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Lei J, Zhao M, Deng F, Xu T, Ji B, Wang X, Zhang M, Sun M, Gao Q. Prenatal dexamethasone exposure impaired vascular reactivity in adult male offspring cerebral arteries. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2023; 181:46-56. [PMID: 37271369 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the largest and most complex of cerebral arteries. The prenatal period is a critical time for development, which largely determines lifelong health. Clinically, glucocorticoids (GCs) administration to accelerate preterm fetal lung maturation has become standard practice. Prenatal GCs administration increases cardiovascular risks in offspring, but little is known regarding the side effects on offspring MCA function. OBJECTIVE We investigated the alterations of MCA reactivity following prenatal GCs administration in postnatal offspring. METHOD AND RESULTS Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received synthetic GCs (dexamethasone, DEX) during the last week of pregnancy, and we examined vascular reactivity, cellular electrophysiology, and gene promoter epigenetic modifications in the male offspring MCA. Our results showed that prenatal DEX exposure increased the sensitivity of offspring MCA to Angiotensin II, which was resulted from the increased Cav1.2 (L-type Ca2+ channels subunit alpha1 C). Mechanistically, prenatal DEX exposure resulted in a transcriptionally active chromatin structure at the Cav1.2 gene promoter by altering histone modifications. This activation led to increased expression of vascular Cav1.2 gene, ultimately resulting in increased MCA contractility in offspring. CONCLUSION The present study is the first to demonstrate that the adverse effects of prenatal GCs administration on cerebrovascular tone persist into adulthood, providing new insights into developmental origins of cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Lei
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Fengying Deng
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Bingyu Ji
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xietong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250014, China; Center for Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Genetic Medicine of Shandong Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Moia S, Termenon M, Uruñuela E, Chen G, Stickland RC, Bright MG, Caballero-Gaudes C. ICA-based denoising strategies in breath-hold induced cerebrovascular reactivity mapping with multi echo BOLD fMRI. Neuroimage 2021; 233:117914. [PMID: 33684602 PMCID: PMC8351526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing a BOLD functional MRI (fMRI) acquisition during breath-hold (BH) tasks is a non-invasive, robust method to estimate cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). However, movement and breathing-related artefacts caused by the BH can substantially hinder CVR estimates due to their high temporal collinearity with the effect of interest, and attention has to be paid when choosing which analysis model should be applied to the data. In this study, we evaluate the performance of multiple analysis strategies based on lagged general linear models applied on multi-echo BOLD fMRI data, acquired in ten subjects performing a BH task during ten sessions, to obtain subject-specific CVR and haemodynamic lag estimates. The evaluated approaches range from conventional regression models, i.e. including drifts and motion timecourses as nuisance regressors, applied on single-echo or optimally-combined data, to more complex models including regressors obtained from multi-echo independent component analysis with different grades of orthogonalization in order to preserve the effect of interest, i.e. the CVR. We compare these models in terms of their ability to make signal intensity changes independent from motion, as well as the reliability as measured by voxelwise intraclass correlation coefficients of both CVR and lag maps over time. Our results reveal that a conservative independent component analysis model applied on the optimally-combined multi-echo fMRI signal offers the largest reduction of motion-related effects in the signal, while yielding reliable CVR amplitude and lag estimates, although a conventional regression model applied on the optimally-combined data results in similar estimates. This work demonstrates the usefulness of multi-echo based fMRI acquisitions and independent component analysis denoising for precision mapping of CVR in single subjects based on BH paradigms, fostering its potential as a clinically-viable neuroimaging tool for individual patients. It also proves that the way in which data-driven regressors should be incorporated in the analysis model is not straight-forward due to their complex interaction with the BH-induced BOLD response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moia
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain.
| | - Maite Termenon
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain
| | - Eneko Uruñuela
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia, Spain
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, NIMH/NIH/HHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rachael C Stickland
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Molly G Bright
- Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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Sleight E, Stringer MS, Marshall I, Wardlaw JM, Thrippleton MJ. Cerebrovascular Reactivity Measurement Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:643468. [PMID: 33716793 PMCID: PMC7947694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.643468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes cerebral haemodynamic changes in response to a vasodilatory stimulus. CVR closely relates to the health of the vasculature and is therefore a key parameter for studying cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, small vessel disease and dementias. MRI allows in vivo measurement of CVR but several different methods have been presented in the literature, differing in pulse sequence, hardware requirements, stimulus and image processing technique. We systematically reviewed publications measuring CVR using MRI up to June 2020, identifying 235 relevant papers. We summarised the acquisition methods, experimental parameters, hardware and CVR quantification approaches used, clinical populations investigated, and corresponding summary CVR measures. CVR was investigated in many pathologies such as steno-occlusive diseases, dementia and small vessel disease and is generally lower in patients than in healthy controls. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) acquisitions with fixed inspired CO2 gas or end-tidal CO2 forcing stimulus are the most commonly used methods. General linear modelling of the MRI signal with end-tidal CO2 as the regressor is the most frequently used method to compute CVR. Our survey of CVR measurement approaches and applications will help researchers to identify good practice and provide objective information to inform the development of future consensus recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Sleight
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Stringer
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Michael S. Stringer
| | - Ian Marshall
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Thrippleton
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Zhang W, Qing Z, Hu Y, Shao M, Lu J, Wang J, Li M, Zhang X, Nedelska Z, Hort J, Wang Z, Qiao T, Zhang B. Thalamic Atrophy Plays a Crucial Role in the Effect of Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis on Cognitive Impairment. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15:2083-2094. [PMID: 33192055 PMCID: PMC7654547 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s273185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our objectives were to assess the abnormalities of subcortical nuclei by combining volume and shape analyses and potential association with cognitive impairment. Patients and Methods Twenty-nine patients with severe ACS of the unilateral internal carotid artery and 31 controls were enrolled between January 2017 to August 2018. All participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, blood lipid biochemical measurements, and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure subcortical volumes and sub-regional shape deformations. Basic statistics, correction for multiple comparisons. Seventeen ACS patients underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) within one week after baseline measurements, cognitive assessments and MRI scans were repeated 6 months after CEA. Results The ACS patients had higher apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 (ApoB/ApoA1) ratio and worse performance in all cognitive domains than controls. Moreover, the ACS patients showed more profound thalamic atrophy assessed by shape and volume analysis, especially in the medial dorsal thalamus. No significant differences were found in other subcortical nuclei after multiple comparisons correction. At baseline, thalamic atrophy correlated with cognitive impairment and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio. Furthermore, mediation analysis at baseline showed that the association of carotid intima-media thickness with executive functioning was mediated by thalamic volume. After CEA, cognitive improvement and increase in the bilateral medial dorsal thalamic volume were observed. Conclusion Our study identified the distinct atrophy of subcortical nuclei and their association with cognition in patients with ACS. Assessments of the thalamus by volumetric and shape analysis may provide an early marker for cerebral ischemia and reperfusion after CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Qing
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Hu
- Department of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingran Shao
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuzana Nedelska
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Department of Neurology, Memory Clinic, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zhishun Wang
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tong Qiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Moia S, Stickland RC, Ayyagari A, Termenon M, Caballero-Gaudes C, Bright MG. Voxelwise optimization of hemodynamic lags to improve regional CVR estimates in breath-hold fMRI. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:1489-1492. [PMID: 33018273 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular Reactivity (CVR), the responsiveness of blood vessels to a vasodilatory stimulus, is an important indicator of cerebrovascular health. Assessing CVR with fMRI, we can measure the change in the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) response induced by a change in CO2 pressure (%BOLD/mmHg). However, there exists a temporal offset between the recorded CO2 pressure and the local BOLD response, due to both measurement and physiological delays. If this offset is not corrected for, voxel-wise CVR values will not be accurate. In this paper, we propose a framework for mapping hemodynamic lag in breath-hold fMRI data. As breath-hold tasks drive task-correlated head motion artifacts in BOLD fMRI data, our framework for lag estimation fits a model that includes polynomial terms and head motion parameters, as well as a shifted variant of the CO2 regressor (±9 s in 0.3 s increments), and the hemodynamic lag at each voxel is the shift producing the maximum total model R2 within physiological constraints. This approach is evaluated in 8 subjects with multi-echo fMRI data, resulting in robust maps of hemodynamic delay that show consistent regional variation across subjects, and improved contrast-to-noise compared to methods where motion regression is ignored or performed earlier in preprocessing.Clinical Relevance- We map hemodynamic lag using breathhold fMRI, providing insight into vascular transit times and improving the regional accuracy of cerebrovascular reactivity measurements.
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6
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Seiler A, Brandhofe A, Gracien RM, Pfeilschifter W, Hattingen E, Deichmann R, Nöth U, Wagner M. Microstructural Alterations Analogous to Accelerated Aging of the Cerebral Cortex in Carotid Occlusive Disease. Clin Neuroradiol 2020; 31:709-720. [PMID: 32638029 PMCID: PMC8463359 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-020-00928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate cortical thickness and cortical quantitative T2 values as imaging markers of microstructural tissue damage in patients with unilateral high-grade internal carotid artery occlusive disease (ICAOD). Methods A total of 22 patients with ≥70% stenosis (mean age 64.8 years) and 20 older healthy control subjects (mean age 70.8 years) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high-resolution quantitative (q)T2 mapping. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) controlling for age and white matter lesion volume were employed to investigate the effect of ICAOD on imaging parameters of cortical microstructural integrity in multivariate analyses. Results There was a significant main effect (p < 0.05) of the group (patients/controls) on both cortical thickness and cortical qT2 values with cortical thinning and increased cortical qT2 in patients compared to controls, irrespective of the hemisphere. The presence of upstream carotid stenosis had a significant main effect on cortical qT2 values (p = 0.01) leading to increased qT2 in the poststenotic hemisphere, which was not found for cortical thickness. The GLMM showed that in general cortical thickness was decreased and cortical qT2 values were increased with increasing age (p < 0.05). Conclusion Unilateral high-grade carotid occlusive disease is associated with widespread cortical thinning and prolongation of cortical qT2, presumably reflecting hypoperfusion-related microstructural cortical damage similar to accelerated aging of the cerebral cortex. Cortical thinning and increase of cortical qT2 seem to reflect different aspects and different pathophysiological states of cortical degeneration. Quantitative T2 mapping might be a sensitive imaging biomarker for early cortical microstructural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Seiler
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Annemarie Brandhofe
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.,Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - René-Maxime Gracien
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.,Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Waltraud Pfeilschifter
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf Deichmann
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrike Nöth
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marlies Wagner
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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7
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Hara S, Tanaka Y, Ueda Y, Abe D, Hayashi S, Inaji M, Maehara T, Ishii K, Nariai T. Detection of hemodynamic impairment on 15O gas PET using visual assessment of arterial spin-labeling MR imaging in patients with moyamoya disease. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 72:258-263. [PMID: 31843438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether the visual assessment of noninvasive arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL) can identify instances of hemodynamic compromise including an elevated oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) measured by 15O-gas positron emission tomography (PET). Here we evaluated the relationship between a four-point visual assessment system referred to as 'ASL scores' using ASL with two postlabeling delays (PLDs; 1525 ms and 2525 ms) and some quantitative hemodynamic parameters measured by PET. We retrospectively evaluated the cases of 18 Japanese patients with moyamoya disease who underwent ASL and PET. We compared the patients' regional ASL scores on two ASL images to the regional values of PET parameters, and we observed a significant trend in accord with the presumed clinical severity among all PET parameters and ASL scores (p < .003). The ASL score of the long PLD (2525 ms) showed the highest specificity (98.5%) for elevated OEF. Our results suggest that hemodynamic impairment (including elevated OEF) in patients with moyamoya disease may be grossly assessed by a visual assessment of noninvasive ASL images, which can be easily obtained in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Hara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Ueda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisu Abe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shihori Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Inaji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Maehara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nariai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Netto JP, Iliff J, Stanimirovic D, Krohn KA, Hamilton B, Varallyay C, Gahramanov S, Daldrup-Link H, d'Esterre C, Zlokovic B, Sair H, Lee Y, Taheri S, Jain R, Panigrahy A, Reich DS, Drewes LR, Castillo M, Neuwelt EA. Neurovascular Unit: Basic and Clinical Imaging with Emphasis on Advantages of Ferumoxytol. Neurosurgery 2019; 82:770-780. [PMID: 28973554 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological and pathological processes that increase or decrease the central nervous system's need for nutrients and oxygen via changes in local blood supply act primarily at the level of the neurovascular unit (NVU). The NVU consists of endothelial cells, associated blood-brain barrier tight junctions, basal lamina, pericytes, and parenchymal cells, including astrocytes, neurons, and interneurons. Knowledge of the NVU is essential for interpretation of central nervous system physiology and pathology as revealed by conventional and advanced imaging techniques. This article reviews current strategies for interrogating the NVU, focusing on vascular permeability, blood volume, and functional imaging, as assessed by ferumoxytol an iron oxide nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Prola Netto
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Neuroradiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jeffrey Iliff
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Danica Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Portfolio, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth A Krohn
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Bronwyn Hamilton
- Department of Neuroradiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Csanad Varallyay
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Seymur Gahramanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Christopher d'Esterre
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Berislav Zlokovic
- Zikha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Haris Sair
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yueh Lee
- Department of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Saeid Taheri
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Radiology and Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Mauricio Castillo
- Department of Radiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Edward A Neuwelt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
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