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Armstrong M, Castellanos J, Christie D. Chronic pain as an emergent property of a complex system and the potential roles of psychedelic therapies. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1346053. [PMID: 38706873 PMCID: PMC11066302 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1346053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite research advances and urgent calls by national and global health organizations, clinical outcomes for millions of people suffering with chronic pain remain poor. We suggest bringing the lens of complexity science to this problem, conceptualizing chronic pain as an emergent property of a complex biopsychosocial system. We frame pain-related physiology, neuroscience, developmental psychology, learning, and epigenetics as components and mini-systems that interact together and with changing socioenvironmental conditions, as an overarching complex system that gives rise to the emergent phenomenon of chronic pain. We postulate that the behavior of complex systems may help to explain persistence of chronic pain despite current treatments. From this perspective, chronic pain may benefit from therapies that can be both disruptive and adaptive at higher orders within the complex system. We explore psychedelic-assisted therapies and how these may overlap with and complement mindfulness-based approaches to this end. Both mindfulness and psychedelic therapies have been shown to have transdiagnostic value, due in part to disruptive effects on rigid cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns as well their ability to promote neuroplasticity. Psychedelic therapies may hold unique promise for the management of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Armstrong
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joel Castellanos
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Devon Christie
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Liu W, Wang W, Wang Z, Xing Y. Ventral tegmental area dopaminergic circuits participates in stress-induced chronic postsurgical pain in male mice. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:3. [PMID: 38195391 PMCID: PMC10775611 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic postsurgical pain (CPP) markedly impairs patients' quality of life. Research has shown that chronic stress may extend incisional nociception in male mice. Dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are integral to stress-related mental disorders (including major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and PTSD) and pain. However, the impact of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) on mesolimbic dopamine (DA) transmission in the development of CPP is yet to be established. It remains uncertain whether the dopamine signals in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), which regulate pain, derive from the VTA. This study aims to explore the role of VTA-rACC dopaminergic circuits in a mouse model of CPP induced by CSDS. METHODS We conducted CSDS on C57BL/6 J wild-type male mice (n = 12-16 mice/group) and DAT-cre male mice (n = 10-12 mice/group). After 10 days of CSDS, a left posterior plantar incision was made to establish a mouse model of CPP. Paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs) were evaluated using Von-Frey fibre stimulation. The open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze test (EPM) were used to assess pain-related negative emotions. We used immunofluorescence staining and Western Blot to analyse D1, D2, c-Fos, and TH expression. DAergic fibre projections in the VTA-rACC neural pathway were traced using retrograde tracing and immunofluorescence staining. Optogenetics and Chemogenetics were employed to manipulate DAergic neurons in the VTA and their axons in the rACC. RESULTS The ipsilateral PWTs in male C57BL/6 J mice significantly decreased after surgery, returning to baseline after seven days. Conversely, in CSDS mice, ipsilateral PWTs remained reduced for at least 30 days post-incision. A significant reduction in TH-positive neurons expressing c-Fos in the VTA of CPP mice was observed 15 days post-incision. Activating DAergic neurons significantly improved ipsilateral PWTs and locomotor performance in the OFT and EPM in CPP mice post-incision. Additionally, D1 expression in the rACC was found to decrease in CPP mice, and this reduction counteracted the increase in PWTs caused by activating DAergic neuron axon terminals in the rACC. CONCLUSION CSDS results in chronicity of postsurgical nociception and anxiety-like negative emotions, with alterations in DA transmission playing a role in CPP. Specific activation of DAergic neurons mitigates nociceptive responses and anxiety-like bahaviors, possibly mediated by D1 receptors in the rACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Liu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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O'Hagan ET, Wallwork SB, Callander E, Stanton TR, Mychasiuk R. The Foundations for Chronic Low Back Pain Management may Start in Early Life. Exploring the Role of Caregiver Parental Leave on Future Low Back Pain in the Offspring. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:939-945. [PMID: 36646402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain is difficult to treat and despite increased spending on health services, clinical outcomes for people with low back pain have not improved. Innovative, large scale initiatives seem necessary to stem the cost of low back pain. Psychological health contributes to the development and persistence of chronic low back pain and psychological interventions are important in the management of low back pain. Given the contribution of psychological health to low back pain development and management, it raises the question; can we support psychological health in later life by bolstering emotional development in early life, and reduce the burden of this common condition? Positive early life experiences, including those induced by extended paid parental leave, could bolster emotional development and support the psychological health necessary to manage low back pain in later life. We present the current state of evidence demonstrating the potential value of increasing support for parent-child relationships in early life to reduce the burden of low back pain in future generations. The current evidence is limited to cross-sectional associations, but strong preclinical data clearly shows the potential negative impacts of maternal separation on rodent pup health that compels consideration in human populations. PERSPECTIVE: The benefits stemming from enhanced child development include stable emotional foundations, possibly improving psychological health and low back pain management in the future. This perspective raises questions for future studies - within the context of low back pain, what ingredients bolster stable psychological health? And are these ingredients influenced by parental leave?
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel T O'Hagan
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sarah B Wallwork
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily Callander
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Liu JP, Wang JL, Hu BE, Zou FL, Wu CL, Shen J, Zhang WJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells and neuropathic pain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1147242. [PMID: 37223000 PMCID: PMC10201020 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1147242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the nervous system can lead to functional impairment, including sensory and motor functions. Importantly, neuropathic pain (NPP) can be induced after nerve injury, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, the repair of nerve damage and the treatment of pain are particularly important. However, the current treatment of NPP is very weak, which promotes researchers to find new methods and directions for treatment. Recently, cell transplantation technology has received great attention and has become a hot spot for the treatment of nerve injury and pain. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a kind of glial cells with the characteristics of lifelong survival in the nervous system and continuous division and renewal. They also secrete a variety of neurotrophic factors, bridge the fibers at both ends of the injured nerve, change the local injury microenvironment, and promote axon regeneration and other biological functions. Different studies have revealed that the transplantation of OECs can repair damaged nerves and exert analgesic effect. Some progress has been made in the effect of OECs transplantation in inhibiting NPP. Therefore, in this paper, we provided a comprehensive overview of the biology of OECs, described the possible pathogenesis of NPP. Moreover, we discussed on the therapeutic effect of OECs transplantation on central nervous system injury and NPP, and prospected some possible problems of OECs transplantation as pain treatment. To provide some valuable information for the treatment of pain by OECs transplantation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-peng Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jia-ling Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bai-er Hu
- Department of Physical Examination, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fei-long Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chang-lei Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Salgado Carrazoni G, Souto das Neves BH, Dos Santos Soares M, Ramires Lima K, Mello-Carpes PB. Starting maternal exercise, unlike reducing the intensity of exercise during pregnancy, prevents memory deficits in female offspring subject to maternal deprivation. Brain Res 2023; 1808:148337. [PMID: 36963478 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Maternal deprivation (MD) leads to long-lasting memory deficits. Conversely, maternal exercise could potently modify the offspring's cellular machinery. Here, we tested whether starting to run or reducing the intensity of running during pregnancy can protect prepubertal female offspring against MD-induced memory deficits. Female rats were divided into different groups submitted or not to MD: one started to run before pregnancy and reduced the intensity during the pregnancy (PGE); another started to run at the beginning of pregnancy (GE); and, finally, a control group (CT) was not submitted to exercise. All the rats but those of the CT ran on a treadmill until the delivery day (PND 0). Subsequently, MD was performed from PND 1 to 10. We assessed object recognition (OR) and spatial memory (SM) of female offspring after weaning (PND22, pre-pubertal stage). MD caused OR memory deficit; GE female offspring did not present this deficit, but PGE did. Both PGE and GE alone enhanced offspring spatial learning, but their combination with MD impaired it. MD promoted hippocampal lipid peroxidation increase, which both PGE and GE prevented. Total antioxidant capacity in the hippocampus was higher in both MD-exercised groups compared to all others. Although the antioxidant effects of exercise were similar in both MD exercise groups, we observed better results in the memory tests in the GE group than in the PGE group. These results suggest that starting to exercise during pregnancy is better than reducing the exercise intensity during pregnancy to prevent MD-induced memory deficits in female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Salgado Carrazoni
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Ben-Hur Souto das Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Marisele Dos Santos Soares
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, 97501-970, Brazil.
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Rosa DS, Frias AT, Vilela-Costa HH, Junior AS, Sant’Ana AB, Fusse EJ, Suchecki D, Campos AC, Lovick TA, Zangrossi H. Neonatal maternal deprivation facilitates the expression of a panic-like escape behavior in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Wang W, Liu WZ, Wang ZL, Duan DX, Wang XY, Liu SJ, Wang ZJ, Xing GG, Xing Y. Spinal microglial activation promotes perioperative social defeat stress-induced prolonged postoperative pain in a sex-dependent manner. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 100:88-104. [PMID: 34808295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged postsurgical pain, which is associated with multiple risk factors in the perioperative stage, is a common medical and social problem worldwide. Suitable animal models should be established to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the perioperative prolonged postsurgical pain. In this study, standard and modified social defeat stress mice models, including chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), chronic nondiscriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS) and vicarious social defeat stress (VSDS), were applied to explore the effect of perioperative social defeat stress on postsurgical pain in male and female mice. Our results showed that exposure to preoperative CSDS could induce prolonged postsurgical pain in defeated mice regardless of susceptibility or resilience differentiated by the social interaction test. Similar prolongation of incision-induced mechanical hypersensitivity was also observed in both sexes upon exposing to CNSDS or VSDS in the preoperative period. Moreover, we found that using the modified CNSDS or VSDS models at different recovery stages after surgery could still promote abnormal pain without sex differences. Further studies revealed the key role of spinal microglial activation in the stress-induced transition from acute to prolonged postoperative pain in male but not female mice. Together, these data indicate that perioperative social defeat stress is a vital risk factor for developing prolonged postoperative pain in both sexes, but the promotion of stress-induced prolonged postoperative pain by spinal microglial activation is sexually dimorphic in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Liu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zi-Liang Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dong-Xiao Duan
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xue-Yun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shi-Jin Liu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhi-Ju Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Guo-Gang Xing
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Vieira JS, de Souza GR, Kalil-Cutti B, Giusti-Paiva A, Vilela FC. Post-traumatic stress disorder increases pain sensitivity by reducing descending noradrenergic and serotoninergic modulation. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113367. [PMID: 34000338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stress might influence pain sensitivity; however, little is known about whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-like symptoms alter pain sensitivity and how it can happen. Male rats were exposed to the inescapable footshock paired with either social isolation or a control condition (not exposed to footshock but subjected to social isolation). After 7, 14, or 21 days, memory retention was evaluated. In the following three days, animals underwent the following tests: open-field, social interaction and formalin tests. Another group of animals were subjected to the object recognition test and to von Frey filaments. In other cohorts of animals, saline, fluoxetine, or desipramine were injected intrathecally and immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate whether PTSD-like symptoms alter the expression of c-Fos in serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Inescapable footshock induced the development of PTSD-like symptoms. Animals with PTSD-like symptoms showed an increase in the number of flinches in the formalin test and a reduction in mechanical threshold in the von Frey test at both retention intervals. The social interaction was negatively correlated with the nociceptive response in the formalin test. Fluoxetine or desipramine prevented the nociceptive response to chemical stimulus in the formalin test. In addition, in animals with PTSD-like symptoms, there was a reduction in c-Fos expression in serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons. Our results are important for the association of increased sensitivity to pain as one of the clinical manifestations that are present in the development of PTSD, and a possible treatment for increased pain sensitivity in male individuals with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jádina S Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kalil-Cutti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Giusti-Paiva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana C Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil.
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Adjimann TS, Argañaraz CV, Soiza-Reilly M. Serotonin-related rodent models of early-life exposure relevant for neurodevelopmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:280. [PMID: 33976122 PMCID: PMC8113523 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders including depression and anxiety are continuously rising their prevalence across the globe. Early-life experience of individuals emerges as a main risk factor contributing to the developmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. That is, perturbing environmental conditions during neurodevelopmental stages can have detrimental effects on adult mood and emotional responses. However, the possible maladaptive neural mechanisms contributing to such psychopathological phenomenon still remain poorly understood. In this review, we explore preclinical rodent models of developmental vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, focusing on the impact of early-life environmental perturbations on behavioral aspects relevant to stress-related and psychiatric disorders. We limit our analysis to well-established models in which alterations in the serotonin (5-HT) system appear to have a crucial role in the pathophysiological mechanisms. We analyze long-term behavioral outcomes produced by early-life exposures to stress and psychotropic drugs such as the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants or the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA). We perform a comparative analysis, identifying differences and commonalities in the behavioral effects produced in these models. Furthermore, this review discusses recent advances on neurodevelopmental substrates engaged in these behavioral effects, emphasizing the possible existence of maladaptive mechanisms that could be shared by the different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S. Adjimann
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla V. Argañaraz
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Soiza-Reilly
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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