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Fernandes FF, Moraes JR, Santos JLD, Soares TG, Gouveia VJP, Matavel ACS, Borges WDC, Cordeiro MDN, Figueiredo SG, Borges MH. Comparative venomic profiles of three spiders of the genus Phoneutria. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210042. [PMID: 35283937 PMCID: PMC8875809 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spider venoms induce different physio-pharmacological effects by binding
with high affinity on molecular targets, therefore being of biotechnological
interest. Some of these toxins, acting on different types of ion channels,
have been identified in the venom of spiders of the genus
Phoneutria, mainly from P.
nigriventer. In spite of the pharmaceutical potential demonstrated
by P. nigriventer toxins, there is limited information on
molecules from venoms of the same genus, as their toxins remain poorly
characterized. Understanding this diversity and clarifying the differences
in the mechanisms of action of spider toxins is of great importance for
establishing their true biotechnological potential. This prompted us to
compare three different venoms of the Phoneutria genus:
P. nigriventer (Pn-V), P. eickstedtae
(Pe-V) and P. pertyi (Pp-V). Methods: Biochemical and functional comparison of the venoms were carried out by
SDS-PAGE, HPLC, mass spectrometry, enzymatic activities and
electrophysiological assays (whole-cell patch clamp). Results: The employed approach revealed that all three venoms had an overall
similarity in their components, with only minor differences. The presence of
a high number of similar proteins was evident, particularly toxins in the
mass range of ~6.0 kDa. Hyaluronidase and proteolytic activities were
detected in all venoms, in addition to isoforms of the toxins Tx1 and Tx2-6.
All Tx1 isoforms blocked Nav1.6 ion currents, with slight differences. Conclusion: Our findings showed that Pn-V, Pe-V and Pp-V are highly similar concerning
protein composition and enzymatic activities, containing isoforms of the
same toxins sharing high sequence homology, with minor modifications.
However, these structural and functional variations are very important for
venom diversity. In addition, our findings will contribute to the
comprehension of the molecular diversity of the venoms of the other species
from Phoneutria genus, exposing their biotechnological
potential as a source for searching for new active molecules.
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VEGF/VEGFR-2 system exerts neuroprotection against Phoneutria nigriventer spider envenomation through PI3K-AKT-dependent pathway. Toxicon 2020; 185:76-90. [PMID: 32649934 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to elucidate why VEGF/VEGFR-2 is elevated in the hippocampus of rats injected with Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV). PNV delays Na+ channels inactivation; blocks Ca2+ and K+ channels, increases glutamate release, causes blood-brain breakdown (BBBb), brain edema and severe excitotoxicity. Analytical FT-IR spectroscopy showed profound alteration in molecular biochemical state, with evidences for VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) signaling mediation. By blocking VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding via pre-treatment with itraconazole we demonstrated that animals' condition was deteriorated soon at 1-2 h post-PNV exposure concurrently with decreased expression of VEGF, BBB-associated proteins, ZO-1, β-catenin, laminin, P-gp (P-glycoprotein), Neu-N (neuron's viability marker) and MAPKphosphorylated-p38, while phosphorylated-ERK and Src pathways were increased. At 5 h and coinciding with incipient signs of animals' recuperation, the proteins associated with protection (HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, Neu-N, occludin, β-catenin, laminin, P-gp efflux protein, phosphorylated-p38) increased thus indicating p38 pathway activation together with paracellular route strengthening. However, the BBB transcellular trafficking and caspase-3 increased (pro-apoptotic pathway activation). At 24 h, the transcellular route reestablished physiological state but the pro-survival pathway PI3K/(p-Akt) dropped in animals underwent VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding inhibition, whereas it was significantly activated at matched interval in PNV group without prior itraconazole; these results demonstrate impaired VEGF' survival effects at 24 h. The inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR-2 binding identified 5 h as turning point at which multi-level dynamic interplay was elicited to reverse hippocampal damage. Collectively, the data confirmed VEGFR-2 signaling via serine-threonine kinase Akt as neuroprotective pathway against PNV-induced damage. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms underlying PNV effects.
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PnTx2-6 (or δ-CNTX-Pn2a), a toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, releases l-glutamate from rat brain synaptosomes involving Na+ and Ca2+ channels and changes protein expression at the blood-brain barrier. Toxicon 2018; 150:280-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mesquita-Britto MHR, Mendonça MCP, Soares ES, Sakane KK, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Inhibition of VEGF-Flk-1 binding induced profound biochemical alteration in the hippocampus of a rat model of BBB breakdown by spider venom. A preliminary assessment using FT-IR spectroscopy. Neurochem Int 2018; 120:64-74. [PMID: 30075232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV) contains ion channels-acting neuropeptides that in rat induces transitory blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) in hippocampus in parallel with VEGF upregulation. We investigated whether VEGF has a neuroprotective role by inhibiting its binding to receptor Flk-1 by itraconazole (ITZ). FT-IR spectroscopy examined the biochemical status of hippocampus and evaluated BBBb in rats administered PNV or ITZ/PNV at periods with greatest toxicity (1-2h), recovery (5h) and visual absence of symptoms (24h), and compared to saline and ITZ controls. The antifungal treatment before venom intoxication aggravated the venom effects and increased BBB damage. FT-IR spectra of venom, hippocampi of controls, PNV and ITZ-PNV showed a 1400 cm-1 band linked to symmetric stretch of carboxylate and 1467 cm-1 band (CH2 bending: mainly lipids) that were considered biomarker and reference bands, respectively. Inhibition of VEGF/Flk-1 binding produced marked changes in lipid/protein stability at 1-2h. The largest differences were observed in spectra regions assigned to lipids, both symmetric (2852 cm-1) and asymmetric (2924 and 2968 cm-1). Quantitative analyses showed greatest increases in the 1400 cm-1/1467 cm-1 ratio also at 1h. Such changes at period of rats' severe intoxication referred to wavenumber region from 3106 cm-1 to 687 cm-1 assigning for C-H and N-H stretching of protein, Amide I, C=N cytosine, N-H adenine, Amide II, CH2 bending: mainly lipids, C-O stretch: glycogen, polysaccharides, glycolipids, z-type DNA, C-C, C-O and CH out-of-plane bending vibrations. We conclude that VEGF has a neuroprotective role and can be a therapeutic target in PNV envenomation. FT-IR spectroscopy showed to be instrumental for monitoring biochemical changes in this model of P. nigriventer venom-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Rodrigues Mesquita-Britto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane
- Institute for Research and Development, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Łukasiewicz S, Błasiak E, Szczepanowicz K, Guzik K, Bzowska M, Warszyński P, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. The interaction of clozapine loaded nanocapsules with the hCMEC/D3 cells - In vitro model of blood brain barrier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 159:200-210. [PMID: 28797970 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in the development of novel pharmacological compounds, their efficacy in the treatment of neuropathologies is not satisfactory. One strategy to achieve safe and efficient brain targeting therapy is to design nanocarriers capable of transporting antipsychotic drugs through the BBB (without affecting the normal functions of the barrier) in a defined part of the brain. Here we investigate the interaction of clozapine-loaded polymeric Nano capsules (CLO-NCs) with hCMEC/D3 (human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, D3 clone) cells that constitutes an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier (BBB). CLO-NCs (average size of 100nm) were constructed by the technique of sequential adsorption of polyelectrolytes (LbL), using biocompatible polyanion PGA (Poly-l-glutamic acid sodium salt) and polycation PLL (poly L-lysine) on clozapine-loaded nano-emulsion cores. Pegylated external layers were prepared using PGA-g(39)-PEG (PGA grafted by PEG poly(ethylene glycol)). The influence of the physicochemical properties of the CLO-NCs (charge, size, surface modification) on cell viability was determined. Advanced studies of CLO-NCs internalization (including endocytosis and transcytosis experiments) using confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and fluorescence spectroscopy are presented. Our results indicate that among the studied NCs, the pegylated clozapine-loaded NCs were the most protected from their uptake by macrophages, and they were the least toxic to hCMEC/D3 cells. They were also the most efficient in the transcytosis experiment, which serves as an indicator of their ability to cross a model BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Łukasiewicz
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Błasiak
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Krzysztof Guzik
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Bzowska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Warszyński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry PAS, 30-239 Krakow, Poland,.
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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Soares ES, Stávale LM, Mendonça MCP, Coope A, Cruz-Höfling MAD. Age-Related Modulations of AQP4 and Caveolin-1 in the Hippocampus Predispose the Toxic Effect of Phoneutria nigriventer Spider Venom. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111462. [PMID: 27886057 PMCID: PMC5133769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Phoneutria nigriventer venom (PNV) causes blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, swelling of astrocytes end-feet and fluid permeation into brain interstitium in rats. Caveolae and water channels respond to BBB alterations by co-participation in shear stress response and edema formation/resolution. Herein, we showed post-natal developmental-related changes of two BBB-associated transporter proteins: the endothelial caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the major scaffolding protein from caveolae frame, and the astroglial aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the main water channel protein expressed in astrocytic peri-vascular end-feet processes, in the hippocampus of rats intraperitoneally-administered PNV. Western blotting protein levels; immunohistochemistry (IHC) protein distribution in CA1, CA2, and CA3 subfields; and gene expression by Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) were assessed in post-natal Day 14 (P14) and 8–10-week-old rats over critical periods of envenomation. The intensity and duration of the toxic manifestations indicate P14 neonate rats more vulnerable to PNV than adults. Histologically, the capillaries of P14 and 8–10-week-old rats treated with PNV showed perivascular edema, while controls did not. The intensity of the toxic manifestations in P14 decreases temporally (2 > 5 > 24 h), while inversely the expression of AQP4 and Cav-1 peaked at 24 h when clinically PNV-treated animals do not differ from saline controls. IHC of AQP4 revealed that hippocampal CA1 showed the least expression at 2 h when toxic manifestation was maximal. Subfield IHC quantification revealed that in P14 rats Cav-1 peaked at 24 h when toxic manifestations were absent, whereas in 8–10-week-old rats Cav-1 peaked at 2 h when toxic signs were highest, and progressively attenuated such increases until 24 h, remaining though significantly above baseline. Considering astrocyte-endothelial physical and functional interactions, we hypothesize that age-related modulations of AQP4 and Cav-1 might be linked both to changes in functional properties of astrocytes during post-natal development and in the BBB breakdown induced by the venom of P. nigriventer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene S Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-863, Brazil.
| | - Leila M Stávale
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-863, Brazil.
| | - Monique C P Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-863, Brazil.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Coope
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-863, Brazil.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil.
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Soares ES, Mendonça MCP, Rocha T, Kalapothakis E, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Are Synchronized Changes in Connexin-43 and Caveolin-3 a Bystander Effect in a Phoneutria nigriventer Venom Model of Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown? J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:452-63. [PMID: 27067308 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of caveolin-3 (Cav-3) or connexin-43 (Cx43) in astrocytes has been associated with important brain pathologies. We used Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PNV), which induces blood-brain barrier breakdown in rats, in order to investigate Cav-3 and Cx43 expression in the cerebellum over critical periods of rat envenomation. By immunofluorescence, western blotting (WB), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we assessed changes at 1, 2, 5, 24, and 72 h post-venom. WB showed immediate increases in Cav-3 and Cx43 at 1 h (interval of greatest manifestations of envenomation) that persisted at 5 h (when there were signs of recovery) and peaked at 24 h when no signs of envenomation were detectable. At 2 and 72 h, Cav-3 was downregulated and Cx43 had returned to baseline. PNV markedly intensified Cx43 in molecular, Purkinje and granular layers and Cav-3 in astrocytes whose colocalization to increased GFAP suggests interaction between reactive astrogliosis and Cav-3 upregulation. TEM showed swollen perivascular astrocytic end-feet and synaptic contact alterations that had generally resolved by 72 h. It is uncertain whether such PNV-induced synchronized changes are an interactive effect between Cav-3 and Cx43, or a bystander effect. Evidences indicate that Cav-3 downregulation coupled to Cx43 return to baseline at 72 h when no signs of envenomation were visible, suggesting homeostasis reestablishment. This experimental model is relevant to studying mechanisms involved in neurological disorders associated with Cav-3 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thalita Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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