Glutaminergic tonic action potentiate MPP+-induced hydroxyl radical production in rat striatum

Open and rearranged norbornane derived polycyclic cage molecules as potential neuroprotective agents through attenuation of MPP+- and calcium overload-induced excitotoxicity in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells

The neuroprotective effects of closed polycyclic cage molecules such as NGP1-01, memantine and amantadine have been extensively explored. These effects are mostly linked to the antagonism of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor- and the blockage of voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC). The synthesis of structurally related open and rearranged cage derivatives has been studied in depth. However, very little is known on their neuroprotective effects. In this study, a series of open and rearranged polycyclic cage molecules containing a norbornane derived scaffold were synthesised and evaluated for cytotoxicity, neuroprotection and calcium blocking effects via the NMDA receptor and VGCC on neuroblastoma cells at a 10 μM concentration. All compounds showed negligible cytotoxicity and were able to significantly attenuate MPP⁺-induced neurotoxicity between 26.07 ± 12.50% to 48.42 ± 0.76%, with compound 14 showing the best neuroprotective effect. In comparison to known NMDA receptor antagonists, all compounds demonstrated moderate to excellent calcium blocking effects of 26.50 ± 2.28 to 72.95 ± 3.38%. Docking studies suggest that these compounds are able to show significant NMDA receptor channel blocking ability since they bind in a comparable manner to the crystallographic pose of MK-801 inside the NMDAR ion channel. Some compounds were also able to attenuate calcium influx through VGCC channels between 21.28 ± 3.69% to 50.34 ± 7.67%. Compound 4 and 15 showed the highest inhibition of calcium influx at the VGCC and NMDA receptor, respectively. The compounds exhibiting good cytotoxicity-, neuroprotective- and calcium blocking profiles could potentially act as neuroprotective agents to clinically benefit people suffering from neurodegenerative disorders.