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Xue J, Tao K, Wang W, Wang X. What Can Inflammation Tell Us about Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1641. [PMID: 38338925 PMCID: PMC10855787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a complicated etiology and pathogenesis. α-Synuclein aggregation, dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss, mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the process of PD. Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a key element in the initiation and progression of PD. In this review, we summarize the inflammatory response and pathogenic mechanisms of PD. Additionally, we describe the potential anti-inflammatory therapies, including nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibition, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibition, microglia inhibition, astrocyte inhibition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibition, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, targeting the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway, targeting α-synuclein, targeting miRNA, acupuncture, and exercise. The review focuses on inflammation and will help in designing new prevention strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xue
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (K.T.); (W.W.)
| | | | | | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (K.T.); (W.W.)
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Lee S, Ahn HJ, Park YS, Kim JH, Kim YS, Cho JJ, Park CS. NXP081, DNA Aptamer-Vitamin C Complex Ameliorates DNFB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Balb/c Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4172. [PMID: 37836456 PMCID: PMC10574402 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by dry and itchy skin. Recently, it has been reported that oxidative stress is involved in skin diseases, possibly including AD. Vitamin C, also referred to as ascorbic acid, is a vital water-soluble compound that functions as an essential nutrient. It plays a significant role as both an antioxidant and an additive in various pharmaceutical and food products. Despite the fact that vitamin C is easily oxidized, we have developed NXP081, a single-stranded DNA aptamer that selectively binds to vitamin C, thereby inhibiting its oxidation. The objective of the current research was to examine the impact of NXP081, an animal model of AD induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). The experimental drug NXP081, when taken orally, showed promising results in reducing inflammation and improving the skin conditions caused by DNFB. The administration of NXP081 resulted in a significant reduction in ear swelling and a noticeable improvement in the appearance of skin lesions. In addition, the administration of NXP081 resulted in a significant decrease in the migration of mast cells in the skin lesions induced by DNFB. Moreover, NXP081 inhibited the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in CD4+ T cells that were activated and derived from the lymph nodes. Our findings provide useful information about the anti-inflammatory effect of NXP081 on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanggon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.-J.A.); (Y.S.P.); (J.-J.C.)
| | - Hyun-Jong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.-J.A.); (Y.S.P.); (J.-J.C.)
| | - Yong Seek Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.-J.A.); (Y.S.P.); (J.-J.C.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Kim
- Nexmos Co., Ltd., U-Tower, 767, Sinsu-ro, Yongin-si 16827, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Yoon-Seong Kim
- Nexmos Co., Ltd., U-Tower, 767, Sinsu-ro, Yongin-si 16827, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Jeong-Je Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.-J.A.); (Y.S.P.); (J.-J.C.)
| | - Cheung-Seog Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.L.); (H.-J.A.); (Y.S.P.); (J.-J.C.)
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Kong AHY, Wu AJ, Ho OKY, Leung MMK, Huang AS, Yu Y, Zhang G, Lyu A, Li M, Cheung KH. Exploring the Potential of Aptamers in Targeting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11780. [PMID: 37511539 PMCID: PMC10380291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the precursor for several neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Targeting neuroinflammation has emerged as a promising strategy to address a wide range of CNS pathologies. These NDDs still present significant challenges in terms of limited and ineffective diagnosis and treatment options, driving the need to explore innovative and novel therapeutic alternatives. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that offer the potential for addressing these challenges through diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this review, we summarize diagnostic and therapeutic aptamers for inflammatory biomolecules, as well as the inflammatory cells in NDDs. We also discussed the potential of short nucleotides for Aptamer-Based Targeted Brain Delivery through their unique features and modifications, as well as their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, the unprecedented opportunities and substantial challenges of using aptamers as therapeutic agents, such as drug efficacy, safety considerations, and pharmacokinetics, are also discussed. Taken together, this review assesses the potential of aptamers as a pioneering approach for target delivery to the CNS and the treatment of neuroinflammation and NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hau-Yee Kong
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aston Jiaxi Wu
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Olivia Ka-Yi Ho
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maggie Ming-Ki Leung
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alexis Shiying Huang
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Li
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Teaching and Research Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wang X, Zhu X, Li X, Li Z, Mao Y, Zhang S, Liu X, Liu X, Liu Y, Cao F, Zhang J. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide insights into the attenuation of neuroinflammation by nervonic acid in MPTP-stimulated PD model mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:277-291. [PMID: 36484706 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02595g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nervonic acid is one of the most promising bioactive fatty acids, which is believed to be beneficial for the recovery of human cognitive disorders. However, the detailed neuroprotective effects and mode of action of nervonic acid have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we used an MPTP-stimulated mouse Parkinson's disease (PD) model as a target to investigate the neuroprotective effects by behavioral tests and integrative analysis of trancriptomes and metabolomes of PD mouse brain with nervonic acid injections. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of transcriptomes showed that the genes involved in neuroinflammation were significantly increased after MPTP induction and have been greatly inhibited by nervonic acid injection, while nervonic acid also greatly improved nerve growth and synaptic plasticity pathways which were significantly downregulated by MPTP. At the same time, the upregulation of oleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways and the downregulation of amino acid metabolism pathways in metabolomes were particularly highlighted in the nervonic acid protection groups compared with the PD model. Meanwhile, it was found that arachidonic acid, oleic acid and taurine play an important regulatory role in the neuroprotective mechanism of nervonic acid through fatty acid metabolism by integrative analysis. Therefore, our study laid a solid foundation for further studies on the specific role of nervonic acid in the inhibition of PD at the level of metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Xinliang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China. .,Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China.,Institute of Rural Development and Research, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Xu Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Zhengdou Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Ying Mao
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Shunbin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Food and Drug Control, Lanzhou 740050, China.
| | - Xingguo Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Food and Drug Control, Lanzhou 740050, China.
| | - Yapeng Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Food and Drug Control, Lanzhou 740050, China.
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China. .,Bioactive Products Engineering Research Center for Gansu Distinctive Plants, Lanzhou 730070, China.,Institute of Rural Development and Research, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu Province, China.
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Alharbi KS, Javed Shaikh MA, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Hassan almalki W, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Alzarea SI, Babu MR, Singh SK, Chellappan DK, Dua K, Gupta G. Oligonucleotides: A novel area of interest for drug delivery in neurodegenerative diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Lee TK, Lee JC, Kim D, Lee JW, Kim SS, Kim HI, Shin M, Cho J, Won MH, Choi S. Effects of Brain Factor‑7® against motor deficit and oxidative stress in a mouse model of MPTP‑induced Parkinson's disease. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:635. [PMID: 36160902 PMCID: PMC9468851 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) through degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The present study was designed to investigate the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential of Brain Factor-7® (BF-7®), a natural compound in silkworm, in a mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP (20 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into mice to cause symptoms of PD. Mice were orally administered BF-7® (a mixture of silk peptides) before and after MPTP treatment. Rotarod performance test was used to assess motor performance. Fluoro-Jade B staining for neurons undergoing degeneration and immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase for dopaminergic neurons, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) for lipid peroxidation, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) for DNA damage and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and SOD2 for antioxidative enzymes in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra were performed. Results showed that BF-7® treatment significantly improved MPTP-induced motor deficit and protected MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Furthermore, BF-7® treatment significantly ameliorated MPTP-induced oxidative stress. Increased 4HNE and 8OHdG immunoreactivities induced by MPTP were significantly reduced by BF-7®, whereas SOD1 and SOD2 immunoreactivities decreased by MPTP were significantly enhanced by BF-7®. In conclusion, BF-7® exerted protective and/or therapeutic effects in a mouse model of PD by decreasing effects of oxidative stress on dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Il Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Song MK, Adams L, Lee JH, Kim YS. NXP031 prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss and oxidative damage in the AAV-WT-α-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272085. [PMID: 35901090 PMCID: PMC9333296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by inclusions of aggregated α-synuclein (α-Syn). Oxidative stress plays a critical role in nigrostriatal degeneration and is responsible for α-Syn aggregation in PD. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid acts as an effective antioxidant to prevent free radical damage. However, vitamin C is easily oxidized and often loses its physiological activity, limiting its therapeutic potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether NXP031, a new compound we developed consisting of Aptamin C and Vitamin C, is neuroprotective against α-synucleinopathy. To model α-Syn induced PD, we stereotactically injected AAV particles overexpressing human α-Syn into the substantia nigra (SN) of mice. One week after AAV injection, NXP031 was administered via oral gavage every day for eight weeks. We found that oral administration of NXP031 ameliorated motor deficits measured by the rotarod test and prevented the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by WT-α-Syn overexpression in the SN. Also, NXP031 blocked the propagation of aggregated α-Syn into the hippocampus by alleviating oxidative stress. These results indicate that NXP031 can be a potential therapeutic for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Song
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, UCF College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Levi Adams
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, UCF College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
| | - Joo Hee Lee
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Seong Kim
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics and Department of Neurology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, UCF College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States of America
- Nexmos Co Ltd, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Evidence for Oxidative Pathways in the Pathogenesis of PD: Are Antioxidants Candidate Drugs to Ameliorate Disease Progression? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136923. [PMID: 35805928 PMCID: PMC9266756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that arises due to a complex and variable interplay between elements including age, genetic, and environmental risk factors that manifest as the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Contemporary treatments for PD do not prevent or reverse the extent of neurodegeneration that is characteristic of this disorder and accordingly, there is a strong need to develop new approaches which address the underlying disease process and provide benefit to patients with this debilitating disorder. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and inflammation have been implicated as pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons seen in PD. However, results of studies aiming to inhibit these pathways have shown variable success, and outcomes from large-scale clinical trials are not available or report varying success for the interventions studied. Overall, the available data suggest that further development and testing of novel therapies are required to identify new potential therapies for combating PD. Herein, this review reports on the most recent development of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory approaches that have shown positive benefit in cell and animal models of disease with a focus on supplementation with natural product therapies and selected synthetic drugs.
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Lee JM, Lee JH, Song MK, Kim YJ. NXP032 Ameliorates Aging-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Impairment in Mice through Activation of Nrf2 Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010130. [PMID: 35052634 PMCID: PMC8772799 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to cognitive impairment, and an increase in oxidative stress as a major cause is an important factor. It has been reported that aging-related cognitive impairment is associated with increased oxidative damage in several brain regions during aging. As a powerful antioxidant, vitamin C plays an important role in preventing oxidative stress, but due to its unstable chemical properties, it is easily oxidized and thus the activity of antioxidants is reduced. In order to overcome this easily oxidized vulnerability, we developed NXP032 (vitamin C/DNA aptamer complex) that can enhance the antioxidant efficacy of vitamin C using an aptamer. We developed NXP032 (vitamin C/DNA Aptamin C320 complex) that can enhance the antioxidant efficacy of vitamin C using an aptamer. In the present study, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of NXP032 on aging-induced cognitive decline, oxidative stress, and neuronal damage in 17-month-old female mice. NXP032 was orally administered at 200 mg/kg of ascorbic acid and 4 mg/kg of DNA aptamer daily for eight weeks. Before the sacrifice, a cognitive behavioral test was performed. Administration of NXP032 alleviated cognitive impairment, neuronal damage, microglia activity, and oxidative stress due to aging. We found that although aging decreases the Nrf2-ARE pathway, NXP032 administration activates the Nrf2-ARE pathway to increase the expression of SOD-1 and GSTO1/2. The results suggest that the new aptamer complex NXP032 may be a therapeutic intervention to alleviate aging-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Lee
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Joo Hee Lee
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Min Kyung Song
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-961-0311
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The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Aptamin C on House Dust Mite Extract-Induced Inflammation in Keratinocytes via Regulation of IL-22 and GDNF Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060945. [PMID: 34208021 PMCID: PMC8230602 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease, is characterized by eczemous lesions on the skin that manifest as severe itching and last a long time. AD is thought to be a response to local allergens, including house dust mites (HDMs). Aptamin C is a modified form of vitamin C comprised of aptamers (DNA fragments) that bind specifically to vitamin C and inhibit its oxidation, thereby increasing its stability and antioxidant effects. It is already known that vitamin C shows an anti-inflammatory effect on skin inflammation. Oxidative stress is one of the major causes of inflammatory diseases, including HDM-induced skin inflammation, suggesting that the antioxidant activity of Aptamin C could regulate inflammatory responses to HDMs in the skin keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and primary skin keratinocytes. Aptamin C not only inhibited HDM-induced proliferation of both type of cells, but suppressed HDM-induced increases in interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-6 production by these cells. In addition, Aptamin C suppressed the production of IL-17 and IL-22 by T cells, which are closely associated with AD pathogenesis, as well as HDM-induced IL-22Rα expression. Aptamin C also reduced the production of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) by suppressing the interaction between IL-22 and IL-22Rα, as well as reducing T cell migration. Although HDM treatment markedly increased the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is associated with itching in AD skin lesions, this increase was reduced by Aptamin C treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that Aptamin C can effectively regulate inflammatory lesions, such as AD, by regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and GDNF induced by HDM.
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Lee JM, Lee JH, Song MK, Kim YJ. NXP031 Improves Cognitive Impairment in a Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion-Induced Vascular Dementia Rat Model through Nrf2 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6285. [PMID: 34208092 PMCID: PMC8230952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a progressive cognitive impairment caused by a reduced blood supply to the brain. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is one cause of VaD; it induces oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, damaging several brain regions. Vitamin C plays a vital role in preventing oxidative stress-related diseases induced by reactive oxygen species, but it is easily oxidized and loses its antioxidant activity. To overcome this weakness, we have developed a vitamin C/DNA aptamer complex (NXP031) that increases vitamin C's antioxidant efficacy. Aptamers are short single-stranded nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA) that can interact with their corresponding target with high affinity. We established an animal model of VaD by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in 12 week old Wistar rats. Twelve weeks after BCCAO, we injected NXP031 into the rats intraperitoneally for two weeks at moderate (200 mg/4 mg/kg) and high concentrations (200 mg/20 mg/kg). NXP031 administration alleviates cognitive impairment, microglial activity, and oxidative stress after CCH. NXP031 increased the expression of basal lamina (laminin), endothelial cell (RECA-1, PECAM-1), and pericyte (PDGFRβ); these markers maintain the BBB integrity. We found that NXP031 administration activated the Nrf2-ARE pathway and increased the expression of SOD-1 and GSTO1/2. These results suggest that this new aptamer complex, NXP031, could be a therapeutic intervention in CCH-induced VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Lee
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Joo-Hee Lee
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Min-Kyung Song
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Youn-Jung Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
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Chen H, Shang D, Wen Y, Liang C. Bone-Derived Modulators That Regulate Brain Function: Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683457. [PMID: 34179014 PMCID: PMC8222721 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone has traditionally been regarded as a structural organ that supports and protects the various organs of the body. Recent studies suggest that bone also acts as an endocrine organ to regulate whole-body metabolism. Particularly, homeostasis of the bone is shown to be necessary for brain development and function. Abnormal bone metabolism is associated with the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Recently, multiple bone-derived modulators have been shown to participate in brain function and neurological disorders, including osteocalcin, lipocalin 2, and osteopontin, as have bone marrow-derived cells such as mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and microglia-like cells. This review summarizes current findings regarding the roles of these bone-derived modulators in the brain, and also follows their involvement in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. The content of this review may aide in the development of promising therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders via targeting bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuguan Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Kitamura Y, Sakanashi M, Ozawa A, Saeki Y, Nakamura A, Hara Y, Saeki KI, Arimoto-Kobayashi S. Protective effect of Actinidia arguta in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:154-159. [PMID: 33819745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Oxidative stress-induced neuronal death has been identified as one of the major causes of nigrostriatal degeneration in PD. The fruit of Actinidia arguta (A. arguta), known as sarunashi in Japan, has been reported to show beneficial health effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, and anticholinergic effects. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of A. arguta in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropypridine (MPTP)-induced PD model mice. A. arguta juice was administered to 7-week-old C57BL/6J mice continuously for 10 days before the first MPTP injection. The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra was induced by MPTP (30 mg/kg, i. p.) once daily for five consecutive days. We found that the administration of A. arguta ameliorated MPTP-induced motor impairment and suppressed the MPTP-induced reductions of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase protein expression in the substantia nigra. Our findings suggest that taking A. arguta could provide neuroprotection that delays or prevents the neurodegenerative process of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kitamura
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Sakanashi
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Azuki Ozawa
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yuri Saeki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Ayano Nakamura
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yuiho Hara
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Saeki
- College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Sakae Arimoto-Kobayashi
- Graduated School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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