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Hazart D, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Delhomme B, Derkinderen P, Oheim M, Ricard C. [The gut, a whistleblower, in the early stages of Parkinson's disease]. Med Sci (Paris) 2024; 40:544-549. [PMID: 38986099 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2024082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), often called the "second brain", plays a crucial role in regulating digestive functions. Dysfunctions of the ENS are associated with several diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Recent studies suggest that early digestive disorders, notably chronic constipation, may be early signs of this neurodegenerative disease. Three-dimensional imaging of the ENS offers new insights into early diagnosis, in particular through the analysis of intestinal biopsies. This new research axis raises questions about the intestinal cause of Parkinson's disease, and opens the door to a better understanding and earlier treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Hazart
- Université Paris Cité, SPPIN (Saint-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences), CNRS UMR 8003, Paris, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Nantes Université, Inserm U1235, TENSGBD (The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders), Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Delhomme
- Université Paris Cité, SPPIN (Saint-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences), CNRS UMR 8003, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, TENSGBD (The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders), Nantes, France
| | - Martin Oheim
- Université Paris Cité, SPPIN (Saint-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences), CNRS UMR 8003, Paris, France
| | - Clément Ricard
- Université Paris Cité, SPPIN (Saint-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences), CNRS UMR 8003, Paris, France
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Hazart D, Delhomme B, Oheim M, Ricard C. Label-free, fast, 2-photon volume imaging of the organization of neurons and glia in the enteric nervous system. Front Neuroanat 2023; 16:1070062. [PMID: 36844894 PMCID: PMC9948619 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1070062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS), sometimes referred to as a "second brain" is a quasi-autonomous nervous system, made up of interconnected plexuses organized in a mesh-like network lining the gastrointestinal tract. Originally described as an actor in the regulation of digestion, bowel contraction, and intestinal secretion, the implications of the ENS in various central neuropathologies has recently been demonstrated. However, with a few exceptions, the morphology and pathologic alterations of the ENS have mostly been studied on thin sections of the intestinal wall or, alternatively, in dissected explants. Precious information on the three-dimensional (3-D) architecture and connectivity is hence lost. Here, we propose the fast, label-free 3-D imaging of the ENS, based on intrinsic signals. We used a custom, fast tissue-clearing protocol based on a high refractive-index aqueous solution to increase the imaging depth and allow us the detection of faint signals and we characterized the autofluorescence (AF) from the various cellular and sub-cellular components of the ENS. Validation by immunofluorescence and spectral recordings complete this groundwork. Then, we demonstrate the rapid acquisition of detailed 3-D image stacks from unlabeled mouse ileum and colon, across the whole intestinal wall and including both the myenteric and submucosal enteric nervous plexuses using a new spinning-disk two-photon (2P) microscope. The combination of fast clearing (less than 15 min for 73% transparency), AF detection and rapid volume imaging [less than 1 min for the acquisition of a z-stack of 100 planes (150*150 μm) at sub-300-nm spatial resolution] opens up the possibility for new applications in fundamental and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Hazart
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Delhomme
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
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Romero G, Park J, Koehler F, Pralle A, Anikeeva P. Modulating cell signalling in vivo with magnetic nanotransducers. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:92. [PMID: 38111858 PMCID: PMC10727510 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Weak magnetic fields offer nearly lossless transmission of signals within biological tissue. Magnetic nanomaterials are capable of transducing magnetic fields into a range of biologically relevant signals in vitro and in vivo. These nanotransducers have recently enabled magnetic control of cellular processes, from neuronal firing and gene expression to programmed apoptosis. Effective implementation of magnetically controlled cellular signalling relies on careful tailoring of magnetic nanotransducers and magnetic fields to the responses of the intended molecular targets. This primer discusses the versatility of magnetic modulation modalities and offers practical guidelines for selection of appropriate materials and field parameters, with a particular focus on applications in neuroscience. With recent developments in magnetic instrumentation and nanoparticle chemistries, including those that are commercially available, magnetic approaches promise to empower research aimed at connecting molecular and cellular signalling to physiology and behaviour in untethered moving subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Romero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jimin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florian Koehler
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arnd Pralle
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Shahriari D, Rosenfeld D, Anikeeva P. Emerging Frontier of Peripheral Nerve and Organ Interfaces. Neuron 2020; 108:270-285. [PMID: 33120023 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of new tools to interface with the nervous system, empowered by advances in electronics and materials science, has transformed neuroscience and is informing therapies for neurological and mental conditions. Although the vast majority of neural engineering research has focused on advancing tools to study the brain, understanding the peripheral nervous system and other organs can similarly benefit from these technologies. To realize this vision, the neural interface technologies need to address the biophysical, mechanical, and chemical challenges posed by the peripheral nerves and organs. In this Perspective, we discuss design considerations and recent technological advances to modulate electrical signaling outside the central nervous system. The innovations in bioelectronics borne out of interdisciplinary collaborations between biologists and physical scientists may not only advance fundamental study of peripheral (neuro)physiology but also empower clinical interventions for conditions including neurological, gastrointestinal, and immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Shahriari
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dekel Rosenfeld
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Soulet D, Lamontagne-Proulx J, Aubé B, Davalos D. Multiphoton intravital microscopy in small animals: motion artefact challenges and technical solutions. J Microsc 2020; 278:3-17. [PMID: 32072642 PMCID: PMC7187339 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its invention 29 years ago, two‐photon laser‐scanning microscopy has evolved from a promising imaging technique, to an established widely available imaging modality used throughout the biomedical research community. The establishment of two‐photon microscopy as the preferred method for imaging fluorescently labelled cells and structures in living animals can be attributed to the biophysical mechanism by which the generation of fluorescence is accomplished. The use of powerful lasers capable of delivering infrared light pulses within femtosecond intervals, facilitates the nonlinear excitation of fluorescent molecules only at the focal plane and determines by objective lens position. This offers numerous benefits for studies of biological samples at high spatial and temporal resolutions with limited photo‐damage and superior tissue penetration. Indeed, these attributes have established two‐photon microscopy as the ideal method for live‐animal imaging in several areas of biology and have led to a whole new field of study dedicated to imaging biological phenomena in intact tissues and living organisms. However, despite its appealing features, two‐photon intravital microscopy is inherently limited by tissue motion from heartbeat, respiratory cycles, peristalsis, muscle/vascular tone and physiological functions that change tissue geometry. Because these movements impede temporal and spatial resolution, they must be properly addressed to harness the full potential of two‐photon intravital microscopy and enable accurate data analysis and interpretation. In addition, the sources and features of these motion artefacts are varied, sometimes unpredictable and unique to specific organs and multiple complex strategies have previously been devised to address them. This review will discuss these motion artefacts requirement and technical solutions for their correction and after intravital two‐photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Soulet
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Lamontagne-Proulx
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - B Aubé
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
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