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Kaplan Algin A, Tomruk C, Gözde Aslan Ç, Şaban Akkurt S, Mehtap Çinar G, Ulukaya S, Uyanikgil Y, Akçay Y. Effects of ozone treatment to the levels of neurodegeneration biomarkers after rotenone induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2023; 814:137448. [PMID: 37597740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of ozone treatment on the neurodegeneration of stereotaxic rotenone-induced parkinson's disease (PD) model. The model was confirmed using the apomorphine rotation test. α-synuclein, amyloid-β, Tau, phosphorylated Tau, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase(+), nNOS(+), and glial cell counts were used to evaluate neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. The experiment involved 48 Sprague-Dawley rats divided into four groups: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), DMSO with ozone (O), DMSO/rotenone (R), and D/R/O. Ozone treatment significantly improved tissue α-synuclein level and TH+, nNOS+, and glial cell counts compared to the rotenone-only group. The study suggests that ozone treatment may have beneficial effects on PD biomarkers in the rotenone model. Further studies on ozone dosage, duration, and administration methods in humans could provide more evidence for its potential use in Parkinson's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Kaplan Algin
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey; Integrative and Complementary Medical Clinic Muratpaşa, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Canberk Tomruk
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Çiğdem Gözde Aslan
- Biruni University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sinan Şaban Akkurt
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey; Clinic of Dr. Sinan Akkurt, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gülcihan Mehtap Çinar
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Ulukaya
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yiğit Uyanikgil
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Akçay
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
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Mendonça IP, de Paiva IHR, Duarte-Silva EP, de Melo MG, da Silva RS, do Nascimento MIX, Peixoto CA. Metformin improves depressive-like behavior in experimental Parkinson's disease by inducing autophagy in the substantia nigra and hippocampus. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1705-1716. [PMID: 35931897 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) remains a disease of little known etiology. In addition to the motor symptoms, depression is present in about 40% of patients, contributing to the loss of quality of life. Recently, the involvement of the autophagy mechanism in the pathogenesis of depression has been studied, in addition to its involvement in PD as well. In this study, we tested the effects of metformin, an antidiabetic drug also with antidepressant effects, on depressive-like behavior in a rotenone-induced PD model and on the autophagy process. Mice 8-week-old male C57BL/6 were induced with rotenone for 20 consecutive days (2.5 mg/kg/day) and treated with metformin (200 mg/kg/day) from the 5th day of induction. All the animals were submitted to rotarod, sucrose preference and tail suspension tests. After euthanasia, the substantia nigra and hippocampus were removed for analysis by western blotting or fixed and analyzed by immunofluorescence. The results show that there was an impairment of autophagy in animals induced by rotenone both in nigral and extranigral regions as well as a depressive-like behavior. Metformin was able to inhibit depressive-like behavior and increase signaling pathway proteins, transcription factors and autophagosome-forming proteins, thus inducing autophagy in both the hippocampus and the substantia nigra. In conclusion, we show that metformin has an antidepressant effect in a rotenone-induced PD model, which may result, at least in part, from the induction of the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Prata Mendonça
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Igor Henrique Rodrigues de Paiva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pereira Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Michel Gomes de Melo
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S da Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology On Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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El Ganainy SO, Cijsouw T, Ali MA, Schoch S, Hanafy AS. Stereotaxic-assisted gene therapy in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: therapeutic potentials and clinical frontiers. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:319-335. [PMID: 35319338 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2056446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are neurodegenerative disorders causing cognitive deficits and motor difficulties in the elderly. Conventional treatments are mainly symptomatic with little ability to halt disease progression. Gene therapies to correct or silence genetic mutations predisposing to AD or PD are currently being developed in preclinical studies and clinical trials, relying mostly on systemic delivery, which reduces their effectiveness. Imaging-guided stereotaxic procedures are used to locally deliver therapeutic cargos to well-defined brain sites, hence raising the question whether stereotaxic-assisted gene therapy has therapeutic potentials. AREAS COVERED The authors summarize the studies that investigated the use of gene therapy in PD and AD in animal and clinical studies over the past five years, with a special emphasis on the combinatorial potential with stereotaxic delivery. The advantages, limitations and futuristic challenges of this technique are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Robotic stereotaxis combined with intraoperative imaging has revolutionized brain surgeries. While gene therapies are bringing huge innovations to the medical field and new hope to AD and PD patients and medical professionals, the efficient and targeted delivery of such therapies is a bottleneck. We propose that careful application of stereotaxic delivery of gene therapies can improve PD and AD management. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar O El Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tony Cijsouw
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mennatallah A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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L-Theanine Ameliorated Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism-like Symptoms in Rats. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:241-258. [PMID: 34988886 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone (RO)-induced neurotoxicity exhibits pathophysiological features similar to those reported in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), such as nitrosative and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neural cytoarchitecture alterations in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)/striatum (ST), which has been used for decades as an animal model of PD in humans. L-Theanine (LT), a major amino acid component of green tea, exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and protects against various neural injuries. We investigated the potential therapeutic effects of LT on RO-induced behavioral and neurochemical dysfunction in rats and the neuroprotective mechanisms underlying these effects. Unilateral stereotaxic intranigral infusion of RO into the SNpc to induce PD-like manifestations induced significant behavioral impairment as evaluated using an open field test, rotarod test, grip strength measurement, and beam-crossing task in rats. LT treatment (300 mg/kg i.p., 21 days) ameliorated most RO-induced behavioral impairments. In addition, LT treatment reduced nitric oxide level and lipid peroxidation production, increased mitochondrial function and integrity, as well as the activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, IV, and V, and reduced the levels of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic markers in the SNpc and ameliorated the levels of catecholamines, GABA and glutamate in the ST induced by RO. These results demonstrate the possible therapeutic effects of LT against RO-induced behavioral impairments, including antioxidative effects, prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction, prevention of neurochemical deficiency, anti-neuroinflammatory effects, and anti-apoptotic effects. This is the first report on the neuroprotective effect of LT against RO-induced behavioral impairments, and the above evidence provides a potential clinically relevant role for LT in the management of human PD.
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Cankara FN, Günaydın C, Çelik ZB, Şahin Y, Pekgöz Ş, Erzurumlu Y, Gülle K. The effects of agomelatine in cisplatin-induced toxicity on the kidney and liver tissues: In vivo study. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Chen L, Huang Y, Yu X, Lu J, Jia W, Song J, Liu L, Wang Y, Huang Y, Xie J, Li M. Corynoxine Protects Dopaminergic Neurons Through Inducing Autophagy and Diminishing Neuroinflammation in Rotenone-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:642900. [PMID: 33927622 PMCID: PMC8078868 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.642900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that impairment of autophagy is related to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and small molecular autophagy enhancers are suggested to be potential drug candidates against PD. Previous studies identified corynoxine (Cory), an oxindole alkaloid isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks, as a new autophagy enhancer that promoted the degradation of α-synuclein in a PD cell model. In this study, two different rotenone-induced animal models of PD, one involving the systemic administration of rotenone at a low dosage in mice and the other involving the infusion of rotenone stereotaxically into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of rats, were employed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Cory. Cory was shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in the two rotenone-induced models of PD by improving motor dysfunction, preventing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neuronal loss, decreasing α-synuclein aggregates through the mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and diminishing neuroinflammation. These results provide preclinical experimental evidence supporting the development of Cory into a potential delivery system for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Chen
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujv Huang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Wenting Jia
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Juxian Song
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Macau, China
| | - Liangfeng Liu
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Youcui Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingyu Huang
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Li
- Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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Pramod Kumar P, Harish Prashanth KV. Diet with Low Molecular Weight Chitosan exerts neuromodulation in Rotenone induced Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111860. [PMID: 33212211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone (ROT) is well known pesticide been used in agriculture due to its low cost and rapid action. This has also been widely used to establish Parkinson's disease (PD) models in rodents. Here we have evaluated the role of well established potent molecule 'Low Molecular Weight Chitosan (LMWC)' against ROT induced neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Male adult flies (8-10 days) were induced for neurotoxicity using ROT (500 μM) and treated with LMWC (5 & 10 mg/mL basal media) during 7 days experiment. Subsequently, neurodegenerative and behavioural parameters were assessed. As a result, flies exposed to ROT alone showed decreased locomotor behaviour in negative geotaxis and open-field studies and had a higher incidence of mortality compared to control group. These effects were accompanied by decrease in dopamine level, ETC complexes and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cholinergic activities in head and body of the flies, suggesting ROT was able to induce oxidative stress. Co-exposure of LMWC reversed the ROT induced locomotor impairment, exploratory deficits and changes the biochemical parameters to normal level and increased the survival rate to 16 days. Thus, we suggested LMWC may be considered as better supplement in the prevention and management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pramod Kumar
- Functional Biopolymer Lab, Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka State, India
| | - K V Harish Prashanth
- Functional Biopolymer Lab, Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570020, Karnataka State, India.
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Bilge SS, Günaydin C, Önger ME, Bozkurt A, Avci B. Neuroprotective action of agmatine in rotenone-induced model of Parkinson's disease: Role of BDNF/cREB and ERK pathway. Behav Brain Res 2020; 392:112692. [PMID: 32479847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the role of agmatine in the central nervous system and indicated neuroprotective properties. In addition to its potent antioxidant effects, agmatine is an endogenous neuromodulator and has wide spectrum molecular actions on different receptor subtypes (NMDA, Imidazoline 1-2, alpha-2 adrenoreceptor, 5-HT2a, 5-HT3) and cellular signaling pathways (MAPK, PKA, NO, BDNF). Although the neuroprotective effects of agmatine demonstrated in experimental Parkinson's disease model, the effects of agmatine with the aspect of neuroplasticity and possible signaling mechanisms behind agmatine actions have not been investigated. Herein, in this study, we investigated the role of the of agmatine on rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model. Agmatine at the dose of 100 mg/kg i.p., was mitigated oxidative damage and alleviated motor impairments which were the results of the rotenone insult. Additionally, agmatine decreased neuronal loss, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and increased cREB, BDNF and ERK1/2 expression in the striatum, which are crucial neuroplasticity elements of striatal integrity. Taken together, the present study expands the knowledge of molecular mechanisms behind neuroprotective actions of agmatine in Parkinson's disease, and as far as we have known, this is the first study to delineate agmatine treated activation of cellular pathways which are important elements in neuronal cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sırrı Bilge
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Caner Günaydin
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - M Emin Önger
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Ayhan Bozkurt
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Bahattin Avci
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Samsun, Turkey.
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Deus CM, Pereira SP, Cunha-Oliveira T, Pereira FB, Raimundo N, Oliveira PJ. Mitochondrial remodeling in human skin fibroblasts from sporadic male Parkinson's disease patients uncovers metabolic and mitochondrial bioenergetic defects. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165615. [PMID: 31759069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. The exact mechanism by which dopaminergic neurodegeneration occurs is still unknown; however, mitochondrial dysfunction has long been implicated in PD pathogenesis. To investigate the sub-cellular events that lead to disease progression and to develop personalized interventions, non-neuronal cells which are collected in a minimally invasive manner can be key to test interventions aimed at improving mitochondrial function. We used human skin fibroblasts from sporadic PD (sPD) patients as a cell proxy to detect metabolic and mitochondrial alterations which would also exist in a non-neuronal cell type. In this model, we used a glucose-free/galactose- glutamine- and pyruvate-containing cell culture medium, which forces cells to be more dependent on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for energy production, in order to reveal hidden metabolic and mitochondrial alterations present in fibroblasts from sPD patients. We demonstrated that fibroblasts from sPD patients show hyperpolarized and elongated mitochondrial networks and higher mitochondrial ROS concentration, as well as decreased ATP levels and glycolysis-related ECAR. Our results also showed that abnormalities of fibroblasts from sPD patients became more evident when stimulating OXPHOS. Under these culture conditions, fibroblasts from sPD cells presented decreased basal respiration, ATP-linked OCR and maximal respiration, and increased mitochondria-targeting phosphorylation of DRP1 when compared to control cells. Our work validates the relevance of using fibroblasts from sPD patients to study cellular and molecular changes that are characteristic of dopaminergic neurodegeneration of PD, and shows that forcing mitochondrial OXPHOS uncovers metabolic defects that were otherwise hidden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Deus
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana P Pereira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal; LaMetEx - Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Francisco B Pereira
- Center for Informatics and Systems, University of Coimbra, Polo II, Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Polytechnic - ISEC, 3030-193 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal; IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal.
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