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Can U, Akdu S, Aktan AH. The Investigation of Kisspeptin, Spexin and Galanin in Euthyroid Women with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Endocr Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 39056111 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2024.2384576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hallmarks of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) include the destruction of thyroid cells by leading to insulin resistance (IR), hypothyroidism, and metabolic abnormalities. Kisspeptin, spexin, and galanin control appetite and body weight (BW) to regulate metabolisms. Here, we sought to determine if galanin, kisspeptin, and spexin are linked to the pathophysiology of HT in euthyroid female individuals. METHODS Forty-five women with HT and 45 healthy control women of the same age participated in the current study. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to measure the serum levels of galanin, spexin, and kisspeptin. RESULTS In comparison to the controls, HT patients had significantly higher levels of kisspeptin (p < 0.01), galanin (p < 0.01), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) (p < 0.001), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) (p < 0.001), and body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.05). The two groups were comparable in terms of spexin, free triiodothyronine-3 (fT3), fT4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Galanin and kisspeptin were seen to have a positive correlation (p < 0.01; r = 0.786). CONCLUSIONS Euthyroid women with HT were found to have higher levels of kisspeptin and galanin. These results imply that kisspeptin and galanin may be linked to the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism, and as a result, we believe that these markers may be beneficial in the early detection and treatment of HT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummugulsum Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sadinaz Akdu
- Department of Biochemistry, Fethiye State Hospital, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hamdi Aktan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fethiye State Hospital, Muğla, Turkey
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Jaillardon L, Kaiser M. Pathogenesis of the crosstalk between reproductive function and stress in animals - part 2: Prolactin, thyroid, inflammation and oxidative stress. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:137-143. [PMID: 37724656 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress has a significant impact on reproductive health and fertility in both humans as well as various animal species. In particular, chronic stress can disrupt the delicate balance of the hormonal system that regulates reproductive function, leading to a variety of reproductive disorders and fertility issues. Beside the action of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system and the sympatho-adrenomedullary system (SAM), other subsequent mechanisms have been incriminated. Thus, stress has also been associated with increased prolactin level, resulting in an inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) system leading to several reproductive disorders. Thyroid function is inhibited during chronic stress, and therefore considered an important regulator of reproductive function. Thus, and in particular by interfering with the HPA system, stress-induced immune dysregulation can have adverse effects on reproduction. In addition, oxidative stress and inflammation have been proposed as potential mechanisms by which chronic stress affects reproductive function. This is caused by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that has a harmful effect on cells. Furthermore, inflammation can lead to tissue damage and scarring, which can affect fertility. The present review completes the complex mechanism linking stress and reproduction through the current knowledge in various animal species in a comparative point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Jaillardon
- Oniris, LabOniris, Nantes Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Sciences and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Marianne Kaiser
- Management and Modelling, Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Carrasco RA, Breen KM. Allostasis in Neuroendocrine Systems Controlling Reproduction. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad125. [PMID: 37586095 PMCID: PMC10461221 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Allostasis provides a supporting role to the homeostatic control of biological variables in mammalian species. While the concept of homeostasis is related to the control of variables within a set point or range that are essential to life, allostasis refers to systems that facilitate adaptation to challenges that the organism faces and the new requirements for survival. Essential for such adaptation is the role played by the brain in eliciting neural and neuroendocrine responses. Reproductive function is fundamental for the survival of species but is costly in energetic terms and requires a synchrony with an ever-changing environment. Thus, in many species reproductive function is blocked or delayed over immediate challenges. This review will cover the physiological systems and neuroendocrine pathways that supply allostatic control over reproductive neuroendocrine systems. Light, hypoxia, temperature, nutrition, psychosocial, and immune mediators influence the neuroendocrine control of reproductive functions through pathways that are confluent at the paraventricular nucleus; however, understanding of the integrative responses to these stimuli has not been clarified. Likely, the ultimate consequence of these allostatic mechanisms is the modification of kisspeptin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal activity, thus compromising reproduction function in the short term, while preserving species survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Carrasco
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674, USA
| | - Kellie M Breen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674, USA
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Brown EDL, Obeng-Gyasi B, Hall JE, Shekhar S. The Thyroid Hormone Axis and Female Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9815. [PMID: 37372963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid function affects multiple sites of the female hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of thyroid function has been linked to reproductive dysfunction in women and is associated with menstrual irregularity, infertility, poor pregnancy outcomes, and gynecological conditions such as premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Thus, the complex molecular interplay between hormones involved in thyroid and reproductive functions is further compounded by the association of certain common autoimmune states with disorders of the thyroid and the HPG axes. Furthermore, in prepartum and intrapartum states, even relatively minor disruptions have been shown to adversely impact maternal and fetal outcomes, with some differences of opinion in the management of these conditions. In this review, we provide readers with a foundational understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone interactions with the female HPG axis. We also share clinical insights into the management of thyroid dysfunction in reproductive-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan D L Brown
- Reproductive Physiology and Pathophysiology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Barnabas Obeng-Gyasi
- Department of Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Janet E Hall
- Reproductive Physiology and Pathophysiology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Skand Shekhar
- Reproductive Physiology and Pathophysiology Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Ueta Y. Sex-related differences in obesity - role of the kisspeptin-neurokinin B-dynorphin A (KNDy) neurons. Peptides 2023; 159:170907. [PMID: 36423708 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807- 8555, Japan.
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de Oliveira LS, da Silva TQM, Barbosa EM, Dos Anjos Cordeiro JM, Santos LC, Henriques PC, Santos BR, Gusmao DDO, de Macedo IO, Szawka RE, Silva JF. Kisspeptin Treatment Restores Ovarian Function in Rats with Hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2022; 32:1568-1579. [PMID: 35765915 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Hypothyroidism causes ovarian dysfunction and infertility in women, in addition to being associated with hyperprolactinemia and reduced hypothalamic expression of kisspeptin (Kp). However, it remains unknown whether and how Kp is able to reverse the ovarian dysfunction caused by hypothyroidism. Methods: Hypothyroidism was induced in adult female Wistar rats using 6-propyl-2-thiouracil for 3 months. In the last month, half of the animals received Kp10. Blood samples were collected for dosage of free thyroxine, thyrotropin (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), progesterone (P4), and estradiol (E2), and uteruses and ovaries were collected for histomorphometry. Body and ovarian weight and the number of corpora lutea were also evaluated. Half of the brains were evaluated by immunohistochemistry to Kp, and the other half had the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARC) and preoptic area microdissected for gene evaluation of Kiss1, Nkb, Pdyn, and Gnrh1. The pituitary gland and corpora lutea were also dissected for gene evaluation. Results: Hypothyroidism kept the animals predominantly acyclic and promoted a reduction in ovarian weight, number of corpora lutea, endometrial thickness, number of endometrial glands, and plasma LH, in addition to increasing the luteal messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Star and Cyp11a1 and reducing 20αHsd. An increase in plasma PRL and P4 levels was also caused by hypothyroidism. Kp immunoreactivity and Kiss1 and Nkb mRNA levels in the ARC and Kiss1 in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus were reduced in hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroid animals had lower pituitary gene expression of Gnrhr, Lhb, Prl, and Drd2, and an increase in Tshb. The treatment with Kp10 restored estrous cyclicality, plasma LH, ovarian and uterine morphology, and Cyp11a1, 3βHsd, and 20αHsd mRNA levels in the corpora lutea. Kp10 treatment did not alter gene expression for Kiss1 or Nkb in the ARC of hypothyroid rats. Nevertheless, Kp10 increased Lhb mRNA levels and reduced Tshb in the pituitary compared with the hypothyroid group. Conclusions: The present findings characterize the inhibitory effects of hypothyroidism on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in female rats and demonstrate that Kp10 is able to reverse the ovarian dysfunction caused by hypothyroidism, regardless of hyperprolactinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Santos de Oliveira
- Centro de Microscopia Eletronica, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | | | - Erikles Macedo Barbosa
- Centro de Microscopia Eletronica, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Cardoso Santos
- Centro de Microscopia Eletronica, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Costa Henriques
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bianca Reis Santos
- Centro de Microscopia Eletronica, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Oliveira Gusmao
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabella Oliveira de Macedo
- Centro de Microscopia Eletronica, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Raphael Escorsim Szawka
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juneo Freitas Silva
- Centro de Microscopia Eletronica, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
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Huang Y, Liu Q, Huang G, Wen J, Chen G. Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons Regulates Energy Metabolism and Reproduction Under Chronic Stress. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:844397. [PMID: 35685211 PMCID: PMC9170882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.844397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, affecting energy homeostasis and reproduction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stress affected energy metabolism and reproduction through the glucocorticoid receptor on Kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus. METHODS Four groups included control group, chronic restraint stress group, Kisspeptin specific glucocorticoid receptor knock out group (KGRKO) and KGRKO+stress group. Body weight, food intake, estrous cycle of female mice, serum sex hormone levels, serum corticosterone and prolactin, Kisspeptin expression in the hypothalamus were measured. RESULTS The restraint stress group showed a significant weight loss compared with the control group. KGRKO+restraint stress group had a reduced weight loss, suggesting that restraint stress might partially affect the energy metabolism through GR on Kisspeptin neurons. In terms of reproductive function, the restraint stress group and the KGRKO+restraint stress group showed missing pre-estrus period or prolonged estrous cycles. Serum LH and FSH in KGRKO + restraint stress group decreased significantly compared with KGRKO group. However, no significant difference in the level of serum testosterone was observed. After restraint stress, the levels of serum cortisol and prolactin in male and female mice were significantly higher than the control group, and the hypothalamus Kiss1 gene mRNA expression and Kisspeptin protein expression were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Chronic restraint stress induced weight loss and negative changes in reproduction, which were partially mediated by glucocorticoid receptor on Kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqiong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qinyu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guifeng Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junping Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Chen, ; Junping Wen,
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Analysis, Fujian Academy of Medical, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Chen, ; Junping Wen,
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Iwata K, Kunimura Y, Ozawa H. Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Expression in Hyperandrogenic Female Rats and Aging Rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2019; 52:85-91. [PMID: 31777408 PMCID: PMC6872488 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.19013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release. Kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of rats induce an LH surge for ovulation, and those in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) regulate pulsatile LH secretion for follicle development and spermatogenesis. Dysfunction of kisspeptin neurons thus reduces the reproductive function. This review focuses on the effect of androgen or aging on kisspeptin expression in rats. Although androgen directly suppresses ARC kisspeptin neurons in female rats, the AVPV kisspeptin neurons are hardly affected. In rats, plasma LH concentrations decrease in both sexes with aging, and ARC kisspeptin expression also decreases in old rats compared with young rats. In addition, kisspeptin neurons may be associated with hyperprolactinemia in old female rats because they are known to release prolactin through hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons. Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons are thus the main regulator to secrete LH, and inhibition of kisspeptin expression leads to various kinds of reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinuyo Iwata
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Yuyu Kunimura
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
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Silva JF, Ocarino NM, Serakides R. Thyroid hormones and female reproduction. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:907-921. [PMID: 29767691 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are vital for the proper functioning of the female reproductive system, since they modulate the metabolism and development of ovarian, uterine, and placental tissues. Therefore, hypo- and hyperthyroidism may result in subfertility or infertility in both women and animals. Other well-documented sequelae of maternal thyroid dysfunctions include menstrual/estral irregularity, anovulation, abortion, preterm delivery, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, postpartum thyroiditis, and mental retardation in children. Several studies have been carried out involving prospective and retrospective studies of women with thyroid dysfunction, as well as in vivo and in vitro assays of hypo- and hyperthyroidism using experimental animal models and/or ovarian, uterine, and placental cell culture. These studies have sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which thyroid hormones influence reproduction to better understand the physiology of the reproductive system and to provide better therapeutic tools for reproductive dysfunctions that originate from thyroid dysfunctions. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and update the available information related to the role of thyroid hormones in the morphophysiology of the ovary, uterus, and placenta in women and animals and the effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on the female reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juneo F Silva
- Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Natália M Ocarino
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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