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van Melis LVJ, Peerdeman AM, Huiberts EHW, van Kleef RGDM, de Groot A, Westerink RHS. Effects of acute insecticide exposure on neuronal activity in vitro in rat cortical cultures. Neurotoxicology 2024; 102:58-67. [PMID: 38599286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides, such as carbamates, organophosphates, organochlorines and pyrethroids, has been linked to various health problems, including neurotoxicity. Although most in vivo studies use only male rodents, some studies have shown in vivo sex-specific effects after acute exposure. Since in vivo studies are costly and require a large number of animals, in vitro assays that take sex-specific effects into account are urgently needed. We therefore assessed the acute effects of exposure to different carbamates (methomyl, aldicarb and carbaryl), organophosphates (chlorpyrifos (CPF), chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) and 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol), organochlorines (endosulfan, dieldrin and lindane) and pyrethroids (permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and 3-phenoxy-benzoic acid (3-PBA)) on neuronal network function in sex-separated rat primary cortical cultures using micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings. Our results indicate that exposure to the carbamate carbaryl and the organophosphates CPF and CPO decreased neuronal activity, with CPO being the most potent. Notably, (network) burst patterns differed between CPF and CPO, with CPO inducing fewer, but more intense (network) bursts. Exposure to low micromolar levels of endosulfan induced a hyperexcitation, most likely due to the antagonistic effects on GABA receptors. Interestingly, females were more sensitive to endosulfan than males. Exposure to dieldrin and lindane also increased neuronal activity, albeit less than endosulfan and without sex-specific effects. Exposure to type I pyrethroid permethrin increased neuronal activity, while exposure to type II pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin strongly decreased neuronal activity. The increase seen after permethrin exposure was more pronounced in males than in females. Together, these results show that acute exposure to different classes of pesticides exerts differential effects on neuronal activity. Moreover, it shows that MEA recordings are suited to detect sex-specific neurotoxic effects in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart V J van Melis
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, TD, Utrecht NL-3508, the Netherlands
| | - Anneloes M Peerdeman
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, TD, Utrecht NL-3508, the Netherlands
| | - Eva H W Huiberts
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, TD, Utrecht NL-3508, the Netherlands
| | - Regina G D M van Kleef
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, TD, Utrecht NL-3508, the Netherlands
| | - Aart de Groot
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, TD, Utrecht NL-3508, the Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, TD, Utrecht NL-3508, the Netherlands..
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Souza MF, Medeiros KAAL, Lins LCRF, Bispo JMM, Gois AM, Santos ER, Almeida-Souza TH, Melo JEC, Franco HS, Silva RS, Pereira-Filho EA, Freire MAM, Santos JR. Motor, memory, and anxiety-like behavioral impairments associated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor and dopaminergic imbalance after inhalational exposure to deltamethrin. Brain Res Bull 2022; 181:55-64. [PMID: 35041849 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Believed to cause damage to the nervous system and possibly being associated with neurodegenerative diseases, deltamethrin (DM) is a type II pyrethroid used in pest control, public health, home environment, and vector control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the motor, cognitive and emotional changes associated with dopaminergic and BDNF imbalance after DM exposure in rats. Sixty Wistar rats (9-10 months-old) were used, under Ethics Committee on Animal Research license (ID 19/2017). The animals were randomly divided into four groups: control (CTL, 0.9% saline), DM2 (2mg DM in 1.6mL 0.9% saline), DM4 (4mg of DM in 1.6mL of 0.9% saline), and DM8 (8mg of DM in 1.6mL of 0.9% saline). DM groups were submitted to 9 or 15 inhalations, one every 48hours. Half of the animals from each group were randomly selected and perfused 24hours after the 9th or 15th inhalation. Throughout the experiment, the animal's behavior were evaluated using catalepsy test, open field, hole-board test, Modified Elevated Plus Maze, and social interaction. At the end of the experiments, the rats were perfused transcardially and their brains were processed for Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunohistochemistries. The animals submitted to 9 inhalations of DM showed a reduction in immunoreactivity for TH in the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and dorsal striatum (DS) areas, and an increase in BDNF in the DS and CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) hippocampal areas. Conversely, the animals submitted to 15 inhalations of DM showed immunoreactivity reduced for TH in the SNpc and VTA, and an increase in BDNF in the hippocampal areas (CA3 and DG). Our results indicate that the DM inhalation at different periods induce motor and cognitive impairments in rats. Such alterations were accompanied by dopaminergic system damage and a possible dysfunction on synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina F Souza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Katty A A L Medeiros
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Lívia C R F Lins
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - José M M Bispo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Gois
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Edson R Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Thiago H Almeida-Souza
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - João E C Melo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Heitor S Franco
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo S Silva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Pereira-Filho
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Graduate Program in Health and Society, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró/RN, Brazil
| | - José R Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil.
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Wang Z, Liu R, Zhang L, Yu S, Nie Y, Deng Y, Liu R, Zhu W, Zhou Z, Diao J. Thermoregulation of Eremias argus alters temperature-dependent toxicity of beta-cyfluthrin: Ecotoxicological effects considering ectotherm behavior traits. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118461. [PMID: 34748886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessments of the ecotoxicological effects insecticides impose on ectotherms have increasingly considered temperature. However, the changes toxicants induce in thermoregulatory behavioral traits may lead to a divergence of thermal selection and temperature-dependent changes of contaminant toxicity. This study demonstrated the interaction of behavioral thermoregulation and temperature-dependent toxicity of beta-cyfluthrin (BC) in the lizard Eremias argus. Based on the negative relationship between temperature and BC toxicity, seeking a warming environment was assumed to represent a self-rescue behavior (and vice versa). The results showed that BC-treated lizards (0-20 μg/g body weight (bw)) showed such self-rescue behavior, while lizards exposed to an extremely high BC dose (200 μg/g bw) sought a cooler environment. Biochemical assays showed that BC affected neurotransmitter systems, caused oxidative stress, and interfered with ion-transport in the central nervous system. Biomarkers of the cholinergic and glutamatergic system, ion-transport function, and oxidative stress were identified as potential biochemical variables related to thermoregulatory behavior. Apparently, seeking a warmer environment is a survival strategy with the aim to neutralize BC toxicity, while seeking a cooler environment aims to attenuate the harmful effects of metabolic and oxidative stress, and to decelerate internal BC diffusion. This phenomenon could be also explained by the concept of the "cooling trap", i.e., a behavior where cooler temperatures are sought. This impairs survival after exposure to BC at it has a negative temperature coefficient, derived from a dysfunction of the central nervous system regarding thermoregulation caused by the high dosage of neurotoxicant and resulting temperature maladaptation. Implications of the interaction between thermoregulatory behavior and temperature-dependent toxicity are presented, which may aid further temperature-dependent risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Beijing Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Center (Beijing Food Inspection Institute), Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Simin Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yufan Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Mora-Gutiérrez A, Guevara J, Rubio C, Calvillo-Velasco M, Silva-Adaya D, Retana-Márquez S, Espinosa B, Martínez-Valenzuela C, Rubio-Osornio M. Clothianidin and Thiacloprid Mixture Administration Induces Degenerative Damage in the Dentate Gyrus and Alteration in Short-Term Memory in Rats. J Toxicol 2021; 2021:9983201. [PMID: 34858496 PMCID: PMC8632432 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9983201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are pesticides that act as agonists of nicotinic receptors for acetylcholine in insects' central nervous system (CNS). Chronic exposure to neonicotinoids in humans is related to autism, memory loss, and finger tremor. In this article, we evaluate the effect of subchronic oral administration of two neonicotinoids in the same mixture: clothianidin and thiacloprid. Decreasing doses of both pesticides were administered to rats starting from the lethal dose 50 (LD50) reported by the manufacturer. Our results indicate that the administration of three doses of decreasing amounts of LD50 (5/10, 4/10, and 3/10 LD50) resulted in 100% death in all cases. Ten administration times of 2/10 LD50 of the mixture caused only 20% of death cases after twenty-seven days, which was determined as a subchronic administration scheme. The animals administered 2/10 LD50 showed behavioral alterations after the first and second administration. Electrographic studies showed abnormal discharge patterns in the CNS. 72 h after the tenth dose, learning and memory tests were performed in the Morris water maze. Our results revealed significant decreases in permanence at the quadrant and the number of crosses (P=0.0447, P=0.0193, respectively), which represent alterations in the short-term memory test, but there were no significant changes in a long-term memory test. Likewise, the brains of these animals showed tissue architecture loss, nucleosomal retraction, and a significant increase in the pycnosis of the granular neurons of the dentate gyrus analyzed at 72 h after the last dose (P=0.0125). Toxic effects and cognitive deterioration that have been found in communities living near contaminated areas are probably related to the agricultural use of neonicotinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mora-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Jorge Guevara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Minerva Calvillo-Velasco
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Socorro Retana-Márquez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Laboratorio R012, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
| | - Blanca Espinosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ICV, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Moisés Rubio-Osornio
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
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Trace Identification and Visualization of Multiple Benzimidazole Pesticide Residues on Toona sinensis Leaves Using Terahertz Imaging Combined with Deep Learning. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073425. [PMID: 33810447 PMCID: PMC8037687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular spectroscopy has been widely used to identify pesticides. The main limitation of this approach is the difficulty of identifying pesticides with similar molecular structures. When these pesticide residues are in trace and mixed states in plants, it poses great challenges for practical identification. This study proposed a state-of-the-art method for the rapid identification of trace (10 mg·L−1) and multiple similar benzimidazole pesticide residues on the surface of Toona sinensis leaves, mainly including benzoyl (BNL), carbendazim (BCM), thiabendazole (TBZ), and their mixtures. The new method combines high-throughput terahertz (THz) imaging technology with a deep learning framework. To further improve the model reliability beyond the THz fingerprint peaks (BNL: 0.70, 1.07, 2.20 THz; BCM: 1.16, 1.35, 2.32 THz; TBZ: 0.92, 1.24, 1.66, 1.95, 2.58 THz), we extracted the absorption spectra in frequencies of 0.2–2.2 THz from images as the input to the deep convolution neural network (DCNN). Compared with fuzzy Sammon clustering and four back-propagation neural network (BPNN) models (TrainCGB, TrainCGF, TrainCGP, and TrainRP), DCNN achieved the highest prediction accuracies of 100%, 94.51%, 96.26%, 94.64%, 98.81%, 94.90%, 96.17%, and 96.99% for the control check group, BNL, BCM, TBZ, BNL + BCM, BNL + TBZ, BCM + TBZ, and BNL + BCM + TBZ, respectively. Taking advantage of THz imaging and DCNN, the image visualization of pesticide distribution and residue types on leaves was realized simultaneously. The results demonstrated that THz imaging and deep learning can be potentially adopted for rapid-sensing detection of trace multi-residues on leaf surfaces, which is of great significance for agriculture and food safety.
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He B, Wang X, Jin X, Xue Z, Zhu J, Wang C, Jin Y, Fu Z. β -Cypermethrin promotes the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells via inducing autophagy and shaping an adipogenesis-friendly microenvironment. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:821-831. [PMID: 32637997 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids has garnered attention, and studies have revealed that pyrethroids promote fat accumulation and lead to obesity in mice. Nevertheless, the effect of β-cypermethrin (β-CYP) on adipogenesis and its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, mouse embryo fibroblasts 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to β-CYP, and the cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, autophagy, and adipogenesis were assessed to investigate the roles of oxidative stress and autophagy in the toxic effects of β-CYP on adipogenesis. The results demonstrated that treatment with 100 μΜ β-CYP elevated the ROS level, decreased mitochondrion membrane potential, stimulated autophagy, and enhanced the adipogenesis induced by the mixture of insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. However, co-treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine partially blocked the abovementioned effects of β-CYP in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, co-treatment with rapamycin, an autophagy agonist, enhanced the inductive effect of β-CYP on adipogenesis, whereas co-treatment with 3-methyladenine blocked the enhancement of adipogenesis caused by β-CYP. Moreover, β-CYP also altered the microenvironment of 3T3-L1 cells to an adipogenesis-friendly one by reducing the extracellular expression of miR-34a, suggesting that the culture media of β-CYP-treated 3T3-L1 cells could shift macrophages to M2 type. Taken together, the data obtained in the present study demonstrated that β-CYP promoted adipogenesis via oxidative stress-mediated autophagy disturbance, and it caused macrophage M2 polarization via the alteration of miR-34a level in the microenvironment. The study demonstrated the adipogenesis-promoting effect of β-CYP and unveiled the potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xini Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zimeng Xue
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jianbo Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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Zhou L, Zhou M, Tan H, Xiao M. Cypermethrin-induced cortical neurons apoptosis via the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 165:104547. [PMID: 32359539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residue is a common problem worldwide. Cypermethrin is a type II pyrethroid pesticide that has been widely used in recent years. It has become a widespread residual pesticide in the environment and agricultural products. The neurotoxicity of cypermethrin remains a matter of concern. However, few studies have evaluated its toxicity on cerebral cortical neurons. As the center of the nervous system, the cerebral cortex is involved in a series of biological processes, such as learning, memory, emotions, and movement. The Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway has been considered to play a protective role in several central nervous system (CNS) diseases. We investigated whether this pathway plays a protective role in cypermethrin-induced apoptosis of the cortical neurons. We established a cypermethrin-induced apoptosis model in the cortical neurons using different cypermethrin doses and different incubation periods. The changes in Nrf2 protein and mRNA expression and its downstream genes HO-1 and NQO1 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting to study the role of the Nrf2/ARE pathway in cypermethrin-induced apoptosis of the cortical neurons. The results showed that the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway has a protective effect in cypermethrin-induced apoptosis of the cortical neurons. However, this protective effect of the Nrf2/ARE pathway is very limited and is dependent on the exposure dose and exposure period of cypermethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhou
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China.
| | - Mengqing Zhou
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Handan Tan
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
| | - Mengxi Xiao
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China
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Souza MF, Medeiros KAAL, Lins LCRF, Bispo JMM, Gois AM, Freire MAM, Marchioro M, Santos JR. Intracerebroventricular injection of deltamethrin increases locomotion activity and causes spatial working memory and dopaminergic pathway impairment in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 154:1-8. [PMID: 31606407 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DM) is widely used in agriculture, veterinary medicine and control of domestic pests. Epidemiological studies suggest that DM exposure is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer diseases; however the mechanisms are elusive. In the present study we evaluated the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of DM on locomotion activity, spatial working memory and dopaminergic pathway in the rat. Middle-aged male Wistar rats received three i.c.v. injections of DM 0.5 μg, DM 5 μg or vehicle, every other day. Across the treatment, the animals were submitted to behavioral evaluation in the catalepsy test, open field test, and spontaneous alternation task. Following completion of behavioral tests, rats were perfused and their brains were processed to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. We observed that i.c.v. administration of DM 5 μg increased locomotion activity (open field) and caused spatial working memory impairment (spontaneous alternation task). These alterations were accompanied by reduction TH immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), ventral tegmental area (VTA) and dorsal striatum. Conversely, no motor change was observed in the catalepsy test. These results indicate that i.c.v. administration of DM can cause hyperactivity and cognitive alteration which may be related to disruption of the dopaminergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina F Souza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - Katty Anne A L Medeiros
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - Lívia C R F Lins
- Department of Health Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - José M M Bispo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Gois
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio M Freire
- Post Graduation Program in Health and Society, University of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brazil; New Hope Faculty of Mossoró, RN, Brazil
| | - Murilo Marchioro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - José R Santos
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Behavioral and Evolutionary Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Itabaiana, SE, Brazil.
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Richardson JR, Fitsanakis V, Westerink RHS, Kanthasamy AG. Neurotoxicity of pesticides. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:343-362. [PMID: 31197504 PMCID: PMC6826260 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are unique environmental contaminants that are specifically introduced into the environment to control pests, often by killing them. Although pesticide application serves many important purposes, including protection against crop loss and against vector-borne diseases, there are significant concerns over the potential toxic effects of pesticides to non-target organisms, including humans. In many cases, the molecular target of a pesticide is shared by non-target species, leading to the potential for untoward effects. Here, we review the history of pesticide usage and the neurotoxicity of selected classes of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, to humans and experimental animals. Specific emphasis is given to linkages between exposure to pesticides and risk of neurological disease and dysfunction in humans coupled with mechanistic findings in humans and animal models. Finally, we discuss emerging techniques and strategies to improve translation from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Vanessa Fitsanakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Gammon DW, Liu Z, Chandrasekaran A, El‐Naggar SF, Kuryshev YA, Jackson S. Pyrethroid neurotoxicity studies with bifenthrin indicate a mixed Type I/II mode of action. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1190-1197. [PMID: 30548793 PMCID: PMC6590159 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bifenthrin is usually considered a Type I pyrethroid, because it lacks an α-CN group present in Type II pyrethroids, but some previous studies suggest a mixed Type I/II mode-of-action. Results are presented for bifenthrin in a rat developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) study along with effects on Na currents in human VGSC subtypes. Molecular modeling comparisons were also made for bifenthrin and other pyrethroids. RESULTS In a rat DNT study, bifenthrin produced tremors and clonic convulsions in dams and pups and slightly reduced acoustic startle response amplitude, and increased Tmax, at PND20 in females. Similar blood levels of bifenthrin were measured in dams and pups at each dose level i.e. no concentration in pups. In human VGSC experiments, using the Nav1.8 subtype, bifenthrin's effects on inactivation were slight, as for Type II pyrethroids, but without large prolongation of the tail current (deactivation) seen with Type II. Molecular modeling of bifenthrin indicates that the o-Me group may occupy a similar space to the α-CN group of cypermethrin and fenpropathrin. CONCLUSION In a DNT study and on human Nav1.8 tail currents bifenthrin showed Type I and II effects, similar to some published studies. Overall, bifenthrin acts as a mixed Type I/II pyrethroid. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Gammon
- FMC Agricultural SolutionsGlobal Regulatory SciencesEwingNJUSA
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- FMC Agricultural SolutionsGlobal Regulatory SciencesEwingNJUSA
| | | | | | - Yuri A Kuryshev
- FMC Agricultural SolutionsGlobal Regulatory SciencesEwingNJUSA
| | - Sharon Jackson
- FMC Agricultural SolutionsGlobal Regulatory SciencesEwingNJUSA
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Shafer TJ. Application of Microelectrode Array Approaches to Neurotoxicity Testing and Screening. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 22:275-297. [PMID: 31073941 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11135-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity can be defined by the ability of a drug or chemical to alter the physiology, biochemistry, or structure of the nervous system in a manner that may negatively impact the health or function of the individual. Electrophysiological approaches have been utilized to study the mechanisms underlying neurotoxic actions of drugs and chemicals for over 50 years, and in more recent decades, high-throughput patch-clamp approaches have been utilized by the pharmaceutical industry for drug development. The use of microelectrode array recordings to study neural network electrophysiology is a relatively newer approach, with commercially available systems becoming available only in the early 2000s. However, MEAs have been rapidly adopted as a useful approach for neurotoxicity testing. In this chapter, I will review the use of MEA approaches as they have been applied to the field of neurotoxicity testing, especially as they have been applied to the need to screen large numbers of chemicals for neurotoxicity and developmental neurotoxicity. In addition, I will also identify challenges for the field that when addressed will improve the utility of MEA approaches for toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Shafer
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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12
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Alteration of mice cerebral cortex development after prenatal exposure to cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Toxicol Lett 2018; 287:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Baskar MK, Murthy PB. Acute in vitro neurotoxicity of some pyrethroids using microelectrode arrays. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 47:165-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Coker E, Gunier R, Bradman A, Harley K, Kogut K, Molitor J, Eskenazi B. Association between Pesticide Profiles Used on Agricultural Fields near Maternal Residences during Pregnancy and IQ at Age 7 Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E506. [PMID: 28486423 PMCID: PMC5451957 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that potential prenatal exposure to agricultural pesticides was associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children, yet the effects of joint exposure to multiple pesticides is poorly understood. In this paper, we investigate associations between the joint distribution of agricultural use patterns of multiple pesticides (denoted as "pesticide profiles") applied near maternal residences during pregnancy and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) at 7 years of age. Among a cohort of children residing in California's Salinas Valley, we used Pesticide Use Report (PUR) data to characterize potential exposure from use within 1 km of maternal residences during pregnancy for 15 potentially neurotoxic pesticides from five different chemical classes. We used Bayesian profile regression (BPR) to examine associations between clustered pesticide profiles and deficits in childhood FSIQ. BPR identified eight distinct clusters of prenatal pesticide profiles. Two of the pesticide profile clusters exhibited some of the highest cumulative pesticide use levels and were associated with deficits in adjusted FSIQ of -6.9 (95% credible interval: -11.3, -2.2) and -6.4 (95% credible interval: -13.1, 0.49), respectively, when compared with the pesticide profile cluster that showed the lowest level of pesticides use. Although maternal residence during pregnancy near high agricultural use of multiple neurotoxic pesticides was associated with FSIQ deficit, the magnitude of the associations showed potential for sub-additive effects. Epidemiologic analysis of pesticides and their potential health effects can benefit from a multi-pollutant approach to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Coker
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
| | - Robert Gunier
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
| | - Asa Bradman
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
| | - Kim Harley
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
| | - Katherine Kogut
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
| | - John Molitor
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
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Romero DM, Berardino BG, Wolansky MJ, Kotler ML. From the Cover: Vulnerability of C6 Astrocytoma Cells After Single-Compound and Joint Exposure to Type I and Type II Pyrethroid Insecticides. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:196-212. [PMID: 27815491 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary mode-of-action of all pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) is the disruption of the voltage-gated sodium channel electrophysiology in neurons of target pests and nontarget species. The neurological actions of PYRs on non-neuronal cells of the nervous system remain poorly investigated. In the present work, we used C6 astrocytoma cells to study PYR actions (0.1-50 μM) under the hypothesis that glial cells may be targeted by and vulnerable to PYRs. To this end, we characterized the effects of bifenthrin (BF), tefluthrin (TF), α-cypermethrin (α-CYP), and deltamethrin (DM) on the integrity of nuclear, mitochondrial, and lysosomal compartments. In general, 24- to 48-h exposures produced concentration-related impairment of cell viability. In single-compound, 24-h exposure experiments, effective concentration (EC)15s 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) were computed as follows (in μM): BF, 16.1; TF, 37.3; α-CYP, 7.8; DM, 5.0. We found concentration-related damage in several C6-cell subcellular compartments (mitochondria, nuclei, and lysosomes) at ≥ 10-1 μM levels. Last, we examined a mixture of all PYRs (ie, Σ individual EC15) using MTT assays and subcellular analyses. Our findings indicate that C6 cells are responsive to nM levels of PYRs, suggesting that astroglial susceptibility may contribute to the low-dose neurological effects caused by these insecticides. This research further suggests that C6 cells may provide relevant information as a screening platform for pesticide mixtures targeting nervous system cells by expected and unexpected toxicogenic pathways potentially contributing to clinical neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina M Romero
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET)
| | - Bruno G Berardino
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética
| | - Marcelo J Wolansky
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas; .,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET)
| | - Mónica L Kotler
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET).,Laboratorio de Disfunción Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Nanomedicina
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Mohana Krishnan B, Prakhya BM. In vitro evaluation of pyrethroid-mediated changes on neuronal burst parameters using microelectrode arrays. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:270-281. [PMID: 27746124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Effects of pyrethroids (beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin) on the burst parameters (mean burst rate [MBR], percent spikes in burst [PSB], mean burst duration [MBD], mean spikes in burst [MSB], mean interspike interval in burst [MISIB], and mean interburst interval [MIBI]) have been investigated using the microelectrode array technique. Rat cortical neuronal networks (between 24 and 35 DIV) were exposed to the five accumulative concentrations of pyrethroids (0.01μM, 0.1μM, 1μM, 10μM, and 100μM) after initially recording the baseline activity. When compared to the baseline, the burst parameter that had undergone the most change (either increase/decrease) at the initial concentrations was MBR, followed by MIBI and PSB. The other burst parameters (MSB, MBD, and MISIB) did not undergo much change (either increase/decrease) by the pyrethroids at the initial concentrations when compared to the baseline. The MBR of all pyrethroids rose at initial concentrations followed by decrease at higher concentrations. A drop in the MIBI accompanied the rise in the MBR. The rank orders of relative potency of pyrethroids on the IC50 of different burst parameters clearly distinguish type-1 pyrethroids (bifenthrin, permethrin) from the type-2 pyrethroids (beta-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin), with type-2 being more potent. The rank order of relative potency of pyrethroids based on the IC50 of MBR was beta-cyfluthrin>lambda-cyhalothrin>deltamethrin>cypermethrin>bifenthrin>permethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskar Mohana Krishnan
- Department of Toxicology, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Padappai-601301, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Balakrishna Murthy Prakhya
- Department of Toxicology, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Padappai-601301, Tamil Nadu, India.
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