China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing 100071 , China
| | - Juanjuan Wei
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing 100071 , China
| | - Qiaoling Wu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing 100071 , China
| | - Zhuguo Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing 100071 , China
| | - Yifei Tang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing 100071 , China
| | - Jiuping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Qiuyun Dai
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology , Beijing 100071 , China
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Venlafaxine prevents morphine antinociceptive tolerance: The role of neuroinflammation and the l -arginine-nitric oxide pathway. Exp Neurol 2018; 303:134-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-eighth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2015 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia, stress and social status, tolerance and dependence, learning and memory, eating and drinking, drug abuse and alcohol, sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology, mental illness and mood, seizures and neurologic disorders, electrical-related activity and neurophysiology, general activity and locomotion, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions, cardiovascular responses, respiration and thermoregulation, and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Thalidomide attenuates the development and expression of antinociceptive tolerance to μ-opioid agonist morphine through l-arginine-iNOS and nitric oxide pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:493-502. [PMID: 27899254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is a μ-opioid analgesic drug which is used in the treatment and management of chronic pain. However, due to development of antinociceptive tolerance its clinical use is limited. Thalidomide is an old glutamic acid derivative which recently reemerged because of its potential to counteract a number of disorders including neurodegenerative disorders. The potential underlying mechanisms and effects of thalidomide on morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance is still elusive. Hence, the present study was designed to explore the effect of thalidomide on the development and expression of morphine antinociceptive tolerance targeting l-arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway in mice and T98G human glioblastoma cell line. When thalidomide was administered in a dose of 17.5mg/kg before each dose of morphine chronically for 5days it prevented the development of antinociceptive tolerance. Also, a single dose of thalidomide 20mg/kg attenuated the expression phase of antinociceptive tolerance. The protective effect of thalidomide was augmented in development phase when co-administration with NOS inhibitors like L-NAME (non- selective NOS inhibitor; 2mg/kg) or aminoguanidine (selective inducible NOS inhibitor; 50mg/kg). Also, the reversal effect of thalidomide in expression phase was potentiated when concomitantly administrated with L-NAME (5mg/kg) or aminoguanidine (100mg/kg). Co-administration of ODQ (a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) 10mg/kg in developmental phase or 20mg/kg in expression phase also progressively increased the pain threshold. In addition, thalidomide (20μM) also significantly inhibited the overexpression of iNOS gene induced by morphine (2.5μM) in T98G cell line. Hence, our findings suggest that thalidomide has protective effect both in the development and expression phases of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. It is also evident that this effect of thalidomide is induced by the inhibition of NOS enzyme predominantly iNOS.
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Hassanipour M, Amini-Khoei H, Shafaroodi H, Shirzadian A, Rahimi N, Imran-Khan M, Rezayat SM, Dehpour A. Atorvastatin attenuates the antinociceptive tolerance of morphine via nitric oxide dependent pathway in male mice. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:173-80. [PMID: 27381980 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance limits its therapeutic efficacy in pain management. Atorvastatin, or competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, is mainstay agent in hypercholesterolemia treatment. Beyond the cholesterol-lowering activity, exploration of neuroprotective properties of this statin indicates its potential benefit in central nervous disorders. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of atorvastatin in development and expression of morphine-induced analgesic tolerance in male mice and probable involvement of nitric oxide. Chronic and acute treatment with atorvastatin 10 and 20mg/kg, respectively, could alleviate morphine tolerance in development and expression phases. Chronic co-administration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors including L-NAME (non selective NOS inhibitor; 2mg/kg), aminoguanidine (selective inducible NOS inhibitor; 50mg/kg) and 7-NI (selective neuronal NOS inhibitor; 15mg/kg) with atorvastatin blocked the protective effect of atorvastatin in tolerance reversal. Moreover, reversing the atorvastatin effect was also observed in acute simultaneous treatment of L-NAME (5mg/kg) and aminoguanidine (100mg/kg) with atorvastatin. Co-treatment of guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ (chronic dose: 10mg/kg and acute dose: 20mg/kg) was associated with prevention of atorvastatin anti-tolerance properties. Our results revealed that the atorvastatin modulating role in morphine antinociceptive tolerance is mediated at least in part via nitric oxide in animal pain models of hot plate and tail flick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Hassanipour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of pharmacology, School of medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Armin Shirzadian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nastaran Rahimi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Muhammad Imran-Khan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed-Mahdi Rezayat
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmadreza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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