1
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Yang N, Chen YB, Zhang YF. The rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton in mossy fiber synapses in a model of experimental febrile seizures. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1107538. [PMID: 37181554 PMCID: PMC10170767 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1107538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental complex febrile seizures induce a persistent hippocampal hyperexcitability and an enhanced seizure susceptibility in adulthood. The rearrangement of filamentous actin (F-actin) enhances the excitability of hippocampus and contributes to epileptogenesis in epileptic models. However, the remodeling of F-actin after prolonged febrile seizures is to be determined. Methods Prolonged experimental febrile seizures were induced by hyperthermia on P10 and P14 rat pups. Changes of actin cytoskeleton in hippocampal subregions were examined at P60 and the neuronal cells and pre- /postsynaptic components were labeled. Results F-actin was increased significantly in the stratum lucidum of CA3 region in both HT + 10D and HT + 14D groups and further comparison between the two groups showed no significant difference. The abundance of ZNT3, the presynaptic marker of mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 synapses, increased significantly whereas the postsynaptic marker PSD95 did not change significantly. Overlapping area of F-actin and ZNT3 showed a significant increase in both HT+ groups. The results of cell counts showed no significant increase or decrease in the number of neurons in each area of hippocampus. Conclusion F-actin was significantly up-regulated in the stratum lucidum of CA3, corresponding to the increase of the presynaptic marker of MF-CA3 synapses after prolonged febrile seizures, which may enhance the excitatory output from the dentate gyrus to CA3 and contribute to the hippocampal hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Yang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurology, Changchun, China
| | - Yin-Bo Chen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurology, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Neurology, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Feng Zhang,
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Xu GJ, Zhang Q, Li SY, Zhu YT, Yu KW, Wang CJ, Xie HY, Wu Y. Environmental enrichment combined with fasudil treatment inhibits neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region and ameliorates memory deficits. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1460-1466. [PMID: 33433459 PMCID: PMC8323697 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.303034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, no specific treatment exists to promote recovery from cognitive impairment after a stroke. Dysfunction of the actin cytoskeleton correlates well with poststroke cognitive declines, and its reorganization requires proper regulation of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) proteins. Fasudil downregulates ROCK activation and protects neurons against cytoskeleton collapse in the acute phase after stroke. An enriched environment can reduce poststroke cognitive impairment. However, the efficacy of environmental enrichment combined with fasudil treatment remains poorly understood. A photothrombotic stroke model was established in 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. Twenty-four hours after modeling, these animals were intraperitoneally administered fasudil (10 mg/kg) once daily for 14 successive days and/or provided with environmental enrichment for 21 successive days. After exposure to environmental enrichment combined with fasudil treatment, the number of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region increased significantly, the expression and proportion of p-cofilin in the hippocampus decreased, and the distribution of F-actin in the hippocampal CA1 region increased significantly. Furthermore, the performance of mouse stroke models in the tail suspension test and step-through passive avoidance test improved significantly. These findings suggest that environmental enrichment combined with fasudil treatment can ameliorate memory dysfunction through inhibition of the hippocampal ROCK/cofilin pathway, alteration of the dynamic distribution of F-actin, and inhibition of neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region. The efficacy of environmental enrichment combined with fasudil treatment was superior to that of fasudil treatment alone. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Fudan University of China (approval No. 2019-Huashan Hospital JS-139) on February 20, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Jing Xu
- Department of rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Yue Li
- Department of rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Tong Zhu
- Department of rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Wei Yu
- Department of rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yu Xie
- Department of rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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A new approach for examining the neurovascular structure with phalloidin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat cranial dura mater. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:541-548. [PMID: 32789740 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular structures in the cranial dura mater have been studied with various histological techniques in the past years. In order to obtain a proper approach to reveal the detailed structures, different labeling methods for the cranial vessels and nerve fibers were tested in this study. Firstly, the labeling characteristics of phalloidin, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and CD31 were compared in rat whole-mount cranial dura mater by using fluorescent immunohistochemistry or histochemistry. Secondly, according to their properties, phalloidin and α-SMA were selected to combine with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) to further demonstrate the cranial neurovascular structure. By these approaches, a three-dimensional map of blood vessels and nerve fibers within the whole-mount rat cranial dura mater was obtained. The results showed that phalloidin, α-SMA, and CD31 were preferably expressed in the wall of cranial vessels, corresponding to the arteriors, venules, and capillaries, respectively. Additionally, CGRP + nerve fibers were clearly demonstrated together with phalloidin + or α-SMA + vessels, forming a delicate neurovascular network in the cranial dura mater. The thick nerve bundles ran closely to the phalloidin + or α-SMA + vessels in parallel pattern, while the thin nerve fibers branched off from the bundles tending to surround the phalloidin + arterioles rather than α-SMA + venules. These findings suggest that phalloidin could be an appropriate biochemical maker to be effectively used together with CGRP for experiments examining the detailed spatial correlation of cranial blood vessels and nerve fibers in a three-dimensional view, which may provide clues for understanding the underlying mechanisms of cranial neurovascular disorders.
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4
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Dexamethasone ameliorates the damage of hippocampal filamentous actin cytoskeleton but is not sufficient to cease epileptogenesis in pilocarpine induced epileptic mice. Epilepsy Res 2019; 154:26-33. [PMID: 31022637 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rogressive deconstruction of filament actin (F-actin) in hippocampal neurons in the epileptic brain have been associated with epileptogenesis. Previous clinical studies suggest that glucocorticoids treatment plays beneficial roles in refractory epilepsy. Glucocorticoids treatment affects dendritic spine morphology by regulating local glucocorticoid receptors and F-actin cytoskeleton dynamics. However, how glucocorticoids regulate epileptogenesis by controlling F-actin cytoskeleton is not clear yet. Here we study the function of glucocorticoids in epileptogenesis by examining F-actin abundance, hippocampal neuron number, and synaptic markers in pilocarpine-induced epileptic mice in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (DEX) treatment. We found that spontaneous seizure duration was significantly reduced; F-actin damage in hippocampal subfields was remarkably attenuated; loss of pyramidal cells was dramatically decreased; more intact synaptic structures indicated by pre- and postsynaptic markers were preserved in multiple hippocampal regions after DEX treatment. However, the number of ZNT3 positive particles in the molecular layer in the hippocampus of pilocarpine epileptic mice was not altered after DEX treatment. Although not sufficient to cease epileptogenesis, our results suggest that dexamethasone treatment ameliorates the damage of epileptic brain by stabilizing F-actin cytoskeleton in the pilocarpine epileptic mice.
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5
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Xiong TQ, Chen LM, Tan BH, Guo CY, Li YN, Zhang YF, Li SL, Zhao H, Li YC. The effects of calcineurin inhibitor FK506 on actin cytoskeleton, neuronal survival and glial reactions after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in mice. Epilepsy Res 2018; 140:138-147. [PMID: 29358156 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
After status epilepticus (SE), actin cytoskeleton (F-actin) becomes progressively deconstructed in the hippocampus, which is consistent with the delayed pyramidal cell death in both time course and spatial distribution. A variety of experiments show that calcineurin inhibitors such as FK506 are able to inhibit the SE-induced actin depolymerization. However, it is still unclear what changes happen to the F-actin in the epileptic brain after FK506 treatment. A pilocarpine model of SE in mice was used to examine the effects of FK506 on the F-actin in the hippocampal neurons. The post SE (PSE) mice with or without FK506 treatment were monitored consecutively for 14 days to examine the frequency and duration of spontaneous seizures. The effects of FK506 on the activity of cofilin and actin dynamics were assessed at 7 and 14 d PSE by western blots. The organization of F-actin, neuronal cell death, and glial reactions were investigated by phalloidin staining, histological and immunocytochemical staining, respectively. As compared to the PSE + vehicle mice, FK506 treatment significantly decreased the frequency and duration of spontaneous seizures. Relative to the PSE + vehicle mice, western blots detected a partial restoration of phosphorylated cofilin and a significant increase of F/G ratio in the hippocampus after FK506 treatment. In the PSE + vehicle mice, almost no F-actin puncta were left in the CA1 and CA3 subfields at 7 and 14 d PSE. FK506-treated PSE mice showed a similar decrease of F-actin, but the extent of damage was significantly ameliorated. Consistently, the surviving neurons became significantly increased in number after FK506 treatment, relative to the PSE + vehicle groups. After FK506 treatment, microglial reaction was partially inhibited, but the expression of GFAP was not significantly changed, compared to the PSE + vehicle mice. The results suggest that post-epileptic treatment with FK506 ameliorated, but could not stop the deconstruction of F-actin or the delayed neuronal loss in the PSE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Ling-Meng Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Bai-Hong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yong-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Shu-Lei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
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6
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Yoshida S, Kato T, Kanno N, Nishimura N, Nishihara H, Horiguchi K, Kato Y. Cell type-specific localization of Ephs pairing with ephrin-B2 in the rat postnatal pituitary gland. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:99-112. [PMID: 28660300 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sox2-expressing stem/progenitor cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland form two types of micro-environments (niches): the marginal cell layer and dense cell clusters in the parenchyma. In relation to the mechanism of regulation of niches, juxtacrine signaling via ephrin and its receptor Eph is known to play important roles in various niches. The ephrin and Eph families are divided into two subclasses to create ephrin/Eph signaling in co-operation with confined partners. Recently, we reported that ephrin-B2 localizes specifically to both pituitary niches. However, the Ephs interacting with ephrin-B2 in these pituitary niches have not yet been identified. Therefore, the present study aims to identify the Ephs interacting with ephrin-B2 and the cells that produce them in the rat pituitary gland. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated cell type-specific localization of candidate interacting partners for ephrin-B2, including EphA4 in cells located in the posterior lobe, EphB1 in gonadotropes, EphB2 in corticotropes, EphB3 in stem/progenitor cells and EphB4 in endothelial cells in the adult pituitary gland. In particular, double-immunohistochemistry showed cis-interactions between EphB3 and ephrin-B2 in the apical cell membranes of stem/progenitor cell niches throughout life and trans-interactions between EphB2 produced by corticotropes and ephrin-B2 located in the basolateral cell membranes of stem/progenitor cells in the early postnatal pituitary gland. These data indicate that ephrin-B2 plays a role in pituitary stem/progenitor cell niches by selective interaction with EphB3 in cis and EphB2 in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saishu Yoshida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takako Kato
- Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Kanno
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Nishimura
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroto Nishihara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kotaro Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Institute of Reproduction and Endocrinology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan. .,Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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7
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Tan BH, Guo CY, Xiong TQ, Chen LM, Li YC. The unique organization of filamentous actin in the medullary canal of the medulla oblongata. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:336-344. [PMID: 28187870 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the central canal, F-actin is predominantly localized in the apical region, forming a ring-like structure around the circumference of the lumen. However, an exception is found in the medulla oblongata, where the apical F-actin becomes interrupted in the ventral aspect of the canal. To clarify the precise localization of F-actin, the fluorescence signals for F-actin were converted to the peroxidase/DAB reaction products in this study by a phalloidin-based ultrastructural technique, which demonstrated that F-actin is located mainly in the microvilli and terminal webs in the ependymocytes. It is because the ventrally oriented ependymocytes do not possess well-developed microvilli or terminal web that led to a discontinuous labeling of F-actin in the medullary canal. Since spinal motions can change the shape and size of the central canal, we next examined the cytoskeletons in the medullary canal in both rats and monkeys, because these two kinds of animals show different kinematics at the atlanto-occipital articulation. Our results first demonstrated that the apical F-actin in the medullary canal is differently organized in the animals with different head-neck kinemics, which suggests that the mechanic stretching of spinal motions is capable of inducing F-actin reorganization and the subsequent cell-shape changes in the central canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Hong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Tian-Qing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Ling-Meng Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China
| | - Yan-Chao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, PR China.
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8
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Xiong T, Liu J, Dai G, Hou Y, Tan B, Zhang Y, Li S, Song Y, Liu H, Li Y, Li Y. The progressive changes of filamentous actin cytoskeleton in the hippocampal neurons after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2015; 118:55-67. [PMID: 26600371 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported a persistent reduction of F-actin puncta but a compensating increase in puncta size in the mouse hippocampus at 2 months after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (Epilepsy Res. 108 (2014), 379-389). However, the F-actin changes during the period of epileptogenesis remain unknown. This study was designed to examine the temporal and spatial changes of F-actin during the period of epileptogenesis in a pilocarpine-induced epilepsy model, primarily by the histological and TUNEL evaluation of cell loss, phalloidin detection of F-actin, and immunohistochemical analysis of glial reactions. The results demonstrated that F-actin continued to decrease after pilocarpine treatment, which was consistent in its time course with hippocampal neuronal death. Within different hippocampal subfields, the spatial changes of F-actin exhibited similar features. First, the F-actin puncta decreased in number. Thereafter, F-actin was transiently aggregated in dendritic shafts and neuronal cell bodies and eventually was completely lost in the degenerated neurons. The progressive changes of F-actin in the degenerating neurons reported in this study may help to elucidate a cytoskeletal mechanism that may link to the delayed cell loss that occurs during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Xiong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Gaoyue Dai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yuan Hou
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Baihong Tan
- Laboratory Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Pediatric Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, PR China
| | - Shulei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
| | - Yan Song
- Nursing College, Beihua University, 3999 Huashan Road, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
| | - Yongnan Li
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, PR China
| | - Yanchao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Jilin Province 130021, PR China.
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9
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Transcytosis in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier of the mouse brain with an engineered receptor/ligand system. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15037. [PMID: 26491705 PMCID: PMC4596253 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Crossing the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers (BCSFB) is one of the fundamental challenges in the development of new therapeutic molecules for brain disorders because these barriers prevent entry of most drugs from the blood into the brain. However, some large molecules, like the protein transferrin, cross these barriers using a specific receptor that transports them into the brain. Based on this mechanism, we engineered a receptor/ligand system to overcome the brain barriers by combining the human transferrin receptor with the cohesin domain from Clostridium thermocellum, and we tested the hybrid receptor in the choroid plexus of the mouse brain with a dockerin ligand. By expressing our receptor in choroidal ependymocytes, which are part of the BCSFB, we found that our systemically administrated ligand was able to bind to the receptor and accumulate in ependymocytes, where some of the ligand was transported from the blood side to the brain side.
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10
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Jiménez AJ, Domínguez-Pinos MD, Guerra MM, Fernández-Llebrez P, Pérez-Fígares JM. Structure and function of the ependymal barrier and diseases associated with ependyma disruption. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e28426. [PMID: 25045600 PMCID: PMC4091052 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.28426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroepithelium is a germinal epithelium containing progenitor cells that produce almost all of the central nervous system cells, including the ependyma. The neuroepithelium and ependyma constitute barriers containing polarized cells covering the embryonic or mature brain ventricles, respectively; therefore, they separate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills cavities from the developing or mature brain parenchyma. As barriers, the neuroepithelium and ependyma play key roles in the central nervous system development processes and physiology. These roles depend on mechanisms related to cell polarity, sensory primary cilia, motile cilia, tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions, machinery for endocytosis and molecule secretion, and water channels. Here, the role of both barriers related to the development of diseases, such as neural tube defects, ciliary dyskinesia, and hydrocephalus, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Physiology; University of Malaga; Malaga, Spain
| | | | - María M Guerra
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology; Austral University of Chile; Valdivia, Chile
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11
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Song Y, Hou J, Qiao B, Li Y, Xu Y, Duan M, Guan Z, Zhang M, Sun L. Street rabies virus causes dendritic injury and F-actin depolymerization in the hippocampus. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:276-283. [PMID: 23114630 PMCID: PMC3709620 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system and is typically fatal in humans and animals; however, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this study, the morphological changes of dendrites and dendritic spines in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were investigated in mice that were infected intracerebrally with an MRV strain of the street rabies virus. Haematoxylin and eosin and fluorescence staining analysis of brain sections from the infected mice showed very few morphological changes in the neuronal bodies and neuronal processes. However, we found a significant decrease in the number of dendritic spines. Primary neuronal cultures derived from the hippocampus of mice (embryonic day 16.5) that were infected with the virus also showed an obvious decrease in the number of dendritic spines. Furthermore, the decrease in the number of dendritic spines was related to the depolymerization of actin filaments (F-actin). We propose that the observed structural changes can partially explain the severe clinical disease that was found in experimental models of street rabies virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Nursing College, Beihua University, 3999 Huashan Road, Jilin 132013, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Xinming Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jinli Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Xinming Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Xinming Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yanchao Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Xinming Road, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Ye Xu
- Medical Research Laboratory, Jilin Medical College, Jilin Road, Jilin 132013, PR China
| | - Ming Duan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Xinming Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Zhenhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Xinming Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Xinming Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun 130062, PR China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Xinming Road, Changchun 130021, PR China
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12
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Köhler CN. Histochemical localization of caldesmon in the CNS and ganglia of the mouse. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:504-17. [PMID: 21411712 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411400875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The author has recently reported the distribution of the cytoskeleton-associated protein caldesmon in spleen and lymph nodes detected with different antibodies against caldesmon (J Histochem Cytochem 58:183-193, 2010). Here the author reports the distribution of caldesmon in the CNS and ganglia of the mouse using the same antibodies. Western blot analysis of mouse brain and spinal cord showed the preponderance of l-caldesmon and suggested at least two l-caldesmon isoforms in the brain. Immunostaining revealed the predominant reactivity of smooth muscle cells and cells resembling pericytes of many large and small blood vessels, ependymocytes, and secretory cells of the pineal gland and pituitary gland. Neuronal perikarya and neuropil in general displayed no or weak immunoreactivity, but there was stronger labeling of neuronal perikarya in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. In the brain, staining of the neuropil was stronger in the molecular layers of the dentate gyrus and cerebellum. Results show that caldesmon is expressed in many different cell types in the CNS and ganglia, consistent with the notion that l-caldesmon is ubiquitously expressed, but it appears most concentrated in smooth muscle cells, pericytes, epithelial cells, secretory cells, and neuronal perikarya in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph N Köhler
- Institute II of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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13
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Del Bigio MR. Ependymal cells: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:55-73. [PMID: 20024659 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The literature was reviewed to summarize the current understanding of the role of ciliated ependymal cells in the mammalian brain. Previous reviews were summarized. Publications from the past 10 years highlight interactions between ependymal cells and the subventricular zone and the possible role of restricted ependymal populations in neurogenesis. Ependymal cells provide trophic support and possibly metabolic support for progenitor cells. Channel proteins such as aquaporins may be important for determining water fluxes at the ventricle wall. The junctional and anchoring proteins are now fairly well understood, as are proteins related to cilia function. Defects in ependymal adhesion and cilia function can cause hydrocephalus through several different mechanisms, one possibility being loss of patency of the cerebral aqueduct. Ependymal cells are susceptible to infection by a wide range of common viruses; while they may act as a line of first defense, they eventually succumb to repeated attacks in long-lived organisms. Ciliated ependymal cells are almost certainly important during brain development. However, the widespread absence of ependymal cells from the adult human lateral ventricles suggests that they may have only regionally restricted value in the mature brain of large size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Del Bigio
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Li YC, Bai WZ, Sakai K, Hashikawa T. Fluorescence and electron microscopic localization of F-actin in the ependymocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:741-51. [PMID: 19365089 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.953646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of F-actin in the ventricular system has been reported to display pronounced regional differences with respect to shape, size, and development. However, the real roles played by F-actin in these cells cannot be understood unless the precise localization of F-actin is defined. In the present study, we used double-fluorescence labeling to further examine the localization of F-actin in the ependymocytes and its spatial relation to the other two cytoskeletal components, microtubules and intermediate filaments. Then we converted fluorescence signals for F-actin to peroxidase/DAB reaction products by use of a phalloidin-based FITC-anti-FITC system. This detection technique provided an overview of the distribution of F-actin in the ependymocytes at the ultrastructural level, and has been proven to be helpful in correlating light and electron microscopic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chao Li
- Neural Architecture, Advanced Technology Development Group, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Hirosawa 2-1, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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15
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Li YC, Bai WZ, Hashikawa T. Postnatal reorganization of F-actin in the central canal of the spinal cord in the rat. Brain Res 2008; 1239:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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