The increment of annexin V-positive microvesicles versus annexin V-negative microvesicles in CSF of an animal model of Alzheimer's disease

Tailored quinoline hybrids as promising COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors endowed with diverse safety profile: Design, synthesis, SAR, and histopathological study

Complications of the worldwide use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) sparked scientists to design novel harmless alternatives as an urgent need. So, a unique hybridization tactic of quinoline/pyrazole/thioamide (4a-c) has been rationalized and synthesized as potential COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors, utilizing relevant reported studies on these pharmacophores. Moreover, we extended these preceding hybrids into more varied functionality, bearing crucial thiazole scaffolds(5a-l). All the synthesized hybrids were evaluatedin vitroas COX-2/15-LOX dual inhibitors. Initially, series4a-cexhibited significant potency towards 15-LOX inhibition (IC50 = 5.454-4.509 μM) compared to meclofenamate sodium (IC50 = 3.837 μM). Moreover, they revealed reasonable inhibitory activities against the COX-2 enzyme in comparison to celecoxib.Otherwise, conjugates 5a-ldisclosed marked inhibitory activity against 15-LOX and strong inhibitory to COX-2. In particular, hybrids5d(IC50 = 0.239 μM, SI = 8.95), 5h(IC50 = 0.234 μM, SI = 20.35) and 5l (IC50 = 0.201 μM, SI = 14.42) revealed more potency and selectivity outperforming celecoxib (IC50 = 0.512 μM, SI = 4.28). In addition, the most potentcompounds, 4a, 5d, 5h, and 5l have been elected for further in vivoevaluation and displayed potent inhibition of edema in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test that surpassed indomethacin. Further, compounds5d, 5h, and 5l decreased serum inflammatory markers including oxidative biomarkersiNO, and pro-inflammatory mediators cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE. Ulcerogenic liability for tested compounds demonstrated obvious gastric mucosal safety. Furthermore, a histopathological study for compound 5l suggested a confirmatory comprehensive safety profile for stomach, kidney, and heart tissues. Docking and drug-likeness studies offered a good convention with the obtained biological investigation.

Cavity Lasing Characteristics of Thioflavin T and Thioflavin X in Different Solvents and Their Interaction with DNA for the Controlled Reduction of a Light Amplification Threshold in Solid-State Biofilms

The lasing characteristics of Thioflavin T (ThT) and Thioflavin X (ThX) dyes were investigated in solvents with increasing viscosity: water, ethanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol and three forms of DNA (double-helix natural, fragmented, and aggregated). The results identified that lasing thresholds and photostability depend on three critical factors: the solvation shell surrounding dye molecules, the organization of their dipole moments, which is driven by the DNA structure, and the molecules diffusion coefficient in the excitation focal spot. The research highlights that dye doped to DNA accumulated in binding sites fosters long-range dye orientation, facilitating a marked reduction of lasing thresholds in the liquid phase as well as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) thresholds in the solid state. Leveraging insights from lasing characteristics obtained in liquid, ASE in the solid state was optimized in a controlled way by changing the parameters influencing the DNA structure, i.e., magnesium salt addition, heating, and sonication. The modifications led to a large decrease in the ASE thresholds in the dye-doped DNA films. It was shown that the examination of lasing in cavities can be useful for preparing optical materials with improved architectures and functionalities for solid-state lasers.