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Gallegos CE, Gumilar F, Bartos M, Baier CJ. Long-term behavioral and neurochemical paradoxical alterations elicited following intranasal application of a chlorpyrifos formulation in mice. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105717. [PMID: 38225064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The intranasal (IN) administration route represents a pathway for xenobiotics to reach the brain. The present study aimed to address the long-term consequences of IN administration of a chlorpyrifos (CPF) commercial formulation (fCPF) in mice. For this purpose, adult male CF-1 mice were intranasally administered with fCPF (10 mg/kg/day) three days a week, for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Behavioral and biochemical analyses were conducted 3-7, and 7.5 months after the last IN fCPF administration, respectively. Following a 6-month fCPF-free washout period, fur appearance and body injuries scores improved in the fCPF-treated groups. Notably, spatial learning and memory enhancement was observed 4 and 7 months after the last IN fCPF administration. Changes in oxidative stress markers and the activities of enzymes involved in cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways were observed in different brain areas from fCPF-treated mice, still after 7.5 months from fCPF application. Altogether, these neurochemical disturbances could be responsible for the described behavioral observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Eugenia Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Gumilar
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bartos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Carlos Javier Baier
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Thinschmidt JS, Harden SW, King MA, Talton JD, Frazier CJ. A rapid in vitro assay for evaluating the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and reactivators in the rat basolateral amygdala. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1066312. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1066312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a novel brain slice assay to test the ability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators to prevent ACh-induced M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) dependent hyperexcitability observed after exposure to the organophosphate (OP)-based AChE inhibitor and sarin surrogate 4-nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate (NIMP). Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were used to evaluate the response of pyramidal neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala (BLA) to brief (1 min) bath application of ACh (100 μM), either in control conditions, or after exposure to NIMP ± an AChE reactivator. Bath application of ACh produced atropine- and pirenzepine-sensitive inward currents in voltage clamped BLA pyramidal neurons, and increased the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs, suggesting robust activation of M1 mAChRs. Responses to ACh were increased ~3–5 fold in slices that had been preincubated in NIMP, and these effects were reversed in a concentration dependent manner by exposure to a commercially available AChE reactivator. The current work outlines a simple assay that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of both known and novel AChE reactivators in an area of the limbic system that likely contributes to seizures after acute exposure to OP-based AChE inhibitors.
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Stone TW. Relationships and Interactions between Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Nicotinic Receptors in the CNS. Neuroscience 2021; 468:321-365. [PMID: 34111447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although ionotropic glutamate receptors and nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) have usually been studied separately, they are often co-localized and functionally inter-dependent. The objective of this review is to survey the evidence for interactions between the two receptor families and the mechanisms underlying them. These include the mutual regulation of subunit expression, which change the NMDA:AMPA response balance, and the existence of multi-functional receptor complexes which make it difficult to distinguish between individual receptor sites, especially in vivo. This is followed by analysis of the functional relationships between the receptors from work on transmitter release, cellular electrophysiology and aspects of behavior where these can contribute to understanding receptor interactions. It is clear that nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) on axonal terminals directly regulate the release of glutamate and other neurotransmitters, α7-nAChRs generally promoting release. Hence, α7-nAChR responses will be prevented not only by a nicotinic antagonist, but also by compounds blocking the indirectly activated glutamate receptors. This accounts for the apparent anticholinergic activity of some glutamate antagonists, including the endogenous antagonist kynurenic acid. The activation of presynaptic nAChRs is by the ambient levels of ACh released from pre-terminal synapses, varicosities and glial cells, acting as a 'volume neurotransmitter' on synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. In addition, ACh and glutamate are released as CNS co-transmitters, including 'cholinergic' synapses onto spinal Renshaw cells. It is concluded that ACh should be viewed primarily as a modulator of glutamatergic neurotransmission by regulating the release of glutamate presynaptically, and the location, subunit composition, subtype balance and sensitivity of glutamate receptors, and not primarily as a classical fast neurotransmitter. These conclusions and caveats should aid clarification of the sites of action of glutamate and nicotinic receptor ligands in the search for new centrally-acting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Paeonol promotes hippocampal synaptic transmission: The role of the Kv2.1 potassium channel. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 827:227-237. [PMID: 29550337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Paeonol is a major constituent of the Chinese herb Moutan cortex radices. Recent studies report that paeonol has neuroprotective effects and improves impaired learning and memory. However, its underlying mechanisms by which paeonol contributes to synaptic transmission remain unclear. In this study, we found that paeonol increased the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), but had no effect on the amplitude in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Similarly, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor rivastigmine increased the frequency of mEPSCs, but had no effect upon amplitude in rat hippocampal neurons. Rivastigmine also inhibited the delayed outward K+ currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons, but had no effect in nucleus ambiguus (NA) neurons. The Kv2 blocker guangxitoxin-1E increased the frequency of both mEPSCs and sEPSCs of rat hippocampal CA1 neurons, without affecting their amplitude. Our results suggest that paeonol and rivastigmine enhance spontaneous presynaptic transmitter release, which may be associated with the inhibition of the hippocampal Kv2 current and with therapeutic potential in neurotransmitter deficits found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, our data also show that paeonol protects against Aβ25-35-induced impairment of long-term potentiation (LTP) in mouse hippocampal neurons. However, guangxitoxin-1E failed to potentiate the evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), LTP and Aβ25-35-induced impairment of LTP. These results indicate that paeonol may has the potential to improve learning and memory in AD. Interestingly, this effect is not involved in the inhibition of the hippocampal Kv2 current.
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Ivosevic A, Miletic N, Vulovic M, Vujkovic Z, Bursac SN, Cetkovic SS, Skrbic R, Stojiljkovic MP. Mechanism and Clinical Importance of Respiratory Failure Induced by Anticholinesterases. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Respiratory failure is the predominant cause of death in humans and animals poisoned with anticholinesterases. Organophosphorus and carbamate anticholinesterases inhibit acetylcholinesterase irreversibly and reversibly, respectively. Some of them contain a quaternary atom that makes them lipophobic, limiting their action at the periphery, i.e. outside the central nervous system. They impair respiratory function primarily by inducing a desensitization block of nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular synapse. Lipophilic anticholinesterases inhibit the acetylcholinesterase both in the brain and in other tissues, including respiratory muscles. Their doses needed for cessation of central respiratory drive are significantly less than doses needed for paralysis of the neuromuscular transmission. Antagonist of muscarinic receptors atropine blocks both the central and peripheral muscarinic receptors and effectively antagonizes the central respiratory depression produced by anticholinesterases. To manage the peripheral nicotinic receptor hyperstimulation phenomena, oximes as acetylcholinesterase reactivators are used. Addition of diazepam is useful for treatment of seizures, since they are cholinergic only in their initial phase and can contribute to the occurrence of central respiratory depression. Possible involvement of central nicotinic receptors as well as the other neurotransmitter systems – glutamatergic, opioidergic – necessitates further research of additional antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ivosevic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Natasa Miletic
- Medical Faculty , University of East Sarajevo , Foča , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Maja Vulovic
- Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Zoran Vujkovic
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Republic of Srpska, Medical Faculty , University of Banja Luka , Banja Luka , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Snjezana Novakovic Bursac
- Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation „Dr Miroslav Zotovic“ , Banja Luka , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | | | - Ranko Skrbic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty , University of Banja Luka , Banja Luka , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Milos P. Stojiljkovic
- Medical Faculty , University of East Sarajevo , Foča , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty , University of Banja Luka , Banja Luka , Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
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Škrbić R, Stojiljković MP, Ćetković SS, Dobrić S, Jeremić D, Vulović M. Naloxone Antagonizes Soman-induced Central Respiratory Depression in Rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:615-620. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranko Škrbić
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Medical Faculty; University of Banja Luka; Banja Luka Republic of Srpska Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Miloš P. Stojiljković
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Medical Faculty; University of Banja Luka; Banja Luka Republic of Srpska Bosnia & Herzegovina
- Military Medical Academy; Belgrade Serbia
| | | | | | - Dejan Jeremić
- Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
| | - Maja Vulović
- Department of Anatomy and Forensic Medicine; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Kragujevac; Kragujevac Serbia
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Galantamine prevents long-lasting suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal neurons of soman-challenged guinea pigs. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:270-8. [PMID: 25064080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Galantamine, a drug currently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, has recently emerged as an effective pretreatment against the acute toxicity and delayed cognitive deficits induced by organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents, including soman. Since cognitive deficits can result from impaired glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampus, the present study was designed to test the hypothesis that hippocampal glutamatergic transmission declines following an acute exposure to soman and that this effect can be prevented by galantamine. To test this hypothesis, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices obtained at 1h, 24h, or 6-9 days after guinea pigs were injected with: (i) 1×LD50 soman (26.3μg/kg, s.c.); (ii) galantamine (8mg/kg, i.m.) followed 30min later by 1×LD50 soman, (iii) galantamine (8mg/kg, i.m.), or (iv) saline (0.5ml/kg, i.m.). In soman-injected guinea pigs that were not pretreated with galantamine, the frequency of EPSCs was significantly lower than that recorded from saline-injected animals. There was no correlation between the severity of soman-induced acute toxicity and the magnitude of soman-induced reduction of EPSC frequency. Pretreatment with galantamine prevented the reduction of EPSC frequency observed at 6-9 days after the soman challenge. Prevention of soman-induced long-lasting reduction of hippocampal glutamatergic synaptic transmission may be an important determinant of the ability of galantamine to counter cognitive deficits that develop long after an acute exposure to the nerve agent.
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Viayna E, Sola I, Bartolini M, De Simone A, Tapia-Rojas C, Serrano FG, Sabaté R, Juárez-Jiménez J, Pérez B, Luque FJ, Andrisano V, Clos MV, Inestrosa NC, Muñoz-Torrero D. Synthesis and Multitarget Biological Profiling of a Novel Family of Rhein Derivatives As Disease-Modifying Anti-Alzheimer Agents. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2549-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401824w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Sola
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Bartolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela De Simone
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Envejecimiento
y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular
y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe G. Serrano
- Centro de Envejecimiento
y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular
y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Raimon Sabaté
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència
i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Juárez-Jiménez
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia,
de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier Luque
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Fisicoquímica,
Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenza Andrisano
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, I-47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - M. Victòria Clos
- Departament de Farmacologia,
de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento
y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular
y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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