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Bazrgar M, Mirmotalebisohi SA, Ahmadi M, Azimi P, Dargahi L, Zali H, Ahmadiani A. Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA-associated ceRNA network reveals novel potential prognostic regulatory axes in glioblastoma multiforme. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18392. [PMID: 38864705 PMCID: PMC11167707 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the lncRNA-associated competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network is essential in decoding glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) pathogenesis by regulating miRNA availability and controlling mRNA stability. This study aimed to explore novel biomarkers for GBM by constructing a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. A ceRNA network in GBM was constructed using lncRNA, mRNA and miRNA expression profiles from the TCGA and GEO datasets. Seed nodes were identified by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis of deregulated-mRNAs (DEmRNAs) in the ceRNA network. A lncRNA-miRNA-seed network was constructed by mapping the seed nodes into the preliminary ceRNA network. The impact of the seed nodes on the overall survival (OS) of patients was assessed by the GSCA database. Functional enrichment analysis of the deregulated-lncRNAs (DElncRNA) in the ceRNA network and genes interacting with OS-related genes in the PPI network were performed. Finally, the positive correlation between seed nodes and their associated lncRNAs and the expression level of these molecules in GBM tissue compared with normal samples was validated using the GEPIA database. Our analyzes revealed that three novel regulatory axes AL161785.1/miR-139-5p/MS4A6A, LINC02611/miR-139-5p/MS4A6A and PCED1B-AS1/miR-433-3p/MS4A6A may play essential roles in GBM pathogenesis. MS4A6A is upregulated in GBM and closely associated with shorter survival time of patients. We also identified that MS4A6A expression positively correlates with genes related to tumour-associated macrophages, which induce macrophage infiltration and immune suppression. The functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that DElncRNAs are mainly involved in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium/MAPK signalling pathway, ribosome, GABAergic/Serotonergic/Glutamatergic synapse and immune system process. In addition, genes related to MS4A6A contribute to immune and inflammatory-related biological processes. Our findings provide novel insights to understand the ceRNA regulation in GBM and identify novel prognostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bazrgar
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Seyed Amir Mirmotalebisohi
- Student Research Committee, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohsen Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Parisa Azimi
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Neurobiology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Waiker DK, Verma A, Gajendra TA, Namrata, Roy A, Kumar P, Trigun SK, Srikrishna S, Krishnamurthy S, Davisson VJ, Shrivastava SK. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of some 2-(3-oxo-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazin-2(3H)-yl)-N-phenylacetamide hybrids as MTDLs for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116409. [PMID: 38663285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Inspite of established symptomatic relief drug targets, a multi targeting approach is highly in demand to cure Alzheimer's disease (AD). Simultaneous inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE), β secretase-1 (BACE-1) and Dyrk1A could be promising in complete cure of AD. A series of 18 diaryl triazine based molecular hybrids were successfully designed, synthesized, and tested for their hChE, hBACE-1, Dyrk1A and Aβ aggregation inhibitory potentials. Compounds S-11 and S-12 were the representative molecules amongst the series with multi-targeted inhibitory effects. Compound S-12 showed hAChE inhibition (IC50 value = 0.486 ± 0.047 μM), BACE-1 inhibition (IC50 value = 0.542 ± 0.099 μM) along with good anti-Aβ aggregation effects in thioflavin-T assay. Only compound S-02 of the series has shown Dyrk1A inhibition (IC50 value = 2.000 ± 0.360 μM). Compound S-12 has also demonstrated no neurotoxic liabilities against SH-SY5Y as compared to donepezil. The in vivo behavioral studies of the compound S-12 in the scopolamine- and Aβ-induced animal models also demonstrated attanuation of learning and memory functions in rats models having AD-like characteristics. The ex vivo studies, on the rat hippocampal brain demonstrated reduction in certain biochemical markers of the AD brain with a significant increase in ACh level. The Western blot and Immunohistochemistry further revealed lower tau, APP and BACE-1 molecular levels. The drosophilla AD model also revealed improved eyephenotype after treatment with compound S-12. The molecular docking studies of the compounds suggested that compound S-12 was interacting with the ChE-PAS & CAS residues and catalytic dyad residues of the BACE-1 enzymes. The 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies of the ligand-protein complexed with hAChE and hBACE-1 also suggested stable ligand-protein confirmation throughout the simulation run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar Kumar Waiker
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Akash Verma
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - T A Gajendra
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Namrata
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anima Roy
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surendra Kumar Trigun
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vincent Jo Davisson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sushant Kumar Shrivastava
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology - Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Lv W, Lin S, Zuo Z, Huang Z, Wang Y. Involvement of microglia-expressed MS4A6A in the onset of glioblastoma. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2836-2849. [PMID: 38488530 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the deadliest form of brain tumour, characterized by its low survival rate and grim prognosis. Cytokines released from glioma-associated microglia/macrophages are involved in establishing the tumour microenvironment, thereby crucially promoting GBM progression. MS4A6A polymorphism was confirmed to be associated with neurodegenerative and polymorphism disease pathobiology, but whether it participates in the regulation of GBM and the underlying mechanisms is still not elucidated. Here, we found that MS4A6A was significantly upregulated in GBM patient samples. The results from the single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) database and immunostaining demonstrated the specific expression of MS4A6A in microglial cells. In vitro, microglial overexpression of MS4A6A stimulated the proliferation and migration of glioblastoma cells. Moreover, high MS4A6A mRNA expression was related to poor prognosis in GBM patients. Our study highlights the potential of MS4A6A as a promising biomarker for GBM, which may provide novel strategies for its prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengyan Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenxing Zuo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tenth people's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihui Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Hu F, Zhu Y, Tian J, Xu H, Xue Q. Single-Cell Sequencing Combined with Transcriptome Sequencing Constructs a Predictive Model of Key Genes in Multiple Sclerosis and Explores Molecular Mechanisms Related to Cellular Communication. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:191-210. [PMID: 38226354 PMCID: PMC10788626 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s442684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes chronic inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system and comprises a class of neurodegenerative diseases in which interactions between multiple immune cell types mediate the involvement of MS development. However, the early diagnosis and treatment of MS remain challenging. Methods Gene expression profiles of MS patients were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Single-cell and intercellular communication analyses were performed to identify candidate gene sets. Predictive models were constructed using LASSO regression. Relationships between genes and immune cells were analyzed by single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). The molecular mechanisms of key genes were explored using gene enrichment analysis. An miRNA network was constructed to search for target miRNAs related to key genes, and related transcription factors were searched by transcriptional regulation analysis. We utilized the GeneCard database to detect the correlations between disease-regulated genes and key genes. We verified the mRNA expression of 4 key genes by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT‒qPCR). Results Monocyte marker genes were selected as candidate gene sets. CD3D, IL2RG, MS4A6A, and NCF2 were found to be the key genes by LASSO regression. We constructed a prediction model with AUC values of 0.7569 and 0.719. The key genes were closely related to immune factors and immune cells. We explored the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involving the key genes by gene enrichment analysis. We obtained and visualized the miRNAs associated with the key genes using the miRcode database. We also predicted the transcription factors involved. We used validated key genes in MS patients, several of which were confirmed by RT‒qPCR. Conclusion The prediction model constructed with the CD3D, IL2RG, MS4A6A, and NCF2 genes has good diagnostic efficacy and provides new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingluan Tian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jintan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou Jintan First People’s Hospital, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People’s Republic of China
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Development of Novel Fluorinated Polyphenols as Selective Inhibitors of DYRK1A/B Kinase for Treatment of Neuroinflammatory Diseases including Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030443. [PMID: 36986543 PMCID: PMC10058583 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polyphenol derivatives such as those found in green tea have been known for a long time for their useful therapeutic activity. Starting from EGCG, we have discovered a new fluorinated polyphenol derivative (1c) characterized by improved inhibitory activity against DYRK1A/B enzymes and by considerably improved bioavailability and selectivity. DYRK1A is an enzyme that has been implicated as an important drug target in various therapeutic areas, including neurological disorders (Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease), oncology, and type 2 diabetes (pancreatic β-cell expansion). Systematic structure–activity relationship (SAR) on trans-GCG led to the discovery that the introduction of a fluoro atom in the D ring and methylation of the hydroxy group from para to the fluoro atom provide a molecule (1c) with more desirable drug-like properties. Owing to its good ADMET properties, compound 1c showed excellent activity in two in vivo models, namely the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model and the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) animal model for Parkinson’s disease.
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Vieira SRL, Schapira AHV. Glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1105-1117. [PMID: 35932311 PMCID: PMC9463283 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) mutations as the greatest numerical genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson disease (PD) resulted in a paradigm shift within the research landscape. Efforts to elucidate the mechanisms behind GBA1-associated PD have highlighted shared pathways in idiopathic PD including the loss and gain-of-function hypotheses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipid metabolism, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and altered autophagy-lysosomal pathway responsible for degradation of aggregated and misfolded a-synuclein. GBA1-associated PD exhibits subtle differences in phenotype and disease progression compared to idiopathic counterparts notably an earlier age of onset, faster motor decline and greater frequency of non-motor symptoms (which also constitute a significant aspect of the prodromal phase of the disease). GBA1-targeted therapies have been developed and are being investigated in clinical trials. The most notable are Ambroxol, a small molecule chaperone, and Venglustat, a blood-brain-barrier-penetrant substrate reduction therapy agent. It is imperative that further studies clarify the aetiology of GBA1-associated PD, enabling the development of a greater abundance of targeted therapies in this new era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia R L Vieira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Rowland Hill St., London, NW3 2PF, UK.
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Liu T, Wang Y, Wang J, Ren C, Chen H, Zhang J. DYRK1A inhibitors for disease therapy: Current status and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114062. [PMID: 34954592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1 A (DYRK1A) is a conserved protein kinase that plays essential roles in various biological processes. It is located in the region q22.2 of chromosome 21, which is involved in the pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS). Moreover, DYRK1A has been shown to promote the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides leading to gradual Tau hyperphosphorylation, which contributes to neurodegeneration. Additionally, alterations in the DRK1A expression are also associated with cancer and diabetes. Recent years have witnessed an explosive increase in the development of DYRK1A inhibitors. A variety of novel DYRK1A inhibitors have been reported as potential treatments for human diseases. In this review, the latest therapeutic potential of DYRK1A for different diseases and the novel DYRK1A inhibitors discoveries are summarized, guiding future inhibitor development and structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Targeted Tracer Research and development laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Institute for Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and development laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Institute for Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Changyu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and development laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Institute for Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Zheng R, Qiao S, Chen Y, Jin C, Fang Y, Lin Z, Xue N, Yan Y, Gu L, Gao T, Tian J, Yan Y, Yin X, Pu J, Zhang B. Association analysis and polygenic risk score evaluation of 38 GWAS-identified Loci in a Chinese population with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136150. [PMID: 34352340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) has identified 38 novel independent loci associated with risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in European populations. We sought to investigate whether these genetic susceptibility variants could be replicated in the Chinese Han population. METHODS We genotyped 38 independent loci in 495 Chinese sporadic PD patients and 470 unrelated controls and performed allelic and genotypic association test using chi-square tests or Armitage test for trend. Polygenic risk score (PRS) models were built to evaluate the cumulative effects of the selected SNPs. RESULTS We found that the rs11610045 of FBRSL1 (p = 0.02, OR = 0.63, allele model), rs76116224 of KCNS3 (p < 0.01, OR = 0.09, allele model), and the rs2248244 of DYRK1A (p = 0.02, OR = 1.35, allele model) were significantly associated with PD. The PRS model of cumulative effects of the SNPs associated with PD in our study had the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.61. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that rs11610045 of FBRSL1, rs76116224 of KCNS3 and rs2248244 of DYRK1A showed an impact on the risk of PD, and the GWAS-derived PRS models we built had predictive value for PD risk in the Chinese population. Further studies are needed to explore the pathogenesis of these potentially risk-associated variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Song Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Chongyao Jin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhihao Lin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Naijia Xue
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yiqun Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Luyan Gu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Xinzhen Yin
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jiali Pu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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Behl T, Kaur G, Fratila O, Buhas C, Judea-Pusta CT, Negrut N, Bustea C, Bungau S. Cross-talks among GBA mutations, glucocerebrosidase, and α-synuclein in GBA-associated Parkinson's disease and their targeted therapeutic approaches: a comprehensive review. Transl Neurodegener 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 33446243 PMCID: PMC7809876 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) are palliative, of which the levodopa/carbidopa therapy remains the primary choice but is unable to modulate the progression of neurodegeneration. Due to the complication of such a multifactorial disorder and significant limitations of the therapy, numerous genetic approaches have been proved effective in finding out genes and mechanisms implicated in this disease. Following the observation of a higher frequency of PD in Gaucher's disease (GD), a lysosomal storage condition, mutations of glycosylceramidase beta (GBA) encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase) have been shown to be involved and have been explored in the context of PD. GBA mutations are the most common genetic risk factor of PD. Various studies have revealed the relationships between PD and GBA gene mutations, facilitating a better understanding of this disorder. Various hypotheses delineate that the pathological mutations of GBA minimize the enzymatic activity of GCase, which affects the proliferation and clearance of α-synuclein; this affects the lysosomal homeostasis, exacerbating the endoplasmic reticulum stress or encouraging the mitochondrial dysfunction. Identification of the pathological mechanisms underlying the GBA-associated parkinsonism (GBA + PD) advances our understanding of PD. This review based on current literature aims to elucidate various genetic and clinical characteristics correlated with GBA mutations and to identify the numerous pathological processes underlying GBA + PD. We also delineate the therapeutic strategies to interfere with the mutant GCase function for further improvement of the related α-synuclein-GCase crosstalks. Moreover, the various therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy, chaperone proteins, and histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of GBA + PD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Camelia Buhas
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Bihor County, Romania
| | - Claudia Teodora Judea-Pusta
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Bihor County, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Negrut
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Cristiana Bustea
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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Behl T, Kaur G, Fratila O, Buhas C, Judea-Pusta CT, Negrut N, Bustea C, Bungau S. Cross-talks among GBA mutations, glucocerebrosidase, and α-synuclein in GBA-associated Parkinson’s disease and their targeted therapeutic approaches: a comprehensive review. Transl Neurodegener 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-020-00226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCurrent therapies for Parkinson’s disease (PD) are palliative, of which the levodopa/carbidopa therapy remains the primary choice but is unable to modulate the progression of neurodegeneration. Due to the complication of such a multifactorial disorder and significant limitations of the therapy, numerous genetic approaches have been proved effective in finding out genes and mechanisms implicated in this disease. Following the observation of a higher frequency of PD in Gaucher’s disease (GD), a lysosomal storage condition, mutations of glycosylceramidase beta (GBA) encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase) have been shown to be involved and have been explored in the context of PD. GBA mutations are the most common genetic risk factor of PD. Various studies have revealed the relationships between PD and GBA gene mutations, facilitating a better understanding of this disorder. Various hypotheses delineate that the pathological mutations of GBA minimize the enzymatic activity of GCase, which affects the proliferation and clearance of α-synuclein; this affects the lysosomal homeostasis, exacerbating the endoplasmic reticulum stress or encouraging the mitochondrial dysfunction. Identification of the pathological mechanisms underlying the GBA-associated parkinsonism (GBA + PD) advances our understanding of PD. This review based on current literature aims to elucidate various genetic and clinical characteristics correlated with GBA mutations and to identify the numerous pathological processes underlying GBA + PD. We also delineate the therapeutic strategies to interfere with the mutant GCase function for further improvement of the related α-synuclein–GCase crosstalks. Moreover, the various therapeutic approaches such as gene therapy, chaperone proteins, and histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of GBA + PD are discussed.
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Qiu X, Huang Y, Cen L, Chen X, Lu T, Shen Y, Xu P, Wang J, Xiao Y. Association of GLP-1 receptor gene polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson's disease in Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2020; 728:135004. [PMID: 32334107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Receptor (GLP1R) plays a critical role in selective death of dopaminergic neurons and development of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about genetic associations of GLP1R gene polymorphisms with PD susceptibility. Therefore, this study aimed to verify whether GLP1R polymorphisms contribute to PD risk in a Chinese Han population. We recruited 518 individuals comprising 259 sporadic PD patients and 259 healthy controls. All of the participants were genotyped for two possibly functional polymorphisms located in GLP1R (rs3765467 and rs6923761) using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. The frequency of the rs3765467 GG genotype was significantly higher in the PD group compared with that in the control group (OR = 1.444, 95 % CI: 1.015-2.055, p = 0.041). Subgroup analysis revealed that male patients and late-onset patients with the rs3765467 GG genotype suffered an increased risk of PD compared with healthy controls (p = 0.021 and p = 0.012, respectively). However, the genotype and allele frequencies for rs6923761 were not significantly different between PD and healthy subjects. Our results indicate that the GLP1R rs3765467 GG genotype is a potential risk factor for PD, especially for male and late-onset PD patients in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanning Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Luan Cen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tanli Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuefei Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Yousheng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
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Arbones ML, Thomazeau A, Nakano-Kobayashi A, Hagiwara M, Delabar JM. DYRK1A and cognition: A lifelong relationship. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 194:199-221. [PMID: 30268771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dosage of the serine threonine kinase DYRK1A is critical in the central nervous system (CNS) during development and aging. This review analyzes the functions of this kinase by considering its interacting partners and pathways. The role of DYRK1A in controlling the differentiation of prenatal newly formed neurons is presented separately from its role at the pre- and post-synaptic levels in the adult CNS; its effects on synaptic plasticity are also discussed. Because this kinase is positioned at the crossroads of many important processes, genetic dosage errors in this protein produce devastating effects arising from DYRK1A deficiency, such as in MRD7, an autism spectrum disorder, or from DYRK1A excess, such as in Down syndrome. Effects of these errors have been shown in various animal models including Drosophila, zebrafish, and mice. Dysregulation of DYRK1A levels also occurs in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Finally, this review describes inhibitors that have been assessed in vivo. Accurate targeting of DYRK1A levels in the brain, with either inhibitors or activators, is a future research challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Arbones
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Aurore Thomazeau
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Akiko Nakano-Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean M Delabar
- INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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Genetic Impact on Clinical Features in Parkinson's Disease: A Study on SNCA-rs11931074. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 2018:2754541. [PMID: 30631417 PMCID: PMC6304873 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2754541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
SNCA-rs11931074 had been demonstrated to be strongly correlated with PD risk. However, there was lack of comprehensive analysis of SNCA-rs11931074-related clinical features which may help explain clinical heterogeneity of PD. In our study, we performed association analyses on the relationship between SNCA-rs11931074 and motor symptoms, nonmotor symptoms, and comorbidities in PD. 611 rs11931074 carriers and 113 rs11931074 noncarriers were enrolled. In the clinical phenotype analyses, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part II (UPDRS II) and part III (UPDRS III) scores of rs11931074 carriers were lower than those of noncarriers (SC: −0.083, p=0.035; SC: −0.140, p ≤ 0.001). The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score of carriers was lower than that of noncarriers (SC: −0.097, p=0.009). No significant statistical differences were found between the variant and other clinical features such as motor complications and nonmotor symptoms. The SNCA-rs11931074 carriers may present with more benign clinical profiles than noncarriers with less severe motor symptoms and comorbidity burden.
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A Meta-Analysis of GBA-Related Clinical Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 2018:3136415. [PMID: 30363648 PMCID: PMC6180987 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3136415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background GBA gene had been proved to be a crucial gene to the risk of PD. Numerous studies had discussed about the unique clinical characteristics of PD patients with GBA carriers (GBA + PD). However, there was lack of updated comprehensive analysis on the topic. In order to clarify the association between GBA variants and the clinical phenotypes of PD, we conducted this comprehensive meta-analysis. Method Medline, Embase, and Cochrane were used to perform the searching. Strict selection criteria were followed in screening for new published articles or data. Revman 5.3 software was applied to perform the total statistical analysis, and funnel plots in the software were used to assess the publication biases. Results A total of 26 articles including 931 GBA + PD and 14861 GBA noncarriers of PD (GBA - PD) were involved in the final meta-analysis, and 14 of them were either newly added publications or related data newly analyzed compared with the version published in 2015. Then, a series of symptoms containing depression, orthostatic hypotension, motor fluctuation, wearing-off, and freezing were newly analyzed due to more articles eligible. Besides, clinical features like family history, AAO, UPDRS-III, H-Y, and dementia previously analyzed were updated with new data added. Significant statistical differences were found in wearing-off, family history, AAO, UPDRS-III, and dementia (OR: 1.14, 1.65; MD: -3.61, 2.17; OR: 2.44; p: 0.03, <0.00001, <0.00001, 0.003, and <0.00001). Depression was slightly associated with GBA + PD (OR: 1.47; p: 0.04). Clinical symptoms such as H-Y, orthostatic hypotension, motor fluctuation, and freezing did not feature GBA + PD. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that there were unique clinical features in GBA + PD which can help the management of the whole duration of PD patients.
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Fang L, Tang BS, Fan K, Wan CM, Yan XX, Guo JF. Alzheimer's disease susceptibility genes modify the risk of Parkinson disease and Parkinson's disease-associated cognitive impairment. Neurosci Lett 2018; 677:55-59. [PMID: 29698690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanism underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) and PD- Cognitive impairment (CI) remains elusive. Its potential link to the risk factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unclear. In this study, we analyzed 16 CE-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in twelve genes in a Chinese cohort of 450 PD cases and 449 controls. Among our 298 cases clinically evaluated for CI, 113 cases did not show CI signs (PD-NC), 86 cases had mildly cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and 99 cases had dementia (PD-D). We found that the APOE ε4 allele is associated with a higher risk for PD-D. Gene-gene interaction analysis revealed that three significant gene-gene interactions, including BDNF and CLU, APOE and CR1, and DYRK1A and CD2AP increase the risk for PD. Because these SNPs are known genetic risk factors for AD, their contribution to PD and PD-D shown in this study suggests that PD/PD-D and AD may share convergent pathways in their pathogenesis through gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chang-Min Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ji-Feng Guo
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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Cen L, Xiao Y, Wei L, Mo M, Chen X, Li S, Yang X, Huang Q, Qu S, Pei Z, Xu P. Association of DYRK1A polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson's disease in Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:39-43. [PMID: 27546826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein plays important roles in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathologies. The dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) has a wide range of phosphorylation targets including α-synuclein. Posphorylated α-synuclein is more neurotoxic to dopamine (DA) neurons, but little is known about the genetic variation of DYRK1A in patients with PD. The present investigation aimed to explore the possible association of DYRK1A gene with PD in Chinese Han population. A total of 268 PD patients and 268 healthy-matched individuals in Chinese Han population were enrolled. Genotyping of rs8126696, rs2835740, and rs1137600 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were performed on the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. Results revealed TT genotype in SNP rs8126696 denoted a significant difference between PD patients and controls (OR=1.710, 95% CI=1.116-2.619, P=0.014), and the frequency of rs8126696 TT genotype was significantly higher in male PD patients than male controls (OR=2.012, 95%CI: 1.125-3.599, p=0.018). The genotypes in rs2835740 and rs1137600 showed no significant difference between PD patients and controls. These results suggest that TT genotype derived from SNP rs8126696 of DYRK1A gene is a possible risk factor for sporadic PD, especially for males in this Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Cen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Yousheng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shaomin Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xingling Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510900, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, 510120, China.
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Kay LJ, Smulders-Srinivasan TK, Soundararajan M. Understanding the Multifaceted Role of Human Down Syndrome Kinase DYRK1A. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 105:127-71. [PMID: 27567487 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dual-specificity tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation-regulated kinase DYRK1A, also known as Down syndrome (DS) kinase, is a dosage-dependent signaling kinase that was originally shown to be highly expressed in DS patients as a consequence of trisomy 21. Although this was evident some time ago, it is only in recent investigations that the molecular roles of DYRK1A in a wide range of cellular processes are becoming increasingly apparent. Since initial knowledge on DYRK1A became evident through minibrain mnb, the Drosophila homolog of DYRK1A, this review will first summarize the scientific reports on minibrain and further expand on the well-established neuronal functions of mammalian and human DYRK1A. Recent investigations across the current decade have provided rather interesting and compelling evidence in establishing nonneuronal functions for DYRK1A, including its role in infection, immunity, cardiomyocyte biology, cancer, and cell cycle control. The latter part of this review will therefore focus in detail on the emerging nonneuronal functions of DYRK1A and summarize the regulatory role of DYRK1A in controlling Tau and α-synuclein. Finally, the emerging role of DYRK1A in Parkinson's disease will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kay
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - T K Smulders-Srinivasan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - M Soundararajan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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