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Qu SY, Wang HZ, Hu QQ, Ma YQ, Kang YR, Ma LQ, Li X, Chen LH, Liu BY, Shao XM, Liu BY, Du JY, Liang Y, Zhao HL, Jiang YL, Fang JQ, He XF. Electroacupuncture may alleviate diabetic neuropathic pain by inhibiting the microglia P2X4R and neuroinflammation. Purinergic Signal 2023:10.1007/s11302-023-09972-9. [PMID: 37870716 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09972-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common and destructive complication of diabetes mellitus. The discovery of effective therapeutic methods for DNP is vitally imperative because of the lack of effective treatments. Although 2 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) was a successful approach for relieving DNP, the mechanism underlying the effect of EA on DNP is still poorly understood. Here, we established a rat model of DNP that was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. P2X4R was upregulated in the spinal cord after STZ-injection. The upregulation of P2X4R was mainly expressed on activated microglia. Intrathecal injection of a P2X4R antagonist or microglia inhibitor attenuated STZ-induced nociceptive thermal hyperalgesia and reduced the overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the spinal cord. We also assessed the effects of EA treatment on the pain hypersensitivities of DNP rats, and further investigated the possible mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of EA. EA relieved the hyperalgesia of DNP. In terms of mechanism, EA reduced the upregulation of P2X4R on activated microglia and decreased BDNF, IL-1β and TNF-α in the spinal cord. Mechanistic research of EA's analgesic impact would be beneficial in ensuring its prospective therapeutic effect on DNP as well as in extending EA's applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ying Qu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han-Zhi Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qun-Qi Hu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Qi Ma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Rong Kang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Qian Ma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu-Hang Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo-Yu Liu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Shao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo-Yi Liu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Ying Du
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Li Zhao
- Department of TCM Gynecology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian-Qiao Fang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Fen He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Gupta SJ, Churchward MA, Todd KG, Winship IR. Pleiotrophin Signals Through ALK Receptor to Enhance the Growth of Neurons in the Presence of Inhibitory Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231186993. [PMID: 37465214 PMCID: PMC10350765 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231186993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), one of the major extracellular matrix components of the glial scar that surrounds central nervous system (CNS) injuries, are known to inhibit the regeneration of neurons. This study investigated whether pleiotrophin (PTN), a growth factor upregulated during early CNS development, can overcome the inhibition mediated by CSPGs and promote the neurite outgrowth of neurons in vitro. The data showed that a CSPG matrix inhibited the outgrowth of neurites in primary cortical neuron cultures compared to a control matrix. PTN elicited a dose-dependent increase in the neurite outgrowth even in the presence of the growth inhibitory CSPG matrix, with optimal growth at 15 ng mL-1 of PTN (114.8% of neuronal outgrowth relative to laminin control). The growth-promoting effect of PTN was blocked by inhibition of the receptor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) by alectinib in a dose-dependent manner. Neurite outgrowth in the presence of this CSPG matrix was induced by activation of the protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, a key downstream mediator of ALK activation. This study identified PTN as a dose-dependent regulator of neurite outgrowth in primary cortical neurons cultured in the presence of a CSPG matrix and identified ALK activation as a key driver of PTN-induced growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath J Gupta
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew A Churchward
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Concordia University of Edmonton, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kathryn G Todd
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ian R Winship
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Saita K, Sumitani M, Nishizawa D, Tamura T, Ikeda K, Wakai K, Sudo Y, Abe H, Otonari J, Ikezaki H, Takeuchi K, Hishida A, Tanaka K, Shimanoe C, Takezaki T, Ibusuki R, Oze I, Ito H, Ozaki E, Matsui D, Nakamura Y, Kusakabe M, Suzuki S, Nakagawa-Senda H, Arisawa K, Katsuura-Kamano S, Kuriki K, Kita Y, Nakamura Y, Momozawa Y, Uchida K. Genetic polymorphism of pleiotrophin is associated with pain experience in Japanese adults: Case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30580. [PMID: 36123890 PMCID: PMC9478341 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a role in individual differences in pain experience. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel loci regulating pain processing. We conducted a 2-stage GWAS and the candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) association study on pain experience using an exploratory cohort of patients with cancer pain. The confirmatory cohort comprised of participants from the general population with and without habitual use of analgesic medication. In the exploratory cohort, we evaluated pain intensity using a numerical rating scale, recorded daily opioid dosages, and calculated pain reduction rate. In the confirmatory cohort, pain experience was defined as habitual nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage. Using linear regression models, we identified candidate SNP in the exploratory samples, and tested the association between phenotype and experienced pain in the confirmatory samples. We found 1 novel SNP (rs11764598)-located on the gene encoding for pleiotrophin on chromosome 7-that passed the genome-wide suggestive significance at 20% false discovery rate (FDR) correction in the exploratory samples of patients with cancer pain (P = 1.31 × 10-7, FDR = 0.101). We confirmed its significant association with daily analgesic usage in the confirmatory cohort (P = .028), although the minor allele affected pain experience in an opposite manner. We identified a novel genetic variant associated with pain experience. Further studies are required to validate the role of pleiotrophin in pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Saita
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Sumitani
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masahiko Sumitani, Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Daisuke Nishizawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshika Sudo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Abe
- Department of Pain and Palliative Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Otonari
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital, Narita, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikezaki
- Department of Comprehensive General Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asahi Hishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Toshiro Takezaki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rie Ibusuki
- Department of International Island and Community Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Isao Oze
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Cancer Information and Control, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Etsuko Ozaki
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohko Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miho Kusakabe
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sadao Suzuki
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakagawa-Senda
- Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kokichi Arisawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Kuriki
- Laboratory of Public Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Kita
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Tsuruga Nursing University, Tsuruga, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Takeda Hospital Medical Examination Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihide Momozawa
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanji Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Relief Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Ubiquitin ligase Triad1 promotes neurite outgrowth by inhibiting MDM2-mediated ubiquitination of the neuroprotective factor pleiotropin. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102443. [PMID: 36055408 PMCID: PMC9531182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most severe result of spine injury, but no effective therapy exists to treat SCI. We have previously shown that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Two RING fingers and DRIL 1 (Triad1) promotes neurite outgrowth after SCI. However, the mechanism by which Triad1 affects neuron growth and the potential involvement of its ubiquitination activity is unclear. Neuroprotective cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN) can promote microglia proliferation and neurotrophic factor secretion to achieve neuroprotection. We find using immunostaining and behavioral assays in rats that the expression of Triad1 and the PTN was peaked at 1 day after SCI and Triad1 improved motor function and histomorphological injury after SCI. We show using flow cytometry and astrocyte/neuronal coculture assays that Triad1 overexpression promoted PTN protein levels, neurotrophic growth factor (NGF) expression, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, astrocyte and neuronal viability, and neurite outgrowth but suppressed astrocyte apoptosis, while shRNA-mediated knockdown of Triad1 and PTN had the opposite effects. Ubiquitin ligase murine double mutant 2 (MDM2) has previously been demonstrated to participate in the process of neurite outgrowth and mediate ubiquitination of p53. Furthermore, we demonstrate overexpression of MDM2 downregulated PTN protein levels, NGF expression and BDNF expression in astrocytes, and inhibited neurite outgrowth of neurons. In addition, MDM2 facilitated PTN ubiquitination, which was reversed by Triad1. Finally, we show simultaneous sh-PTN and MDM2 overexpression attenuated the neurite outgrowth-promoting effect of Triad1 overexpression. In conclusion, we propose Triad1 promotes astrocyte-dependent neurite outgrowth to accelerate recovery after SCI by inhibiting MDM2-mediated PTN ubiquitination.
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Linnerbauer M, Lößlein L, Farrenkopf D, Vandrey O, Tsaktanis T, Naumann U, Rothhammer V. Astrocyte-Derived Pleiotrophin Mitigates Late-Stage Autoimmune CNS Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:800128. [PMID: 35046956 PMCID: PMC8762329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) with the capacity to sense and react to injury and inflammatory events. While it has been widely documented that astrocytes can exert tissue-degenerative functions, less is known about their protective and disease-limiting roles. Here, we report the upregulation of pleiotrophin (PTN) by mouse and human astrocytes in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its preclinical model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Using CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic perturbation systems, we demonstrate in vivo that astrocyte-derived PTN is critical for the recovery phase of EAE and limits chronic CNS inflammation. PTN reduces pro-inflammatory signaling in astrocytes and microglia and promotes neuronal survival following inflammatory challenge. Finally, we show that intranasal administration of PTN during the late phase of EAE successfully reduces disease severity, making it a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of progressive MS, for which existing therapies are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Linnerbauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Lößlein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Farrenkopf
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Vandrey
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thanos Tsaktanis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Modulation of Prostanoids Profile and Counter-Regulation of SDF-1α/CXCR4 and VIP/VPAC2 Expression by Sitagliptin in Non-Diabetic Rat Model of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313155. [PMID: 34884960 PMCID: PMC8658172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of sitagliptin repurposed for hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) are poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the impact of IRI and sitagliptin on the hepatic profile of eicosanoids (LC-MS/MS) and expression/concentration (RTqPCR/ELISA) of GLP-1/GLP-1R, SDF-1α/CXCR4 and VIP/VPAC1, VPAC2, and PAC1 in 36 rats. Animals were divided into four groups and subjected to ischemia (60 min) and reperfusion (24 h) with or without pretreatment with sitagliptin (5 mg/kg) (IR and SIR) or sham-operated with or without sitagliptin pretreatment (controls and sitagliptin). PGI2, PGE2, and 13,14-dihydro-PGE1 were significantly upregulated in IR but not SIR, while sitagliptin upregulated PGD2 and 15-deoxy-12,14-PGJ2. IR and sitagliptin non-significantly upregulated GLP-1 while Glp1r expression was borderline detectable. VIP concentration and Vpac2 expression were downregulated in IR but not SIR, while Vpac1 was significantly downregulated solely in SIR. IRI upregulated both CXCR4 expression and concentration, and sitagliptin pretreatment abrogated receptor overexpression and downregulated Sdf1. In conclusion, hepatic IRI is accompanied by an elevation in proinflammatory prostanoids and overexpression of CXCR4, combined with downregulation of VIP/VPAC2. Beneficial effects of sitagliptin during hepatic IRI might be mediated by drug-induced normalization of proinflammatory prostanoids and upregulation of PGD2 and by concomitant downregulation of SDF-1α/CXCR4 and reinstating VIP/VCAP2 signaling.
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Trocha M, Fleszar MG, Fortuna P, Lewandowski Ł, Gostomska-Pampuch K, Sozański T, Merwid-Ląd A, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Sitagliptin Modulates Oxidative, Nitrative and Halogenative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Rat Model of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081168. [PMID: 34439416 PMCID: PMC8388898 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A possibility of repurposing sitagliptin, a well-established antidiabetic drug, for alleviating injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is being researched. The aim of this study was to shed some light on the molecular background of the protective activity of sitagliptin during hepatic IR. The expression and/or concentration of inflammation and oxidative stress-involved factors have been determined in rat liver homogenates using quantitative RT-PCR and Luminex® xMAP® technology and markers of nitrative and halogenative stress were quantified using targeted metabolomics (LC-MS/MS). Animals (n = 36) divided into four groups were treated with sitagliptin (5 mg/kg) (S and SIR) or saline solution (C and IR), and the livers from IR and SIR were subjected to ischemia (60 min) and reperfusion (24 h). The midkine expression (by 2.2-fold) and the free 3-nitrotyrosine (by 2.5-fold) and IL-10 (by 2-fold) concentration were significantly higher and the Nox4 expression was lower (by 9.4-fold) in the IR than the C animals. As compared to IR, the SIR animals had a lower expression of interleukin-6 (by 4.2-fold) and midkine (by 2-fold), a lower concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine (by 2.5-fold) and a higher Nox4 (by 2.9-fold) and 3-bromotyrosine (by 1.4-fold). In conclusion, IR disturbs the oxidative, nitrative and halogenative balance and aggravates the inflammatory response in the liver, which can be attenuated by low doses of sitagliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Trocha
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.S.); (A.M.-L.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (M.K.-K.)
| | - Mariusz G. Fleszar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (Ł.L.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Paulina Fortuna
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (Ł.L.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (Ł.L.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Kinga Gostomska-Pampuch
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (Ł.L.); (K.G.-P.)
| | - Tomasz Sozański
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.S.); (A.M.-L.)
| | - Anna Merwid-Ląd
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (T.S.); (A.M.-L.)
| | - Małgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.G.F.); (P.F.); (Ł.L.); (K.G.-P.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (M.K.-K.)
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8
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Hammond BP, Manek R, Kerr BJ, Macauley MS, Plemel JR. Regulation of microglia population dynamics throughout development, health, and disease. Glia 2021; 69:2771-2797. [PMID: 34115410 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic expansions and contractions of the microglia population in the central nervous system (CNS) to achieve homeostasis are likely vital for their function. Microglia respond to injury or disease but also help guide neurodevelopment, modulate neural circuitry throughout life, and direct regeneration. Throughout these processes, microglia density changes, as does the volume of area that each microglia surveys. Given that microglia are responsible for sensing subtle alterations to their environment, a change in their density could affect their capacity to mobilize rapidly. In this review, we attempt to synthesize the current literature on the ligands and conditions that promote microglial proliferation across development, adulthood, and neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia display an impressive proliferative capacity during development and in neurodegenerative diseases that is almost completely absent at homeostasis. However, the appropriate function of microglia in each state is critically dependent on density fluctuations that are primarily induced by proliferation. Proliferation is a natural microglial response to insult and often serves neuroprotective functions. In contrast, inappropriate microglial proliferation, whether too much or too little, often precipitates undesirable consequences for nervous system health. Thus, fluctuations in the microglia population are tightly regulated to ensure these immune cells can execute their diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady P Hammond
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupali Manek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Microglial BDNF, PI3K, and p-ERK in the Spinal Cord Are Suppressed by Pulsed Radiofrequency on Dorsal Root Ganglion to Ease SNI-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats. Pain Res Manag 2019; 2019:5948686. [PMID: 31182984 PMCID: PMC6512068 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5948686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) on the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) has been applied to alleviate neuropathic pain effectively, yet the mechanisms underlying pain reduction owing to this treatment are not clarified completely. The activated microglia, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in the spinal cord were demonstrated to be involved in developing neuropathic pain. Also, it has been just known that PRF on DRG inhibits the microglial activation in nerve injury rats. Here, we aim to investigate whether PRF treatment could regulate the levels of BDNF, PI3K, and p-ERK in the spinal cord of rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) via suppressing the spinal microglia activation to ease neuropathic pain. Methods The rats with SNI were intrathecally treated with minocycline (specific microglia inhibitor) or same volume of dimethyl sulfoxide once daily, beginning from 1 h before nerve transection to 7 days. PRF was applied adjacent to the L4-L5 DRG of rats with SNI at 45 V for 6 min on the seventh postoperative day, whereas the free-PRF rats were treated without PRF. The withdrawal thresholds were studied, and the spinal levels of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), BDNF, PI3K, and p-ERK were calculated by western blot analysis, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence. Results The paw withdrawal mechanical threshold and paw withdrawal thermal latency decreased in the ipsilateral hind paws after SNI, and the spinal levels of Iba1, BDNF, PI3K, and p-ERK increased on day 21 after SNI compared with baseline (P < 0.01). An intrathecal injection of minocycline led to the reversal of SNI-induced allodynia and increase in levels of Iba1, BDNF, PI3K, and p-ERK. Withdrawal thresholds recovered partially after a single PRF treatment for 14 days, and SNI-induced microglia hyperactivity, BDNF upregulation, and PI3K and ERK phosphorylation in the spinal cord reduced on D14 due to the PRF procedure. Conclusion Microglial BDNF, PI3K, and p-ERK in the spinal cord are suppressed by the therapy of PRF on DRG to ease SNI-induced neuropathic pain in rats.
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Tchekalarova J, Atanasova D, Kortenska L, Lazarov N, Shishmanova-Doseva M, Galchev T, Marinov P. Agomelatine alleviates neuronal loss through BDNF signaling in the post-status epilepticus model induced by kainic acid in rat. Brain Res Bull 2019; 147:22-35. [PMID: 30738136 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that while agomelatine (Ago) is unable to prevent development of epilepsy it exerts a strong neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory response in the KA post-status epilepticus (SE) rat model. In the present study, we aimed to explore whether the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus is involved in the neuroprotective effect of Ago against the KA-induced SE and epileptiform activity four months later in rats. Lacosamide (LCM) was used as a positive control. The EEG-recorded seizure activity was also evaluated in two treatment protocols. In Experiment#1, Ago given repeatedly at a dose of 40 mg/kg during the course of SE was unable neither to modify EEG-recorded epileptiform activity nor the video- and EEG-recorded spontaneous seizures four months later compared to LCM (50 mg/kg). However, both Ago and LCM inhibited the expression of BDNF in the mossy fibers and also prevented neuronal loss in the dorsal hippocampal and the piriform cortex after SE. In Experiment#2, acute injection of Ago and LCM on epileptic rats, characterized by high seizure rates, did not prevent EEG-recorded paroxysmal events while only LCM decreased either absolute or relative powers of gamma (28-60 Hz) and high (HI) (60-120 Hz) frequency bands to baseline in the frontal and parietal cortex, respectively. Our results suggest that the protection against neuronal loss in specific limbic regions and overexpressed BDNF in the mossy fibers resulting from the repeated treatment with Ago and LCM, respectively, during SE is not a prerequisite for alleviation of epileptogenesis and development of epilepsy. In addition, a reduction of gamma and HI bands in the frontal and parietal cortex is not associated with EEG-recorded paroxysmal events after acute injection of LCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tchekalarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Dimitrinka Atanasova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Sofia, Bulgaria; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Lidia Kortenska
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Pencho Marinov
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
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12
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Murray CE, Gami-Patel P, Gkanatsiou E, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Wirths O, Heywood W, Blennow K, Ghiso J, Holton JL, Mills K, Zetterberg H, Revesz T, Lashley T. The presubiculum is preserved from neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:62. [PMID: 30029687 PMCID: PMC6053705 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the majority of affected brain regions the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits in the form of diffuse and neuritic plaques, tau pathology in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads and plaque-associated abnormal neurites in combination with an inflammatory response. However, the anatomical area of the presubiculum, is characterised by the presence of a single large evenly distributed ‘lake-like’ Aβ deposit with minimal tau deposition or accumulation of inflammatory markers. Post-mortem brain samples from sporadic AD (SAD) and familial AD (FAD) and two hereditary cerebral amyloid diseases, familial British dementia (FBD) and familial Danish dementia (FDD) were used to compare the morphology of the extracellular proteins deposited in the presubiculum compared to the entorhinal cortex. The level of tau pathology and the extent of microglial activation were quantitated in the two brain regions in SAD and FAD. Frozen tissue was used to investigate the Aβ species and proteomic differences between the two regions. Consistent with our previous investigations of FBD and FDD cases we were able to establish that the ‘lake-like’ pre-amyloid deposits of the presubiculum were not a unique feature of AD but they also found two non-Aβ amyloidosis. Comparing the presubiculum to the entorhinal cortex the number of neurofibrillary tangles and tau load were significantly reduced; there was a reduction in microglial activation; there were differences in the Aβ profiles and the investigation of the whole proteome showed significant changes in different protein pathways. In summary, understanding why the presubiculum has a different morphological appearance, biochemical and proteomic makeup compared to surrounding brain regions severely affected by neurodegeneration could lead us to understanding protective mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases.
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You MM, Chen YF, Pan YM, Liu YC, Tu J, Wang K, Hu FL. Royal Jelly Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation in BV-2 Microglial Cells through Modulating NF- κB and p38/JNK Signaling Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7834381. [PMID: 29849495 PMCID: PMC5911318 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7834381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ), a hive product with versatile pharmacological activities, has been used as a traditional functional food to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about the anti-inflammatory effect of RJ in microglial cells. The aim of this study is to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of RJ in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced murine immortalized BV-2 cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, RJ significantly inhibited iNOS and COX-2 expression at mRNA and protein levels. The mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α was also downregulated by RJ in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, RJ protected BV-2 cells against oxidative stress by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production. Mechanistically, we found that RJ could alleviate inflammatory response in microglia by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, p38, and JNK and by inhibiting the nucleus translocation of NF-κB p65. These findings suggest that RJ might be a promising functional food to delay inflammatory progress by influencing the microglia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Ming Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Comparative Medical Research Center, Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yi-Chen Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jue Tu
- Comparative Medical Research Center, Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fu-Liang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Fu PC, Tang RH, Yu ZY, Xie MJ, Wang W, Luo X. The Rho-associated kinase inhibitors Y27632 and fasudil promote microglial migration in the spinal cord via the ERK signaling pathway. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:677-683. [PMID: 29722320 PMCID: PMC5950678 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.230294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) is a key regulatory protein involved in inflammatory secretion in microglia in the central nervous system. Our previous studies showed that ROCK inhibition enhances phagocytic activity in microglia through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway, but its effect on microglial migration was unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of the ROCK inhibitors Y27632 and fasudil on the migratory activity of primary cultured microglia isolated from the spinal cord, and we examined the underlying mechanisms. The microglia were treated with Y27632, fasudil and/or the ERK inhibitor U0126. Cellular morphology was observed by immunofluorescence. Transwell chambers were used to assess cell migration. ERK levels were measured by in-cell western blot assay. Y27632 and fasudil increased microglial migration, and the microglia were irregularly shaped and had many small processes. These inhibitors also upregulated the levels of phosphorylated ERK protein. The ERK inhibitor U0126 suppressed these effects of Y27632 and fasudil. These findings suggest that the ROCK inhibitors Y27632 and fasudil promote microglial migration in the spinal cord through the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Cai Fu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Rong-Hua Tang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min-Jie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Yu HF, Tao R, Yang ZQ, Wang K, Yue ZP, Guo B. Ptn functions downstream of C/EBPβ to mediate the effects of cAMP on uterine stromal cell differentiation through targeting Hand2 in response to progesterone. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1612-1626. [PMID: 28657144 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ptn is a pleiotropic growth factor involving in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, but its biological function in uterine decidualization remains unknown. Here, we showed that Ptn was highly expressed in the decidual cells, and could induce the proliferation of uterine stromal cells and expression of Prl8a2 and Prl3c1 which were two well-established differentiation markers for decidualization, suggesting an important role of Ptn in decidualization. In the uterine stromal cells, progesterone stimulated the expression of Ptn accompanied with an accumulation of intracellular cAMP level. Silencing of Ptn impeded the induction of progesterone and cAMP on the differentiation of uterine stromal cells. Administration of PKA inhibitor H89 resulted in a blockage of progesterone on Ptn expression. Further analysis evidenced that regulation of progesterone and cAMP on Ptn was mediated by C/EBPβ. During in vitro decidualization, knockdown of Ptn could weaken the up-regulation of Prl8a2 and Prl3c1 elicited by C/EBPβ overexpression, while constitutive activation of Ptn reversed the repressive effects of C/EBPβ siRNA on the expression of Prl8a2 and Prl3c1. Meanwhile, Ptn might mediate the regulation of C/EBPβ on Hand2 which was a downstream target of Ptn in the differentiation of uterine stromal cells. Attenuation of Ptn or C/EBPβ by specific siRNA blocked the stimulation of Hand2 by progesterone and cAMP. Collectively, Ptn may play a vital role in the progesterone-induced decidualization pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Fan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ran Tao
- College of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Qing Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Peng Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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16
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Fernández-Calle R, Vicente-Rodríguez M, Gramage E, Pita J, Pérez-García C, Ferrer-Alcón M, Uribarri M, Ramos MP, Herradón G. Pleiotrophin regulates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:46. [PMID: 28259175 PMCID: PMC5336633 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a cytokine found highly upregulated in the brain in different disorders characterized by overt neuroinflammation such as neurodegenerative diseases, drug addiction, traumatic injury, and ischemia. In the present work, we have explored whether PTN modulates neuroinflammation and if Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), crucial in the initiation of an immune response, is involved. Methods In immunohistochemistry assays, we studied lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 7.5 mg/kg i.p.)-induced changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astrocyte marker) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1, microglia marker) expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum of mice with transgenic PTN overexpression in the brain (PTN-Tg) and in wild-type (WT) mice. Cytokine protein levels were assessed in the PFC by X-MAP technology. The influence of TLR4 signaling in LPS effects in both genotypes was assessed by pretreatment with the TLR4 antagonist (TAK-242, 3.0 mg/kg i.p.). Murine BV2 microglial cells were treated with PTN (0.5 μg/ml) and LPS (1.0 μg/ml) and assessed for the release of nitric oxide (NO). Results We found that LPS-induced microglial activation is significantly increased in the PFC of PTN-Tg mice compared to that of WT mice. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in response to LPS were significantly increased in the PFC of PTN-Tg mice compared to that of WT mice. Pretreatment with TAK-242 efficiently blocked increases in cytokine contents in a similar manner in both genotypes. Concomitant incubation of BV2 cells with LPS and PTN significantly potentiated the production of NO compared to cells only treated with LPS. Conclusions Our findings identify for the first time that PTN is a novel and potent regulator of neuroinflammation. Pleiotrophin potentiates LPS-stimulated microglia activation. Our results suggest that regulation of the PTN signaling pathways may constitute new therapeutic opportunities particularly in those neurological disorders characterized by increased PTN cerebral levels and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalía Fernández-Calle
- Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urb. Montepríncipe, 28668, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Vicente-Rodríguez
- Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urb. Montepríncipe, 28668, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Gramage
- Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urb. Montepríncipe, 28668, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena Pita
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology lab, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-García
- Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urb. Montepríncipe, 28668, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Uribarri
- BRAINco Biopharma, S.L., Bizkaia Technology Park, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - María P Ramos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology lab, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herradón
- Pharmacology Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Urb. Montepríncipe, 28668, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Although the cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unknown, a number of new findings suggest that the immune system may play a critical role in the early stages of the disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified a wide array of risk-associated genes for AD, many of which are associated with abnormal functioning of immune cells. Microglia are the brain’s immune cells. They play an important role in maintaining the brain’s extracellular environment, including clearance of aggregated proteins such as amyloid-β (Aβ). Recent studies suggest that microglia play a more active role in the brain than initially considered. Specifically, microglia provide trophic support to neurons and also regulate synapses. Microglial regulation of neuronal activity may have important consequences for AD. In this article we review the function of microglia in AD and examine the possible relationship between microglial dysfunction and network abnormalities, which occur very early in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Southam
- Correspondence to: Dr. Katherine Southam, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS 7000 Australia. Tel.: +61 3 6226 4834; Fax: +61 3 6226 7704; E-mail:
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18
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Zhang Q, Qi Y, Chen L, Shi X, Bai Y, Huang L, Yu W, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Li X. The relationship between anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and fibrosis in proliferative retinopathy: clinical and laboratory evidence. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 100:1443-50. [PMID: 27531356 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-308199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the progression of epiretinal membranes after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection therapy in patients with proliferative membranes and evaluate the changes in fibrosis-related cytokines in retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells after treatment with bevacizumab. METHODS Retrospective study of the proliferative membranes in patients with and without IVB therapy. In vitro, the human adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells and BV2 microglial cell lines were incubated in different bevacizumab concentrations under hypoxic conditions. Cell culture supernatants and cell lysates were harvested after incubation for 24, 48 or 72 hours for ELISA and western blot. RESULTS Bevacizumab accelerated fibrosis in patients with proliferative membranes. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed more intense transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) staining in IVB-treated proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) membranes compared with membranes of patients not receiving IVB therapy. This result was consistent with real-time PCR results. Bevacizumab incubation significantly upregulated TGFβ2 and CTGF in ARPE-19 cells and BV2 microglial cells, but ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) expression was upregulated only in BV2 microglial cells. CONCLUSIONS Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment likely accelerates fibrosis in PDR patients via upregulation of TGFβ2, CTGF and CNTF, suggesting the importance of adjunctive therapy for retinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China Ophthalmology Department, Xian No. 4 Hospital, Xincheng District, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanrong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University People's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
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Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitors Promote Microglial Uptake Via the ERK Signaling Pathway. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:83-91. [PMID: 26779919 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system that take up tissue debris and pathogens. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) has been identified as an important regulator of uptake, proliferation, secretion, and differentiation in a number of cell types. Although ROCK plays critical roles in the microglial secretion of inflammatory factors, migration, and morphology, its effects on microglial uptake activity have not been well characterized. In the present study, we found that treatment of BV2 microglia and primary microglia with the ROCK inhibitors Y27632 and fasudil increased uptake activity and was associated with morphological changes. Furthermore, western blots showed that this increase in uptake activity was mediated through the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade, indicating the importance of ROCK in regulating microglial uptake activity.
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Hisaoka-Nakashima K, Kajitani N, Kaneko M, Shigetou T, Kasai M, Matsumoto C, Yokoe T, Azuma H, Takebayashi M, Morioka N, Nakata Y. Amitriptyline induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression through ERK-dependent modulation of multiple BDNF mRNA variants in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes and microglia. Brain Res 2016; 1634:57-67. [PMID: 26764533 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A significant role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been previously implicated in the therapeutic effect of antidepressants. To ascertain the contribution of specific cell types in the brain that produce BDNF following antidepressant treatment, the effects of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline on rat primary neuronal, astrocytic and microglial cortical cultures were examined. Amitriptyline increased the expression of BDNF mRNA in astrocytic and microglial cultures but not neuronal cultures. Antidepressants with distinct mechanisms of action, such as clomipramine, duloxetine and fluvoxamine, also increased BDNF mRNA expression in astrocytic and microglial cultures. There are multiple BDNF mRNA variants (exon I, IIA, IV and VI) expressed in astrocytes and microglia and the variant induced by antidepressants has yet to be elaborated. Treatment with antidepressants increased the expression of exon I, IV and VI in astrocyte and microglia. Clomipramine alone significantly upregulated expression of exon IIA. The amitriptyline-induced expression of both total and individual BDNF mRNA variants (exon I, IV and VI) were blocked by MEK inhibitor U0126, indicating MEK/ERK signaling is required in the expression of BDNF. These findings indicate that non-neural cells are a significant target of antidepressants and further support the contention that glial production of BDNF is crucial role in the therapeutic effect of antidepressants. The current data suggest that targeting of glial function could lead to the development of antidepressants with a truly novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Hisaoka-Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Naoto Kajitani
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan; Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneko
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shigetou
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miho Kasai
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chie Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yokoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Honami Azuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyama, Kure, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Morioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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Yao N, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Ju L, Liu Y, Ju R, Duan D, Xu Q. Lesion of the locus coeruleus aggravates dopaminergic neuron degeneration by modulating microglial function in mouse models of Parkinson׳s disease. Brain Res 2015; 1625:255-74. [PMID: 26342895 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The degeneration of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) commonly occurs in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), which is characterized by a selective injury of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). The pathological impact of the LC on the SN in the disease is unknown. In the present study, we used a noradrenergic toxin, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4), to deplete noradrenaline (NA) derived from the LC to explore its influence on degeneration or injury of dopaminergic neurons in the SN in mouse model produced by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our results demonstrated that lesion of the LC could change microglial function in the brain, which led to enhanced or prolonged expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, diminished neurotrophic factors, and weakened ability of anti-oxidation in the SN. The in vitro experiments further confirmed that NA could reduce the inflammatory reaction of microglia. The selective injury of dopaminergic neurons by inflammation, however, was due to the inflammation in different brain regions rather than the depletion of NA. Our results indicate that the lesion in the LC is an important factor in promoting dopaminergic neuron degeneration by impacting the function of microglia in the midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Children׳s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lili Ju
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rongkai Ju
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Deyi Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qunyuan Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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22
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Microglial Activation Promotes Cell Survival in Organotypic Cultures of Postnatal Mouse Retinal Explants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135238. [PMID: 26252475 PMCID: PMC4529135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia during neurodegeneration remains controversial. We investigated whether microglial cells have a neurotoxic or neuroprotective function in the retina. Retinal explants from 10-day-old mice were treated in vitro with minocycline to inhibit microglial activation, with LPS to increase microglial activation, or with liposomes loaded with clodronate (Lip-Clo) to deplete microglial cells. Flow cytometry was used to assess the viability of retinal cells in the explants and the TUNEL method to show the distribution of dead cells. The immunophenotypic and morphological features of microglia and their distribution were analyzed with flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Treatment of retinal explants with minocycline reduced microglial activation and simultaneously significantly decreased cell viability and increased the presence of TUNEL-labeled cell profiles. This treatment also prevented the migration of microglial cells towards the outer nuclear layer, where cell death was most abundant. The LPS treatment increased microglial activation but had no effect on cell viability or microglial distribution. Finally, partial microglial removal with Lip-Clo diminished the cell viability in the retinal explants, showing a similar effect to that of minocycline. Hence, cell viability is diminished in retinal explants cultured in vitro when microglial cells are removed or their activation is inhibited, indicating a neurotrophic role for microglia in this system.
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23
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The effects of pleiotrophin in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115523. [PMID: 25617851 PMCID: PMC4305314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN), a secreted, multifunctional cytokine, is involved in angiogenic, fibrotic and neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about its effects on diabetic retinopathy, a neurovascular disease. To investigate the role of PTN in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), PTN concentration in the vitreous was evaluated in PDR patients and non-diabetic controls. PTN expression was observed in epiretinal membranes from patients. PTN knockdown was performed using small interfering (si)RNA, and the effects on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and human umbilical vascular endothelia cells (HUVECs) were observed in vitro under hyperglycemic and hypoxic conditions. Cell attachment, proliferation, migration, tube formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) phosphorylation, and VEGF levels were studied. The vitreous PTN concentration in PDR patients was higher than that in non-diabetic controls, and PTN was highly expressed in the fibrovascular membranes of PDR patients. Under hyperglycemic and hypoxic conditions, PTN knockdown reduced cell attachment, proliferation, migration, and tube formation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro. Mechanically, PTN depletion decreased ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Recombinant PTN up regulated the concentration of VEGF in vitro, which can be attenuated by the ERK 1/2 inhibitor. Taken together, our results implied that elevated PTN in PDR patients might participate in the critical processes of the development of PDR, most likely playing roles in angiogenesis and proliferation, possibly by activating the ERK 1/2 pathway and regulating VEGF secretion. These findings provide new insight into the roles of PTN in PDR and suggest that PTN may become a new target for therapeutic intervention in PDR.
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Wang Y, Qiu B, Liu J, Zhu WG, Zhu S. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript facilitates the neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons after oxygen and glucose deprivation through PTN-dependent pathway. Neuroscience 2014; 277:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Behavioral and neuroanatomical abnormalities in pleiotrophin knockout mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100597. [PMID: 25000129 PMCID: PMC4085064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is an extracellular matrix-associated protein with neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects that is involved in a variety of neurodevelopmental processes. Data regarding the cognitive-behavioral and neuroanatomical phenotype of pleiotrophin knockout (KO) mice is limited. The purpose of this study was to more fully characterize this phenotype, with emphasis on the domains of learning and memory, cognitive-behavioral flexibility, exploratory behavior and anxiety, social behavior, and the neuronal and vascular microstructure of the lateral entorhinal cortex (EC). PTN KOs exhibited cognitive rigidity, heightened anxiety, behavioral reticence in novel contexts and novel social interactions suggestive of neophobia, and lamina-specific decreases in neuronal area and increases in neuronal density in the lateral EC. Initial learning of spatial and other associative tasks, as well as vascular density in the lateral EC, was normal in the KOs. These data suggest that the absence of PTN in vivo is associated with disruption of specific cognitive and affective processes, raising the possibility that further study of PTN KOs might have implications for the study of human disorders with similar features.
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Janz P, Illing RB. A role for microglial cells in reshaping neuronal circuitry of the adult rat auditory brainstem after its sensory deafferentation. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:432-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Janz
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Robert-Benjamin Illing
- Neurobiological Research Laboratory; Department of Otorhinolaryngology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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The PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone prevents neuronal loss and attenuates development of spontaneous recurrent seizures through BDNF/TrkB signaling following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:405-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ferrini F, De Koninck Y. Microglia control neuronal network excitability via BDNF signalling. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:429815. [PMID: 24089642 PMCID: PMC3780625 DOI: 10.1155/2013/429815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-neuron interactions play a crucial role in several neurological disorders characterized by altered neural network excitability, such as epilepsy and neuropathic pain. While a series of potential messengers have been postulated as substrates of the communication between microglia and neurons, including cytokines, purines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide, the specific links between messengers, microglia, neuronal networks, and diseases have remained elusive. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) released by microglia emerges as an exception in this riddle. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role played by microglial BDNF in controlling neuronal excitability by causing disinhibition. The efforts made by different laboratories during the last decade have collectively provided a robust mechanistic paradigm which elucidates the mechanisms involved in the synthesis and release of BDNF from microglia, the downstream TrkB-mediated signals in neurons, and the biophysical mechanism by which disinhibition occurs, via the downregulation of the K⁺-Cl⁻ cotransporter KCC2, dysrupting Cl⁻ homeostasis, and hence the strength of GABA(A)- and glycine receptor-mediated inhibition. The resulting altered network activity appears to explain several features of the associated pathologies. Targeting the molecular players involved in this canonical signaling pathway may lead to novel therapeutic approach for ameliorating a wide array of neural dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Yves De Koninck
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G13 7P4
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