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Mieske P, Hobbiesiefken U, Fischer-Tenhagen C, Heinl C, Hohlbaum K, Kahnau P, Meier J, Wilzopolski J, Butzke D, Rudeck J, Lewejohann L, Diederich K. Bored at home?—A systematic review on the effect of environmental enrichment on the welfare of laboratory rats and mice. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:899219. [PMID: 36061113 PMCID: PMC9435384 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.899219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Boredom is an emotional state that occurs when an individual has nothing to do, is not interested in the surrounding, and feels dreary and in a monotony. While this condition is usually defined for humans, it may very well describe the lives of many laboratory animals housed in small, barren cages. To make the cages less monotonous, environmental enrichment is often proposed. Although housing in a stimulating environment is still used predominantly as a luxury good and for treatment in preclinical research, enrichment is increasingly recognized to improve animal welfare. To gain insight into how stimulating environments influence the welfare of laboratory rodents, we conducted a systematic review of studies that analyzed the effect of enriched environment on behavioral parameters of animal well–being. Remarkably, a considerable number of these parameters can be associated with symptoms of boredom. Our findings show that a stimulating living environment is essential for the development of natural behavior and animal welfare of laboratory rats and mice alike, regardless of age and sex. Conversely, confinement and under-stimulation has potentially detrimental effects on the mental and physical health of laboratory rodents. We show that boredom in experimental animals is measurable and does not have to be accepted as inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mieske
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Hobbiesiefken
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Céline Heinl
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hohlbaum
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kahnau
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Meier
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Wilzopolski
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Butzke
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Rudeck
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Diederich
- German Center for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kai Diederich
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2
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Ghavimi H, Bayani Ershadi AS, Dastvar S, Hosseini MJ. The effects of minocycline in improving of methamphetamine withdrawal syndrome in male mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2319-2327. [PMID: 34182834 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1942484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant drug with an increasing rate of abuse over recent years. Depressive-like behaviors are one of the major symptoms patients in the METH withdrawal period experience. There is limited evidence regarding the METH withdrawal treatment, and conventional managements are not completely effective. Furthermore, extensive promising literature supports minocycline, a well-known antibiotic with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, to treat depressive-like behaviors. Therefore, we hypothesized that administration of minocycline might mitigate the methamphetamine (METH) induced depression in male mice. Administration of METH (2 mg/kg) to mice two times a day for 14 constitutive days was done to induce the METH-induced withdrawal syndrome model. Animals were divided into 10 groups (n = 10 in each group), and three doses of minocycline (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) were daily administered to male albino mice for 10 days. Following the behavioral test, the animals were scarified, their hippocampus were dissected to measure oxidative stress parameters. Our data revealed that chronic administration of minocycline provoked antidepressant effects in behavioral tests, such as forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and splash test. Additionally, minocycline was able to improve oxidative stresses and neuronal damage in the hippocampus and restore the body's antioxidant system by increasing glutathione (GSH) and the cellular energy (ATP) and reducing the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. According to our promising results of minocycline on targeting mitochondria and its performance, we suggest minocycline as a new therapeutic option in clinical trials of depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ghavimi
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Amir Sasan Bayani Ershadi
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samira Dastvar
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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3
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de Abreu MS, Giacomini ACVV, Genario R, Rech N, Carboni J, Lakstygal AM, Amstislavskaya TG, Demin KA, Leonard BE, Vlok M, Harvey BH, Piato A, Barcellos LJG, Kalueff AV. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches for psychiatric disorders: Re-appraisal and insights from zebrafish models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 193:172928. [PMID: 32289330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic stressors are common triggers of human mental illnesses. Experimental animal models and their cross-species translation to humans are critical for understanding of the pathogenesis of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Mounting evidence suggests that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches can be efficient in treating these disorders. Here, we analyze human, rodent and zebrafish (Danio rerio) data to compare the impact of non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies of stress-related psychopathologies. Emphasizing the likely synergism and interplay between pharmacological and environmental factors in mitigating daily stress both clinically and in experimental models, we argue that environmental enrichment emerges as a promising complementary therapy for stress-induced disorders across taxa. We also call for a broader use of novel model organisms, such as zebrafish, to study such treatments and their potential interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA.
| | - Ana C V V Giacomini
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathália Rech
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Carboni
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Anton M Lakstygal
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia; Granov Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Center, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Brian E Leonard
- University College Galway, Pharmacology Department, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marli Vlok
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Angelo Piato
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), Slidell, LA, USA; Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J G Barcellos
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Bio-Experimentation, University of Passo Fundo (UPF), Passo Fundo, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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4
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Campbell EJ, Jin S, Lawrence AJ. Environmental enrichment reduces the propensity to relapse following punishment-imposed abstinence of alcohol seeking. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Zhang P, Pan J, Mao Z, Xu X, Lin D, Wu B, Zhou W, Liu Y. The effects of early exposure to MK-801 during environmental enrichment on spatial memory, methamphetamine self-administration and cue-induced renewal in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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6
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Frankowska M, Miszkiel J, Pomierny-Chamioło L, Pomierny B, Giannotti G, Suder A, Filip M. Alternation in dopamine D 2-like and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor density caused by differing housing conditions during abstinence from cocaine self-administration in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:372-382. [PMID: 30644313 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118821113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental conditions have an important function in substance use disorder, increasing or decreasing the risks of relapse. Several studies strongly support the role of the dopamine D2-like and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptors in maladaptive neurobiological responses to cocaine reward and relapse. AIMS The present study employed cocaine self-administration with yoked-triad procedure in rats to explore whether drug abstinence in different housing conditions affects the drug-seeking behaviour and the dopamine D2-like and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor density and affinity in several regions of the animal brain. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine and later they were forced to abstain either in: (a) enriched environment or (b) isolation cage conditions to evaluate the effect of housing conditions on the drug-seeking behaviour and to assess changes concerning receptors in animals brain. RESULTS Our results show that exposure to enriched environment conditions strongly reduced active lever presses during cue-induced drug-seeking. At the neurochemical level, we demonstrated a significant increase in the dopamine D2-like receptor density in the prefrontal cortex in animals following drug abstinence in isolation cage or enriched environment conditions, and the reduction in their density in the dorsal striatum provoked by isolation cage conditions. The metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor density decreased only in the prefrontal cortex after isolation cage and enriched environment abstinence. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the different impacts caused by the type of housing conditions during abstinence from cocaine self-administration on drug-seeking behaviour in rats. The observed changes in the dopamine D2-like and metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor Bmax and/or Kd values were brain-region specific and related to either pharmacological and/or motivational features of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Frankowska
- 1 Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Miszkiel
- 1 Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Pomierny-Chamioło
- 2 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- 2 Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Giannotti
- 3 Department of Pharmacological and Bimolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Agata Suder
- 1 Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- 1 Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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7
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Bao GC, Bleimeister IH, Zimmerman LA, Wellcome JL, Niesman PJ, Radabaugh HL, Bondi CO, Kline AE. Intermittent Administration of Haloperidol after Cortical Impact Injury Neither Impedes Spontaneous Recovery Nor Attenuates the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1606-1614. [PMID: 30458116 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of haloperidol (HAL) once-daily for 19 days after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) impedes recovery and attenuates the efficacy of environmental enrichment (EE). However, it is unknown how intermittent administration of HAL affects the recovery process when paired with EE. Addressing the uncertainty is relevant because daily HAL is not always warranted to manage TBI-induced agitation in the clinic, and indeed intermittent therapy may be a more common approach. Hence, the aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that intermittent HAL would neither impair recovery in standard (STD)-housed controls nor attenuate the efficacy of EE. Anesthetized adult male rats received a cortical impact or sham injury and then were housed in STD or EE conditions. Beginning 24 h later, HAL (0.5 mg/kg; intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was administered either once-daily for 19 days or once every other day, whereas vehicle (VEH; 1 mL/kg; i.p.) was administered once daily. Motor performance and cognition were assessed on post-injury days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. Cortical lesion volume was quantified on day 21. SHAM controls performed better than all TBI groups on motor and spatial learning [p < 0.05], but did not differ from the TBI + EE + daily VEH group on memory retention [p > 0.05]. The TBI + EE + daily VEH and TBI + EE + intermittent HAL groups did not differ from one another on beam-walk or spatial learning [p > 0.05], and both performed better than all other TBI groups [p < 0.05]. In contrast, the TBI + STD + daily HAL group performed worse than all TBI groups on spatial learning [p < 0.05]. No difference in any endpoint was revealed between the TBI + STD + intermittent HAL and TBI + STD + daily VEH groups [p > 0.05]. The results support the hypothesis that HAL is not detrimental when provided intermittently. If translatable to the clinic, intermittent HAL may be used to control TBI-induced agitation without negatively affecting spontaneous recovery or rehabilitative efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina C Bao
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabel H Bleimeister
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lydia A Zimmerman
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - JoDy L Wellcome
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J Niesman
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah L Radabaugh
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corina O Bondi
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony E Kline
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,6 Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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Miszkiel J, Jastrzębska J, Filip M, Przegaliński E. Amphetamine Self-Administration and Its Extinction Alter the 5-HT 1B Receptor Protein Levels in Designated Structures of the Rat Brain. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:217-229. [PMID: 30168018 PMCID: PMC6313351 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the serotonin (5-HT)1B receptors can modify the behavioral effects of amphetamine including its reinforcing properties. Focus of this study was to examine changes in 5-HT1B receptor protein expression in several brain structures linked to substance drug disorder in different stages of amphetamine addiction—single session of amphetamine self-administration, 20 consecutive days of amphetamine self-administration, and 3 and 14 days of extinction from chronic drug intake. “Yoked” procedure was employed to set apart pharmacological and motivational effects of amphetamine intoxication. Immunohistofluorescence was performed on brain slices containing the following regions: nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and core, globus pallidum (GP) lateral and ventral, hippocampus (HIP), substantia nigra (SN), and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Single amphetamine session decreased the amount of 5-HT1B receptors in SN, VTA, and HIP in active and yoked rats. On the contrary, 20 days of chronic amphetamine exposure triggered elevation of 5-HT1B receptors exclusively in animals that voluntarily administered the drug in NAc core, GP ventral, and HIP. Furthermore, 14-day (but not 3-day) extinction from amphetamine increased the 5-HT1B receptor expression in ventral and lateral GP, HIP, and SN. This study is the first to demonstrate that exposure to amphetamine and its extinction alter the expression of 5-HT1B receptors in various rat brain regions, and those changes seem to be transient and region specific. Importantly, since increased expression of 5-HT1B receptor after chronic amphetamine self-administration was limited only to active group of animals, we suggest that 5-HT1B receptor is linked to motivational aspect of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Miszkiel
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Jastrzębska
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Edmund Przegaliński
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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9
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Khalaji S, Bigdeli I, Ghorbani R, Miladi-Gorji H. Environmental Enrichment Attenuates Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference and Locomotor Sensitization in Maternally Separated Rat Pups. Basic Clin Neurosci 2018; 9:241-250. [PMID: 30519382 PMCID: PMC6276535 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.4.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study investigated the effect of the environmental enrichment during adolescence on morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) and locomotor sensitization in maternally separated male and female rat pups. Methods Male Wistar rats were allowed to mate with female virgin Wistar rats. Pups were separated from them 3 hours per day during 2-14 days postnatal. All pups were weaned at 21 Postnatal Day (PND) and reared in standard environment or enriched environment from 21 to 50 PND with litter-mates of the same sex. The CPP and behavioral sensitization to morphine were assessed by an unbiased place conditioning paradigm and open filed method. Results The results showed that the maternal separation enhanced morphine-induced CPP in both sexes, locomotor sensitization in male pups and tolerance to morphine-induced motor activity in female pups during adolescence. While, male and female pups reared in an EE exhibited a decrease in morphine-induced CPP, locomotor sensitization and tolerance induced by maternal separation compared to their control pups. Conclusion Access to enriched environment during adolescence may have a protective effect against morphine-induced reward, locomotor sensitization and tolerance in adolescent male and female rats following maternal separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheyla Khalaji
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Imanollah Bigdeli
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Raheb Ghorbani
- Social Determinates of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein Miladi-Gorji
- Laboratory of Animal Addiction Models, Physiology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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10
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Baker EP, Magnuson EC, Dahly AM, Siegel JA. The effects of enriched environment on the behavioral and corticosterone response to methamphetamine in adolescent and adult mice. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:664-673. [PMID: 29738077 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine alters behavior and the stress response system. Relatively little research has examined the effects of methamphetamine in adolescents and compared these effects to those in adults. Housing in enriched environments has been explored as one way to protect against the effects of methamphetamine, but the findings are conflicting and no study has examined how enriched environment may alter the behavioral and corticosterone responses to methamphetamine in adolescent and adult rodents. We examined the long-term effects of methamphetamine exposure on anxiety, social behavior, behavioral despair, and corticosterone levels in adolescent and adult mice housed in enriched or isolated environments. Enriched environment did not alter the behavioral or corticosterone response to methamphetamine. Methamphetamine exposure decreased anxiety and increased behavioral despair in adult mice, but methamphetamine did not alter behavior in adolescent mice. There was no effect of methamphetamine on social behavior or corticosterone levels. Our findings demonstrate that the specific environmental enrichment paradigm used in this study was not sufficient to mitigate the behavioral effects of methamphetamine and that adolescent mice are relatively resistant to the effects of methamphetamine compared to adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Elliott C Magnuson
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Ashley M Dahly
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jessica A Siegel
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota
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11
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Novel approaches to alcohol rehabilitation: Modification of stress-responsive brain regions through environmental enrichment. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:25-36. [PMID: 29477298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Relapse remains the most prominent hurdle to successful rehabilitation from alcoholism. The neural mechanisms underlying relapse are complex, but our understanding of the brain regions involved, the anatomical circuitry and the modulation of specific nuclei in the context of stress and cue-induced relapse have improved significantly in recent years. In particular, stress is now recognised as a significant trigger for relapse, adding to the well-established impact of chronic stress to escalate alcohol consumption. It is therefore unsurprising that the stress-responsive regions of the brain have also been implicated in alcohol relapse, such as the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and the hypothalamus. Environmental enrichment is a robust experimental paradigm which provides a non-pharmacological tool to alter stress response and, separately, alcohol-seeking behaviour and symptoms of withdrawal. In this review, we examine and consolidate the preclinical evidence that alcohol seeking behaviour and stress-induced relapse are modulated by environmental enrichment, and these are primarily mediated by modification of neural activity within the key nodes of the addiction circuitry. Finally, we discuss the limited clinical evidence that stress-reducing approaches such as mindfulness could potentially serve as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of alcoholism. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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12
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Hajheidari S, Sameni HR, Bandegi AR, Miladi-gorji H. Effects of prolonged abstinence from METH on the hippocampal BDNF levels, neuronal numbers and apoptosis in methamphetamine-sensitized rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:80-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Hammami-Abrand Abadi A, Miladi-Gorji H. Effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral and spatial cognitive deficits in morphine-dependent and -withdrawn rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:163-169. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effect of environmental enrichment during morphine dependence and withdrawal on morphine-induced behavioral and spatial cognitive disorders in morphine-withdrawn rats. Adult male Wistar rats (190 ± 20 g) were injected with bi-daily doses (10 mg/kg, 12 h intervals) of morphine for 14 days. Rats were reared in SE or EE during the development of dependence on morphine and withdrawal. Then, rats were tested for spatial learning and memory (the water maze), spontaneous withdrawal signs, and grooming behavior. We found that the EE blocked chronic morphine-induced partial impairments of spatial memory retention. Moreover, the EE diminished the occurrence of spontaneous morphine withdrawal signs as mild and the self-grooming behavior. Our findings showed that EE ameliorates chronic morphine-induced partial deficits of spatial cognition, obsessive-like behavior, and the overall severity of the morphine withdrawal. Thus, environmental enrichment may be a potential therapeutic strategy for spatial memory and behavioral deficits in morphine-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Miladi-Gorji
- Laboratory of Animal Addiction Models, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Environmental and Pharmacological Manipulations Blunt the Stress Response of Zebrafish in a Similar Manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28986. [PMID: 27351465 PMCID: PMC4924565 DOI: 10.1038/srep28986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we provide evidence that both pharmacological and environmental manipulations similarly blunt the cortisol release in response to an acute stressor in adult zebrafish. Different groups of fish were maintained isolated or group-housed in barren or enriched tanks, and then exposed or not to diazepam or fluoxetine. Acute stress increased cortisol levels in group-housed zebrafish maintained in barren environment. Single-housed zebrafish displayed a blunted cortisol response to stress. Environmental enrichment also blunted the stress response and this was observed in both isolated and group-housed fish. The same blunting effect was observed in zebrafish exposed to diazepam or fluoxetine. We highlighted environmental enrichment as an alternative and/or complimentary therapeutic for reducing stress and as a promoter of animal welfare.
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Folweiler KA, Bondi CO, Ogunsanya EA, LaPorte MJ, Leary JB, Radabaugh HL, Monaco CM, Kline AE. Combining the Antipsychotic Drug Haloperidol and Environmental Enrichment after Traumatic Brain Injury Is a Double-Edged Sword. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:451-458. [PMID: 26975872 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) confers significant benefits after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). In contrast, the antipsychotic drug (APD) haloperidol (HAL) exerts deleterious effects on neurobehavioral and cognitive recovery. Neurorehabilitation and management of agitation, however, are integral components of the treatment strategy for patients with TBI. Hence, the goal of this study was to determine how the two therapeutic approaches interact and influence motor and cognitive recovery. Anesthetized adult male rats received a controlled cortical impact (2.8 mm tissue deformation at 4 m/sec) or sham injury and then were provided HAL (0.5 mg/kg; intraperitoneally [IP]) or vehicle (VEH; 1 mL/kg; IP) commencing 24 h after surgery and once daily for 19 days while housed in EE or standard (STD) conditions. Beam balance/walk and Morris water maze performance were assessed on post-injury days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively, followed immediately by quantification of cortical lesion volumes. The data revealed both expected and unexpected findings. It was not surprising that the TBI groups receiving EE performed significantly better than those in STD housing and that the TBI + STD + HAL group performed worse than the TBI + STD + VEH group (p < 0.05). What was surprising was that the therapeutic effects of EE were greatly reduced by concomitant administration of HAL. No differences in cortical lesion volumes were observed among the groups (p > 0.05). The potential clinical implications of these findings suggest that administering HAL to patients undergoing neurorehabilitation may be a double-edged sword because agitation must be controlled before rehabilitation can be safely initiated and executed, but its use may compromise therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A Folweiler
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corina O Bondi
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth A Ogunsanya
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan J LaPorte
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jacob B Leary
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah L Radabaugh
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina M Monaco
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony E Kline
- 1 Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,6 Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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