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Bakhsh HT, Mokhtar FA, Elmaidomy AH, Aly HF, Younis EA, Alzubaidi MA, Altemani FH, Algehainy NA, Majrashi MAA, Alsenani F, Bringmann G, Abdelmohsen UR, Abdelhafez OH. Abelmoschus eculentus Seed Extract Exhibits In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Alzheimer's Potential Supported by Metabolomic and Computational Investigation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2382. [PMID: 37376007 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Abelmoschus esculentus Linn. (okra, F. Malvaceae) is a fruit widely consumed all over the world. In our study, the anti-Alzheimer's potential of A. esculentus was evaluated. An in vitro DPPH free radical assay on A. esculentus seed's total extract and AChE inhibition potential screening indicated a significant anti-Alzheimer's activity of the extract, which was confirmed through an in vivo study in an aluminum-intoxicated rat model. Additionally, in vivo results demonstrated significant improvement in Alzheimer's rats, which was confirmed by improving T-maze, beam balance tests, lower serum levels of AChE, norepinephrine, glycated end products, IL-6, and MDA. The levels of dopamine, BDNF, GSH, and TAC returned to normal values during the study. Moreover, histological investigations of brain tissue revealed that the destruction in collagen fiber nearly returns back to the normal pattern. Metabolomic analysis of the ethanolic extract of A. esculentus seeds via LC-HR-ESI-MS dereplicated ten compounds. A network pharmacology study displayed the relation between identified compounds and 136 genes, among which 84 genes related to Alzheimer's disorders, and focused on AChE, APP, BACE1, MAPT and TNF genes with interactions to all Alzheimer's disorders. Consequently, the results revealed in our study grant potential dietary elements for the management of Alzheimer's disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain T Bakhsh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma A Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida, Sharkia 44813, Egypt
| | - Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Hanan F Aly
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Bouth St., Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Eman A Younis
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre (NRC), El-Bouth St., Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mubarak A Alzubaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh A Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali A Majrashi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alsenani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Omnia Hesham Abdelhafez
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
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Abdel-Razek MAM, Abdelwahab MF, Abdelmohsen UR, Hamed ANE. A Review: Pharmacological Activity and Phytochemical Profile of Abelmoschus esculentus (2010-2022). RSC Adv 2023; 13:15280-15294. [PMID: 37213342 PMCID: PMC10196740 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01367g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench (okra) which belongs to the family Malvaceae is a commonly consumed vegetable that consists of the seed component which is rich in polyphenolic compounds. The aim of this study is to highlight the chemical and biological diversity of A. esculentus. This plant contains many vitamins, minerals, proteins and carbohydrates in addition to flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds and sterols. These variations in the chemical composition resulted in different therapeutic activities including antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, wound healing, hepatoprotective, immunomodulator, neuroprotective, and gastroprotective activities in addition to cardioprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A M Abdel-Razek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
| | - Miada F Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Universities Zone 61111 New Minia City Egypt
| | - Ashraf N E Hamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
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Gayathri S, Chandrashekar H R, Fayaz S M. Phytotherapeutics Against Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanism, Molecular Targets and Challenges for Drug Development. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:409-426. [PMID: 34544351 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210920120612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is inflating worldwide and is combatted by only a few approved drugs. At best, these drugs treat symptomatic conditions by targeting cholinesterase and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Most of the clinical trials in progress are focused to develop disease-modifying agents that aim single targets. The 'one drug-one target' approach is failing in the case of Alzheimer's disease due to its labyrinth etiopathogenesis. Traditional medicinal systems like ayurveda uses a holistic approach encompassing legion of medicinal plants exhibiting multimodal activity. Recent advances in high-throughput technologies have catapulted the research in the arena of ayurveda, specifically in identifying plants with potent anti-Alzheimer's disease properties and their phytochemical characterization. Nonetheless, clinical trials of very few herbal medicines are in progress. This review is a compendium of Indian plants and ayurvedic medicines against Alzheimer's disease and their paraphernalia. A record of 230 plants that are found in India with anti-Alzheimer's disease potential and about 500 phytochemicals from medicinal plants has been solicited with the hope of exploring the unexplored. Further, the molecular targets of phytochemicals isolated from commonly used medicinal plants such as Acorus calamus, Bacopa monnieri, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera have been reviewed with respect to their multidimensional property such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-aggregation, synaptic plasticity modulation, cognition and memory enhancing activity. In addition, the strengths, and challenges in ayurvedic medicine that limit its use as mainstream therapy is discussed and a framework for the development of herbal medicine has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar H
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
| | - Fayaz S M
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka - 576104. India
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Yan T, Liu B, Wang N, Liao Z, Wu B, He B, Jia Y. The flavonoids of okra insulates against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and restores BDNF levels in Aβ 1-42 induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 2021; 147:111263. [PMID: 33516906 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench.) has been used as a natural drug in East or West Africa for many centuries, as well as consumed in most areas of the world as a tropical vegetable. The study aimed to evaluate whether the flavonoids of okra fruit (FOF) administration influence Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory impairment, and explore the underlying mechanisms. The Y-maze task and the Morris water maze test were used for evaluating cognition processes. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were detected by ELISA kits. The expressions of nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-κB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were studied by western blot. Histopathological changes were observed by H.E. straining. The results showed that intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ1-42 was effective in producing memory deficits in mice. Besides, Aβ1-42 exposure could significantly increase the levels of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and decreased T-AOC, the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the hippocampus and cortex. Furthermore, the level of BDNF was also reduced, accompanied by down-regulated CREB/ERK and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathways in the hippocampus and cortex. Nevertheless, chronic administration of FOF (100 or 300 mg/kg, i.g.) significantly prevented Aβ1-42-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations. It also suggested that FOF could improve the cognitive deficits in AD-like model mice, which might be mediated by regulation of BDNF levels in cortex and hippocampus and up-regulating of CREB/ERK and PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathways, as well as alleviation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxu Yan
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nizhi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhengzheng Liao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bosai He
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Jia
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Zheng C, Zhou M, Sun J, Xiong H, Peng P, Gu Z, Deng Y. The protective effects of liraglutide on AD-like neurodegeneration induced by oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108688. [PMID: 31173752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has neuroprotective properties in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, our aim is to explore the neuroprotective effects of liraglutide, a GLP-1 analogue, on AD-like neurodegeneration induced by H2O2 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase level was monitored by LDH assay. The level of lipid peroxidation and cell apoptosis rate were measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) assay and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) staining. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, tau and the Akt/GSK-3β. Liraglutide pre-treatment enhanced cell viability with reduced cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidationand and apoptosis. In addition, pre-treatment of liraglutide displayed that increased the expression of the pro-survival Bcl-2 and reduced pro-apoptotic Bax with ameliorated the hyperphosphorylation of tau and Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway in H2O2 stressed SH-SY5Y cells. These finding provided evidences that liraglutide protected the H2O2 induced AD-like neurodegeneration through improving Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. These results suggest that liraglutide may have potential values for the treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Physiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Department of Pathology, Tianjin People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongya Gu
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqiu Deng
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Novellino E, Souto EB, Daliu P, Santini A. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.): Bioactive Components' Beneficial Properties-Focused on Antidiabetic Role-For Sustainable Health Applications. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010038. [PMID: 30583476 PMCID: PMC6337517 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main features of the okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.), are highlighted. The evaluation of interactions between biologically active compounds and other components of the food matrix can be considered as the first action in the investigation of potential benefits of this annual herb. Moreover, updated examples of current and innovative directions in an integrated and multidisciplinary approach are discussed, with particular attention to chemometrics. Among the main effects attributed to okra, its antidiabetic property is the focus. Finally, the use of okra in different fields will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Patricia Daliu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Characterization of the Synthesis Genes of Bioactive Constituents in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030130. [PMID: 29495525 PMCID: PMC5867851 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abelmoschus esculentus (okra or lady's fingers) is a vegetable with high nutritional value, as well as having certain medicinal effects. It is widely used as food, in the food industry, and in herbal medicinal products, but also as an ornamental, in animal feed, and in other commercial sectors. Okra is rich in bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, caffeine, and pectin. In the present study, the concentrations of total flavonoids and polysaccharides in five organs of okra were determined and compared. Transcriptome sequencing was used to explore the biosynthesis pathways associated with the active constituents in okra. Transcriptome sequencing of five organs (roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits) of okra enabled us to obtain 293,971 unigenes, of which 232,490 were annotated. Unigenes related to the enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway or in fructose and mannose metabolism were identified, based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. All of the transcriptional datasets were uploaded to Sequence Read Archive (SRA). In summary, our comprehensive analysis provides important information at the molecular level about the flavonoid and polysaccharide biosynthesis pathways in okra.
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Mairuae N, Cheepsunthorn P. Valproic acid attenuates nitric oxide and interleukin-1β production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated iron-rich microglia. Biomed Rep 2018. [PMID: 29541456 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation in activated microglia has been consistently reported in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous results suggest that these cells facilitate neuroinflammation leading to neuronal cell death. Therefore, chemical compounds that alleviate the activation of iron-rich microglia may result in neuroprotection. In the present study, the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on microglial activation under iron-rich conditions was investigated. BV-2 microglial cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 µg/ml) and iron (300 µg/ml) with or without VPA (1.6 mM). The results demonstrated that VPA attenuated the activation of iron-rich BV2 cells induced by LPS by down-regulating the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and interleukin 1β (IL-1β; P<0.01), to ultimately reduce the production of NO and IL-1β (P<0.01). These events were accompanied by an attenuation in the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB p65 subunit (P<0.01). These findings suggest that VPA may be therapeutically useful for attenuating the activation of iron-rich microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nootchanat Mairuae
- Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Poonlarp Cheepsunthorn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Raina R, Sen D. Can crosstalk between DOR and PARP reduce oxidative stress mediated neurodegeneration? Neurochem Int 2017; 112:206-218. [PMID: 28739183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The progressive loss of structure and function of neurons leads to neurodegenerative processes which become the causative reason for various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) etc. These diseases are multifactorial in nature but they have been seen to possess similar causative agents to a certain extent. Oxidative Stress (OS) has been identified as a major stressor and a mediator in most of these diseases. OS not only leads to the generation of free radical species but if persistent, can possibly lead to lipid peroxidation, protein damage, DNA damage, and cell death. Anti-oxidants are endogenously present in our body to tackle oxygen metabolites but their levels reduce greatly under continuous OS conditions. In such a case, dietary supplements to replenish the anti-oxidant levels in our body is a good way of treatment but it is very slow and may not be as effective in chronic stress conditions. Thus, there is a need for more effective mechanisms to attenuate OS. Two such mechanisms which can be considered are the activation of Delta opioid receptor (DOR) and Inhibition of Poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase1 (PARP1), which have been suggested to protect neurons and increase neuronal cell survivability in both in-vitro and in-vivo disease models. Various signaling pathways have been highlighted to probably play a significant role in attenuating OS by the activation of DOR. It would be an interesting topic of investigation to see if one of the probable mechanisms by which DOR attenuates OS could be by modulation of PARP through a cascade of intracellular signaling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutika Raina
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Huntington's Disease: A Mini Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:8590578. [PMID: 28116038 PMCID: PMC5223034 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8590578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect not only the life quality of aging populations, but also their life spans. All forms of neurodegenerative diseases have a massive impact on the elderly. The major threat of these brain diseases includes progressive loss of memory, Alzheimer's disease (AD), impairments in the movement, Parkinson's disease (PD), and the inability to walk, talk, and think, Huntington's disease (HD). Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are highlighted as a central feature of brain degenerative diseases. Oxidative stress, a condition that occurs due to imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant status, has been known to play a vital role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases including AD, PD, and HD. A large number of studies have utilized oxidative stress biomarkers to investigate the severity of these neurodegenerative diseases and medications are available, but these only treat the symptoms. In traditional medicine, a large number of medicinal plants have been used to treat the symptoms of these neurodegenerative diseases. Extensive studies scientifically validated the beneficial effect of natural products against neurodegenerative diseases using suitable animal models. This short review focuses the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and HD and the protective efficacy of natural products against these diseases.
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