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Ding Y, Chen Q. The NF-κB Pathway: a Focus on Inflammatory Responses in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5292-5308. [PMID: 37286724 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a type of central nervous system trauma that can lead to severe nerve injury. Inflammatory reaction after injury is an important pathological process leading to secondary injury. Long-term stimulation of inflammation can further deteriorate the microenvironment of the injured site, leading to the deterioration of neural function. Understanding the signaling pathways that regulate responses after SCI, especially inflammatory responses, is critical for the development of new therapeutic targets and approaches. Nuclear transfer factor-κB (NF-κB) has long been recognized as a key factor in regulating inflammatory responses. The NF-κB pathway is closely related to the pathological process of SCI. Inhibition of this pathway can improve the inflammatory microenvironment and promote the recovery of neural function after SCI. Therefore, the NF-κB pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for SCI. This article reviews the mechanism of inflammatory response after SCI and the characteristics of NF-κB pathway, emphasizing the effect of inhibiting NF-κB on the inflammatory response of SCI to provide a theoretical basis for the biological treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
- The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
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Xia Y, Zhu J, Yang R, Wang H, Li Y, Fu C. Mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury: Mechanisms, current advances and future challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1141601. [PMID: 36911700 PMCID: PMC9999104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1141601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has considerable impact on patient physical, mental, and financial health. Secondary SCI is associated with inflammation, vascular destruction, and subsequent permanent damage to the nervous system. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have anti-inflammatory properties, promoting vascular regeneration and the release neuro-nutrients, and are a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI. Preclinical studies have shown that MSCs promote sensory and motor function recovery in rats. In clinical trials, MSCs have been reported to improve the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) sensory and motor scores. However, the effectiveness of MSCs in treating patients with SCI remains controversial. MSCs promote tumorigenesis and ensuring the survival of MSCs in the hostile environment of SCI is challenging. In this article we examine the evidence on the pathophysiological changes occurring after SCI. We then review the underlying mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of SCI and summarize the potential application of MSCs in clinical practice. Finally, we highlight the challenges surrounding the use of MSCs in the treatment of SCI and discuss future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
| | - Ruohan Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun,
China
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Povroznik JM, Akhter H, Vance JK, Annamanedi M, Dziadowicz SA, Wang L, Divens AM, Hu G, Robinson CM. Interleukin-27-dependent transcriptome signatures during neonatal sepsis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1124140. [PMID: 36891292 PMCID: PMC9986606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1124140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human newborns exhibit increased vulnerability and risk of mortality from infection that is consistent with key differences in the innate and adaptive immune responses relative to those in adult cells. We have previously shown an increase in the immune suppressive cytokine, IL-27, in neonatal cells and tissues from mice and humans. In a murine model of neonatal sepsis, mice deficient in IL-27 signaling exhibit reduced mortality, increased weight gain, and better control of bacteria with reduced systemic inflammation. To explore a reprogramming of the host response in the absence of IL-27 signaling, we profiled the transcriptome of the neonatal spleen during Escherichia coli-induced sepsis in wild-type (WT) and IL-27Rα-deficient (KO) mice. We identified 634 genes that were differentially expressed, and those most upregulated in WT mice were associated with inflammation, cytokine signaling, and G protein coupled receptor ligand binding and signaling. These genes failed to increase in the IL-27Rα KO mice. We further isolated an innate myeloid population enriched in macrophages from the spleens of control and infected WT neonates and observed similar changes in gene expression aligned with changes in chromatin accessibility. This supports macrophages as an innate myeloid population contributing to the inflammatory profile in septic WT pups. Collectively, our findings highlight the first report of improved pathogen clearance amidst a less inflammatory environment in IL-27Rα KO. This suggests a direct relationship between IL-27 signaling and bacterial killing. An improved response to infection that is not reliant upon heightened levels of inflammation offers new promise to the potential of antagonizing IL-27 as a host-directed therapy for neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Povroznik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Halima Akhter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jordan K. Vance
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Madhavi Annamanedi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Sebastian A. Dziadowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ashley M. Divens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Cory M. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Vaccine Development Center, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Circular RNA Hecw1 Regulates the Inflammatory Imbalance in Spinal Cord Injury via miR-3551-3p/LRRTM1 Axis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:5151-5166. [PMID: 35699802 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disease having devastating effect and results in the development of systemic inflammation. However, the molecular mechanisms of SCI remain not entirely elucidated. This study was directed toward exploring the circ Hecw1 involved in the mechanism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered inflammation damage in neuronal cells. The in vitro model of SCI based on PC12 cells were established with lipopolysaccharide. The cell proliferation was determined by the use of cell counting kit-8 (CCK8). The expressions of circHecw1, miR-3551-3p, and inflammatory factors were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed for the purpose of determining LRRTM1 and NF-kB signaling. The expression of circ Hecw1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in LPS-triggered PC12 cells and the expression of miR-3551-3p and IL-10 were significantly decreased. Knockdown of circHecw1 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis and reduction in the inflammatory cytokine expression. Our study revealed that circHecw1 regulates SCI neuronal cell inflammation imbalance by regulating the miR-3551-3p/LRRTM1 signaling.
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Pang QM, Chen SY, Xu QJ, Zhang M, Liang DF, Fu SP, Yu J, Liu ZL, Zhang Q, Zhang T. Effects of astrocytes and microglia on neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury and related immunomodulatory strategies. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108754. [PMID: 35397392 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic event which is still without adequate therapies. Neuroinflammation is the main pathogenesis of secondary damage post-SCI, leading to tissue loss and neurological dysfunction. Previous studies have shown that microglia and astrocytes are the major immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play a crucial role in modulating neuroinflammatory responses. In this study, we mainly review the effects of neuroinflammation in SCI, focusing on the contributions of microglia and astrocytes and their cross-talk. Furthermore, we will also discuss therapeutic strategies on how to regulate their immunophenotype to suppress robust inflammation and facilitate injury prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qi-Jing Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Da-Fei Liang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zu-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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