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Calpe-López C, Martínez-Caballero MA, García-Pardo MP, Aguilar MA. Resilience to the effects of social stress on vulnerability to developing drug addiction. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:24-58. [PMID: 35111578 PMCID: PMC8783163 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the still scarce but growing literature on resilience to the effects of social stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse. We define the concept of resilience and how it is applied to the field of drug addiction research. We also describe the internal and external protective factors associated with resilience, such as individual behavioral traits and social support. We then explain the physiological response to stress and how it is modulated by resilience factors. In the subsequent section, we describe the animal models commonly used in the study of resilience to social stress, and we focus on the effects of chronic social defeat (SD), a kind of stress induced by repeated experience of defeat in an agonistic encounter, on different animal behaviors (depression- and anxiety-like behavior, cognitive impairment and addiction-like symptoms). We then summarize the current knowledge on the neurobiological substrates of resilience derived from studies of resilience to the effects of chronic SD stress on depression- and anxiety-related behaviors in rodents. Finally, we focus on the limited studies carried out to explore resilience to the effects of SD stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, describing the current state of knowledge and suggesting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria P García-Pardo
- Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel 44003, Spain
| | - Maria A Aguilar
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Presto P, Ji G, Junell R, Griffin Z, Neugebauer V. Fear Extinction-Based Inter-Individual and Sex Differences in Pain-Related Vocalizations and Anxiety-like Behaviors but Not Nocifensive Reflexes. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101339. [PMID: 34679403 PMCID: PMC8533751 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual and sex differences in pain responses are recognized but their mechanisms are not well understood. This study was intended to provide the behavioral framework for analyses of pain mechanisms using fear extinction learning as a predictor of phenotypic and sex differences in sensory (mechanical withdrawal thresholds) and emotional-affective aspects (open field tests for anxiety-like behaviors and audible and ultrasonic components of vocalizations) of acute and chronic pain. In acute arthritis and chronic neuropathic pain models, greater increases in vocalizations were found in females than males and in females with poor fear extinction abilities than females with strong fear extinction, particularly in the neuropathic pain model. Female rats showed higher anxiety-like behavior than males under baseline conditions but no inter-individual or sex differences were seen in the pain models. No inter-individual and sex differences in mechanosensitivity were observed. The data suggest that vocalizations are uniquely suited to detect inter-individual and sex differences in pain models, particularly in chronic neuropathic pain, whereas no such differences were found for mechanosensitivity, and baseline differences in anxiety-like behaviors disappeared in the pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Presto
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA; (P.P.); (G.J.); (R.J.); (Z.G.)
| | - Guangchen Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA; (P.P.); (G.J.); (R.J.); (Z.G.)
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA
| | - Riley Junell
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA; (P.P.); (G.J.); (R.J.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zach Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA; (P.P.); (G.J.); (R.J.); (Z.G.)
| | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA; (P.P.); (G.J.); (R.J.); (Z.G.)
- Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6592, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-806-743-3880; Fax: +1-806-732-2744
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Fujihara K, Sato T, Miyasaka Y, Mashimo T, Yanagawa Y. Genetic deletion of the 67-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase alters conditioned fear behavior in rats. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 11:340-353. [PMID: 33325157 PMCID: PMC7876494 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The GABAergic system is thought to play an important role in the control of cognition and emotion, such as fear, and is related to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. For example, the expression of the 67‐kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67), a GABA‐producing enzyme, is downregulated in the postmortem brains of patients with major depressive disorder and schizophrenia. However, knocking out the Gad1 gene, which encodes GAD67, is lethal in mice, and thus, the association between Gad1 and cognitive/emotional functions is unclear. We recently developed Gad1 knockout rats and found that some of them can grow into adulthood. Here, we performed fear‐conditioning tests in adult Gad1 knockout rats to assess the impact of the loss of Gad1 on fear‐related behaviors and the formation of fear memory. In a protocol assessing both cued and contextual memory, Gad1 knockout rats showed a partial antiphase pattern of freezing during training and significantly excessive freezing during the contextual test compared with wild‐type rats. However, Gad1 knockout rats did not show any synchronous increase in freezing with auditory tones in the cued test. On the other hand, in a contextual memory specialized protocol, Gad1 knockout rats exhibited comparable freezing behavior to wild‐type rats, while their fear extinction was markedly impaired. These results suggest that GABA synthesis by GAD67 has differential roles in cued and contextual fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Fujihara
- Departments of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Departments of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyasaka
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Departments of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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Schaefer HS, Gist NH, Bigelman K, Coelho JD, Proctor ES, Lerner RM. Tough Teams and Optimistic Individuals: The Intersecting Roles of Group and Individual Attributes in Helping to Predict Physical Performance. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 155:1-25. [PMID: 33048642 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2020.1818670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the effects of individual and group-level characteristics on performance during a mandatory and challenging physical education course at the United States Military Academy (USMA). We focused on attributes related to mental toughness, and examined both self-report and utilized an other-rating scale that measures mental toughness-related characteristics and is important to USMA generally. We examined course scores for 5,581 first-year students over five academic years, accounted for background physical fitness, and determined how mental toughness attributes at the group and individual-level contributed to overall course score and scores on constituent events (e.g. obstacle course, rope climbing). Self-reported optimism, self-reported resilience, and mental toughness items from a peer rating scale, but not self-reported grit, significantly improved course performance. The average score across class section on optimism or the peer rating scale also positively covaried with course score, over and above the individual-level impact of that attribute. Analyses of individual events demonstrated that "group-level character" was important for some events, whereas individual attributes were most important for others. Findings suggested an emergent group character capable of influencing individual physical performance scores. Being a member of a tough group may have comparable effects to individual mental toughness.
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Kołosowska K, Gawryluk A, Wisłowska-Stanek A, Liguz-Lęcznar M, Hetmańczyk K, Ługowska A, Sobolewska A, Skórzewska A, Gryz M, Lehner M. Stress changes amphetamine response, D2 receptor expression and epigenetic regulation in low-anxiety rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:256-268. [PMID: 31022425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of chronic restraint stress on amphetamine (AMPH)-related appetitive 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) in rats differing in freezing duration in a contextual fear test (CFT), i.e. HR (high-anxiety responsive) and LR (low-anxiety responsive) rats. The LR and the HR rats, previously exposed to an AMPH binge experience, differed in sensitivity to AMPH's rewarding effects, measured as appetitive vocalisations. Moreover, chronic restraint stress attenuated AMPH-related appetitive vocalisations in the LR rats but had no influence on the HR rats' behaviour. To specify, the restraint LR rats vocalised appetitively less in the AMPH-associated context and after an AMPH challenge than the control LR rats. This phenomenon was associated with a decrease in the mRNA level for D2 dopamine receptor in the amygdala and its protein expression in the basal amygdala (BA) and opposite changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) - an increase in the mRNA level for D2 dopamine receptor and its protein expression in the NAc shell, compared to control conditions. Moreover, we observed that chronic restraint stress influenced epigenetic regulation in the LR and the HR rats differently. The contrasting changes were observed in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus - the LR rats presented a decrease, but the HR rats showed an increase in H3K9 trimethylation. The restraint LR rats also showed higher miR-494 and miR-34c levels in the NAc than the control LR group. Our study provides behavioural and biochemical data concerning the role of differences in fear-conditioned response in stress vulnerability and AMPH-associated appetitive behaviour. The LR rats were less sensitive to the rewarding effects of AMPH when previously exposed to chronic stress that was accompanied by changes in D2 dopamine receptor expression and epigenetic regulation in mesolimbic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kołosowska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Gawryluk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wisłowska-Stanek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Centre For Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), 1B Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Liguz-Lęcznar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hetmańczyk
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ługowska
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Sobolewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Skórzewska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Gryz
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lehner
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego Street, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
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Reis-Silva TM, Sandini TM, Calefi AS, Orlando BCG, Moreira N, Lima APN, Florio JC, Queiroz-Hazarbassanov NGT, Bernardi MM. Stress resilience evidenced by grooming behaviour and dopamine levels in male mice selected for high and low immobility using the tail suspension test. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2942-2954. [PMID: 30888692 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Grooming behaviour has different functions on many species during development and can be observed and affected during periods of stress. By selecting male mice with high (HI) and low (LI) immobility traits in the tail suspension test, a screening for antidepressant drugs, we investigate how these phenotypes associated with grooming behaviour may be influenced by the effects of repeated restraint stress. For this we used the sucrose preference test and the splash test in a novel and a familiar cage performed before and after exposure to 2 days of restraint stress. Animals were submitted to an additional day of restraint stress before the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex and midbrain extraction for dopamine activity analysis. Corticosterone analysis was made in three distinct moments: without stress (prior first restraint session), immediately after the last restrain, and 1 hr after the last restrain episode. Compared to LI group, HI animals exhibited an increased frequency and decreased time of grooming in the familiar cage. In the novel cage, stress increased frequency and time of grooming of HI animals compared to LI. Corticosterone levels were increased in HI animals after 3 days of stress. Lower hypothalamic dopaminergic activity without stress and decreased hypothalamic dopaminergic activity immediately after stress in HI group were observed. The HI group displayed decreased prefrontal cortex dopaminergic activity and increased activity in the mesolimbic area. We proposed that through the influence of stress the two phenotypes manifested as a resilient (LI) and a not resilient (HI) trait in response to restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Reis-Silva
- Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology and Post-Graduate Program of Dentistry, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaisa M Sandini
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Atilio S Calefi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna C G Orlando
- Post-Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology and Post-Graduate Program of Dentistry, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Moreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula N Lima
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge C Florio
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology and Post-Graduate Program of Dentistry, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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