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Goujon A, Mathy F, Thorpe S. The fate of visual long term memories for images across weeks in adults and children. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21763. [PMID: 36526824 PMCID: PMC9758234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
What is the content and the format of visual memories in Long Term Memory (LTM)? Is it similar in adults and children? To address these issues, we investigated, in both adults and 9-year-old children, how visual LTM is affected over time and whether visual vs semantic features are affected differentially. In a learning phase, participants were exposed to hundreds of meaningless and meaningful images presented once or twice for either 120 ms or 1920 ms. Memory was assessed using a recognition task either immediately after learning or after a delay of three or six weeks. The results suggest that multiple and extended exposures are crucial for retaining an image for several weeks. Although a benefit was observed in the meaningful condition when memory was assessed immediately after learning, this benefit tended to disappear over weeks, especially when the images were presented twice for 1920 ms. This pattern was observed for both adults and children. Together, the results call into question the dominant models of LTM for images: although semantic information enhances the encoding & maintaining of images in LTM when assessed immediately, this seems not critical for LTM over weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Goujon
- grid.7459.f0000 0001 2188 3779Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR 481, Université de Franche-Comté, 19 rue Ambroise Paré, 25030 Besançon, Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Mathy
- grid.460782.f0000 0004 4910 6551Laboratory BCL CNRS UMR 7320 & Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Simon Thorpe
- CerCo-CNRS & Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
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Fayyaz Z, Altamimi A, Zoellner C, Klein N, Wolf OT, Cheng S, Wiskott L. A Model of Semantic Completion in Generative Episodic Memory. Neural Comput 2022; 34:1841-1870. [PMID: 35896150 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that episodic memory is a generative process, but most computational models adopt a storage view. In this article, we present a model of the generative aspects of episodic memory. It is based on the central hypothesis that the hippocampus stores and retrieves selected aspects of an episode as a memory trace, which is necessarily incomplete. At recall, the neocortex reasonably fills in the missing parts based on general semantic information in a process we call semantic completion. The model combines two neural network architectures known from machine learning, the vector-quantized variational autoencoder (VQ-VAE) and the pixel convolutional neural network (PixelCNN). As episodes, we use images of digits and fashion items (MNIST) augmented by different backgrounds representing context. The model is able to complete missing parts of a memory trace in a semantically plausible way up to the point where it can generate plausible images from scratch, and it generalizes well to images not trained on. Compression as well as semantic completion contribute to a strong reduction in memory requirements and robustness to noise. Finally, we also model an episodic memory experiment and can reproduce that semantically congruent contexts are always recalled better than incongruent ones, high attention levels improve memory accuracy in both cases, and contexts that are not remembered correctly are more often remembered semantically congruently than completely wrong. This model contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between episodic memory and semantic information in the generative process of recalling the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fayyaz
- Institute for Neural Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Aya Altamimi
- Institute for Neural Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carina Zoellner
- Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicole Klein
- Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sen Cheng
- Institute for Neural Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Laurenz Wiskott
- Institute for Neural Computation, Faculty of Computer Science, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Drummond PD. The Effects of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Adults With Self-Reported Mild Cognitive Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:843512. [PMID: 35252311 PMCID: PMC8891800 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.843512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutein and zeaxanthin are fat-soluble, dietary carotenoids with high concentrations in human brain tissue. There have been a number studies confirming an association between lutein and zeaxanthin and cognitive function. Purpose Examine the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on cognitive function in adults with self-reported cognitive complaints. Study Design Two-arm, parallel-group, 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Methods Ninety volunteers aged 40–75 years received either 10 mg of lutein and 2 mg of zeaxanthin, once daily or a placebo. Outcome measures included computer-based cognitive tasks, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Profile of Mood States, and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-29. Results Compared to the placebo, lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation was associated with greater improvements in visual episodic memory (p = 0.005) and visual learning (p = 0.001). However, there were no other statistically-significant differences in performance on the other assessed cognitive tests or self-report questionnaires. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation was well-tolerated with no reports of significant adverse effects. Conclusion The results from this trial suggest that 6-months of supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin may improve visual memory and learning in community-dwelling adults with self-reported cognitive complaints. However, it had no other effect on other computer-based measures of cognitive performance or self-report measures of cognition, memory, mood, or physical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L. Lopresti
- Clinical Research Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre and Discipline of Psychology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Adrian L. Lopresti
| | - Stephen J. Smith
- Clinical Research Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre and Discipline of Psychology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D. Drummond
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre and Discipline of Psychology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Sisakhti M, Sachdev PS, Batouli SAH. The Effect of Cognitive Load on the Retrieval of Long-Term Memory: An fMRI Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:700146. [PMID: 34720904 PMCID: PMC8548369 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.700146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the less well-understood aspects of memory function is the mechanism by which the brain responds to an increasing load of memory, either during encoding or retrieval. Identifying the brain structures which manage this increasing cognitive demand would enhance our knowledge of human memory. Despite numerous studies about the effect of cognitive loads on working memory processes, whether these can be applied to long-term memory processes is unclear. We asked 32 healthy young volunteers to memorize all possible details of 24 images over a 12-day period ending 2 days before the fMRI scan. The images were of 12 categories relevant to daily events, with each category including a high and a low load image. Behavioral assessments on a separate group of participants (#22) provided the average loads of the images. The participants had to retrieve these previously memorized images during the fMRI scan in 15 s, with their eyes closed. We observed seven brain structures showing the highest activation with increasing load of the retrieved images, viz. parahippocampus, cerebellum, superior lateral occipital, fusiform and lingual gyri, precuneus, and posterior cingulate gyrus. Some structures showed reduced activation when retrieving higher load images, such as the anterior cingulate, insula, and supramarginal and postcentral gyri. The findings of this study revealed that the mechanism by which a difficult-to-retrieve memory is handled is mainly by elevating the activation of the responsible brain areas and not by getting other brain regions involved, which is a help to better understand the LTM retrieval process in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoo Sisakhti
- Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Neuroimaging and Analysis Group, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yang J, Yu Y, Shigemasu H, Kadota H, Nakahara K, Kochiyama T, Ejima Y, Wu J. Functional heterogeneity in the left lateral posterior parietal cortex during visual and haptic crossmodal dot-surface matching. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02033. [PMID: 33470046 PMCID: PMC7994684 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vision and touch are thought to contribute information to object perception in an independent but complementary manner. The left lateral posterior parietal cortex (LPPC) has long been associated with multisensory information processing, and it plays an important role in visual and haptic crossmodal information retrieval. However, it remains unclear how LPPC subregions are involved in visuo-haptic crossmodal retrieval processing. METHODS In the present study, we used an fMRI experiment with a crossmodal delayed match-to-sample paradigm to reveal the functional role of LPPC subregions related to unimodal and crossmodal dot-surface retrieval. RESULTS The visual-to-haptic condition enhanced the activity of the left inferior parietal lobule relative to the haptic unimodal condition, whereas the inverse condition enhanced the activity of the left superior parietal lobule. By contrast, activation of the left intraparietal sulcus did not differ significantly between the crossmodal and unimodal conditions. Seed-based resting connectivity analysis revealed that these three left LPPC subregions engaged distinct networks, confirming their different functions in crossmodal retrieval processing. CONCLUSION Taken together, the findings suggest that functional heterogeneity of the left LPPC during visuo-haptic crossmodal dot-surface retrieval processing reflects that the left LPPC does not simply contribute to retrieval of past information; rather, each subregion has a specific functional role in resolving different task requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoshimichi Ejima
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jinglong Wu
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Does Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Influence Episodic Memory through Unique Mechanisms? Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120913. [PMID: 33260817 PMCID: PMC7761124 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic and resistance exercise (acute and chronic) independently and collectively induce beneficial responses in the brain that may influence memory function, including an increase in cerebral blood flow, neurogenesis, neuroelectrical alterations, and protein production. However, whether aerobic and resistance exercise improve memory via similar or distinct mechanisms has yet to be fully explained. Here, we review the unique influence of aerobic and resistance exercise on neural modulation, proteins, receptors, and ultimately, episodic memory. Resistance training may optimize neural communication, information processing and memory encoding by affecting the allocation of attentional resources. Moreover, resistance exercise can reduce inflammatory markers associated with neural communication while increasing peripheral and central BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) production. Aerobic training increases hippocampal levels of BDNF and TrkB (Tropomyosin receptor kinase B), protein kinases and glutamatergic proteins. Likewise, both aerobic and anaerobic exercise can increase CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) phosphorylation. Thus, we suggest that aerobic and resistance exercise may influence episodic memory via similar and, potentially, distinct mechanisms.
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