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Scalise S, Zannino C, Lucchino V, Lo Conte M, Abbonante V, Benedetto GL, Scalise M, Gambardella A, Parrotta EI, Cuda G. Ascorbic acid mitigates the impact of oxidative stress in a human model of febrile seizure and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5941. [PMID: 38467734 PMCID: PMC10928078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged febrile seizures (FS) in children are linked to the development of temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). The association between these two pathologies may be ascribed to the long-term effects that FS exert on neural stem cells, negatively affecting the generation of new neurons. Among the insults associated with FS, oxidative stress is noteworthy. Here, we investigated the consequences of exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in an induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (iNSCs) model of a patient affected by FS and MTLE. In our study, we compare the findings from the MTLE patient with those derived from iNSCs of a sibling exhibiting a milder phenotype defined only by FS, as well as a healthy individual. In response to H2O2 treatment, iNSCs derived from MTLE patients demonstrated an elevated production of reactive oxygen species and increased apoptosis, despite the higher expression levels of antioxidant genes and proteins compared to other cell lines analysed. Among the potential causative mechanisms of enhanced vulnerability of MTLE patient iNSCs to oxidative stress, we found that these cells express low levels of the heat shock protein HSPB1 and of the autophagy adaptor SQSTM1/p62. Pre-treatment of diseased iNSCs with the antioxidant molecule ascorbic acid restored HSBP1 and p62 expression and simultaneously reduced the levels of ROS and apoptosis. Our findings suggest the potential for rescuing the impaired oxidative stress response in diseased iNSCs through antioxidant treatment, offering a promising mechanism to prevent FS degeneration in MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Clara Zannino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucchino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michela Lo Conte
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vittorio Abbonante
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giorgia Lucia Benedetto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Scalise
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Gambardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elvira Immacolata Parrotta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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Osaka H, Nishida K, Kanazawa T. Beyond lecanemab: Examining Phase III potential in Alzheimer's therapeutics. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2024; 3:e185. [PMID: 38868475 PMCID: PMC11114408 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the development of therapeutic interventions for Alzheimer's dementia. While established treatments targeted acetylcholine and NMDA receptors, there is a growing demand for innovative therapies as the aging population increases. The paper highlights the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of aducanumab (Aduhelm) and lecanemab (Leqembi), emphasizing the developmental status of new treatments. Specifically, it covers seven principal drugs in Phase III trials, detailing their mechanisms of action, clinical trial specifics in the United States and Japan, and the current status of regulatory applications. The review focuses on amyloid removal (donanemab), tau protein mitigation (E2814), drug repositioning (Semaglutide, GV1001), and disease-modifying small molecules (fosgonimeton, hydralazine, masitinib). However, Gantenerumab and Solanezumab, unsuccessful in Phase III, are not covered. While the future approval status remains uncertain, we hope these drugs will offer beneficial therapeutic effects for potential dementia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Osaka
- Department of NeuropsychiatryOsaka Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversityTakatsukiOsakaJapan
| | - Keiichiro Nishida
- Department of NeuropsychiatryOsaka Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversityTakatsukiOsakaJapan
| | - Tetsufumi Kanazawa
- Department of NeuropsychiatryOsaka Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversityTakatsukiOsakaJapan
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3
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Park HH, Kwon HS, Lee KY, Kim YE, Son JW, Choi NY, Han MH, Park DW, Kim S, Koh SH. GV1001 reduces neurodegeneration and prolongs lifespan in 3xTg-AD mouse model through anti-aging effects. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1983-2004. [PMID: 38301041 PMCID: PMC10911355 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
GV1001, which mimics the activity of human telomerase reverse transcriptase, protects neural cells from amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity and other stressors through extra-telomeric function, as noted in our prior in vitro studies. As per a recent phase II clinical trial, it improves cognitive function in patients with moderate to severe dementia. However, the underlying protective mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of GV1001 on neurodegeneration, senescence, and survival in triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) mice. GV1001 (1 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into old 3xTg-AD mice thrice a week until the endpoint for sacrifice, and survival was analysed. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Prussian blue staining (PBS) were performed to evaluate entry of GV1001 entrance into the brain. Diverse molecular studies were performed to investigate the effect of GV1001 on neurodegeneration and cellular senescence in AD model mice, with a particular focus on BACE, amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42), phosphorylated tau, volume of dentate gyrus, β-galactosidase positive cells, telomere length, telomerase activity, and ageing-associated proteins. GV1001 crossed the blood-brain barrier, as confirmed by assessing the status of ferrocenecarboxylic acid-conjugated GV1001 using magnetic resonance imaging and PBS. GV1001 increased the survival of 3xTg-AD mice. It decreased BACE and Aβ1-42 levels, neurodegeneration (i.e., reduced CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus volume, decreased levels of senescence-associated β-galactosidase positive cells, and increased telomere length and telomerase activity), and levels of ageing-associated proteins. We suggest that GV1001 exerts anti-ageing effects in 3xTg-AD mice by reducing neurodegeneration and senescence, which contributes to improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
| | - Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Son
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
| | - Na-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
| | - Myung-Hoon Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
| | - Dong Woo Park
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
| | | | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea
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4
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Boyton I, Valenzuela SM, Collins-Praino LE, Care A. Neuronanomedicine for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: Current progress and a guide to improve clinical translation. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:631-651. [PMID: 37967664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronanomedicine is an emerging multidisciplinary field that aims to create innovative nanotechnologies to treat major neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). A key component of neuronanomedicine are nanoparticles, which can improve drug properties and demonstrate enhanced safety and delivery across the blood-brain barrier, a major improvement on existing therapeutic approaches. In this review, we critically analyze the latest nanoparticle-based strategies to modify underlying disease pathology to slow or halt AD/PD progression. We find that a major roadblock for neuronanomedicine translation to date is a poor understanding of how nanoparticles interact with biological systems (i.e., bio-nano interactions), which is partly due to inconsistent reporting in published works. Accordingly, this review makes a set of specific recommendations to help guide researchers to harness the unique properties of nanoparticles and thus realise breakthrough treatments for AD/PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Boyton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Gadigal Country, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Stella M Valenzuela
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Gadigal Country, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Care
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Gadigal Country, NSW 2007, Australia.
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5
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Park H, Kwon HS, Lee KY, Kim YE, Son JW, Choi NY, Lee EJ, Han MH, Park DW, Kim S, Koh SH. GV1001 modulates neuroinflammation and improves memory and behavior through the activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors in a triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:295-307. [PMID: 37884161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
GV1001 protects neural cells from amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity and other stressors in in vitro studies and demonstrates clinically beneficial effects in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated the protective effects and mechanism of action of GV1001 in triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice. We found that GV1001 improved memory and cognition in middle- and old-aged 3xTg-AD mice. Additionally, it reduced Aβ oligomer and phospho-tau (Ser202 and Thr205) levels in the brain, and mitigated neuroinflammation by promoting a neuroprotective microglial and astrocyte phenotype while diminishing the neurotoxic ones. In vitro, GV1001 bound to gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors (GnRHRs) with high affinity. Levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a direct downstream effector of activated GnRHRs, increased after GV1001 treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of GnRHRs blocked GV1001-induced effects. Thus, GV1001 might improve cognitive and memory functions of 3xTg-AD mice by suppressing neuroinflammation and reducing Aβ oligomers levels and phospho-tau by activating GnRHRs and their downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Son
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Myung-Hoon Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Dong Woo Park
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Sangjae Kim
- Teloid Inc., 3580 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 900-31, Los Angeles, CA 90010, USA.
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
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6
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Kim JY, Yang DW, Kim S, Choi JG. Retrospective Analysis of the Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Breast Cancer Treated with Telomerase Peptide Immunotherapy Combined with Cytotoxic Chemotherapy. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:955-966. [PMID: 38146419 PMCID: PMC10749539 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s431333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Telomerase activation, a critical step in cancer progression, occurs in approximately 95% of breast cancer cases. Telomerase is an attractive therapeutic target for breast cancer owing to its unique expression pattern. GV1001, a telomerase-derived peptide, is loaded onto human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II antigen-presenting cells and binds to CD4+ T cell activating immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of co-administration of GV1001 and cytotoxic chemotherapy in patients with heavily-treated metastatic breast cancer. Patients and methods We analyzed 63 patients with breast cancer who received both GV1001 and cytotoxic chemotherapy. The GV 1001 administration methods involves 0.56 mg intradermal injection three times during the first week, one time at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 6, and then once every 28 days. The primary endpoint of this study was quality of life according to EORTC QLO-C30 and EQ-5D, while the secondary endpoint was the antitumor response according to RECIST 1.1, progression-free survival, overall survival, and toxicity profile. Results In 34 patients with HR+ breast cancer evaluable for tumor response, the disease control rate (DCR) and overall response rate (ORR) were 58.8% and 26.4%, respectively. The DCR and ORR were 66.6% and 28.5% in 21 patients with HER-2+ and 50% and 25% in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), respectively. The median progression free survival was 10.4, 8.7, and 5.6 months in HR+, HER-2+, TNBC, respectively. The overall survival was 19.7, 13.2, and 9.4 months for patients with HR+, HER-2+, and TNBC, respectively. Most patients had an improved quality of life with statistically significant differences in some variables. The patients in this study experienced no additional toxicities other than the cytotoxic chemotherapy-associated side effects. Conclusion GV1001 is a relatively safe anticancer vaccine for patients with heavily-treated breast cancer and can to improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeup Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Won Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjae Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Teloid Inc., Los Angeles, CA, 90010, USA
| | - Jong Gwon Choi
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Vellingiri B, Balasubramani K, Iyer M, Raj N, Elangovan A, Song K, Yeo HC, Jayakumar N, Kinoshita M, Thangarasu R, Narayanasamy A, Dayem AA, Prajapati VK, Gopalakrishnan AV, Cho SG. Role of Telomeres and Telomerase in Parkinson's Disease-A New Theranostics? Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300097. [PMID: 37590305 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex condition that is significantly influenced by oxidative stress and inflammation. It is also suggested that telomere shortening (TS) is regulated by oxidative stress which leads to various diseases including age-related neurodegenerative diseases like PD. Thus, it is anticipated that PD would result in TS of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Telomeres protect the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes preserving them against fusion and destruction. The TS is a normal process because DNA polymerase is unable to replicate the linear ends of the DNA due to end replication complications and telomerase activity in various cell types counteracts this process. PD is usually observed in the aged population and progresses over time therefore, disparities among telomere length in PBMCs of PD patients are recorded and it is still a question whether it has any useful role. Here, the likelihood of telomere attrition in PD and its implications concerning microglia activation, ageing, oxidative stress, and the significance of telomerase activators are addressed. Also, the possibility of telomeres and telomerase as a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker in PD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Kiruthika Balasubramani
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Neethu Raj
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Ajay Elangovan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Kwonwoo Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Cheol Yeo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Namitha Jayakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641006, India
| | - Masako Kinoshita
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Utano National Hospital, Ondoyama-Cho, Narutaki, Ukyo-Ku, Kyoto, 616-8255, Japan
| | - Ravimanickam Thangarasu
- Department of Zoology, School of Science, Tamil Nadu Open University, Saidapet, Chennai, 600015, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular and Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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8
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Cummings JL, Osse AML, Kinney JW. Alzheimer's Disease: Novel Targets and Investigational Drugs for Disease Modification. Drugs 2023; 83:1387-1408. [PMID: 37728864 PMCID: PMC10582128 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Novel agents addressing non-amyloid, non-tau targets in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) comprise 70% of the AD drug development pipeline of agents currently in clinical trials. Most of the target processes identified in the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO) are represented by novel agents in trials. Inflammation and synaptic plasticity/neuroprotection are the CADRO categories with the largest number of novel candidate therapies. Within these categories, there are few overlapping targets among the test agents. Additional categories being evaluated include apolipoprotein E [Formula: see text] 4 (APOE4) effects, lipids and lipoprotein receptors, neurogenesis, oxidative stress, bioenergetics and metabolism, vascular factors, cell death, growth factors and hormones, circadian rhythm, and epigenetic regulators. We highlight current drugs being tested within these categories and their mechanisms. Trials will be informative regarding which targets can be modulated to produce a slowing of clinical decline. Possible therapeutic combinations of agents may be suggested by trial outcomes. Biomarkers are evolving in concert with new targets and novel agents, and biomarker outcomes offer a means of supporting disease modification by the putative treatment. Identification of novel targets and development of corresponding therapeutics offer an important means of advancing new treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Cummings
- Department of Brain Health, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
- , 1380 Opal Valley Street, Henderson, Nevada, 89052, USA.
| | - Amanda M Leisgang Osse
- Department of Brain Health, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jefferson W Kinney
- Department of Brain Health, Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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Buccellato FR, D’Anca M, Tartaglia GM, Del Fabbro M, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Beyond Symptomatic Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13900. [PMID: 37762203 PMCID: PMC10531090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an ever-increasing aged world, Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the first cause of dementia and one of the first chronic diseases in elderly people. With 55 million people affected, the WHO considers AD to be a disease with public priority. Unfortunately, there are no final cures for this pathology. Treatment strategies are aimed to mitigate symptoms, i.e., acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) and the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist Memantine. At present, the best approaches for managing the disease seem to combine pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies to stimulate cognitive reserve. Over the last twenty years, a number of drugs have been discovered acting on the well-established biological hallmarks of AD, deposition of β-amyloid aggregates and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in cells. Although previous efforts disappointed expectations, a new era in treating AD has been working its way recently. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave conditional approval of the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for the treatment of AD, aducanumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed against Aβ plaques and oligomers in 2021, and in January 2023, the FDA granted accelerated approval for a second monoclonal antibody, Lecanemab. This review describes ongoing clinical trials with DMTs and non-pharmacological therapies. We will also present a future scenario based on new biomarkers that can detect AD in preclinical or prodromal stages, identify people at risk of developing AD, and allow an early and curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca R. Buccellato
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna D’Anca
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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10
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Jeremic D, Jiménez-Díaz L, Navarro-López JD. Targeting epigenetics: A novel promise for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102003. [PMID: 37422087 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
So far, the search for a cure for Alzheimer Disease (AD) has been unsuccessful. The only approved drugs attenuate some symptoms, but do not halt the progress of this disease, which affects 50 million people worldwide and will increase its incidence in the coming decades. Such scenario demands new therapeutic approaches to fight against this devastating dementia. In recent years, multi-omics research and the analysis of differential epigenetic marks in AD subjects have contributed to our understanding of AD; however, the impact of epigenetic research is yet to be seen. This review integrates the most recent data on pathological processes and epigenetic changes relevant for aging and AD, as well as current therapies targeting epigenetic machinery in clinical trials. Evidence shows that epigenetic modifications play a key role in gene expression, which could provide multi-target preventative and therapeutic approaches in AD. Both novel and repurposed drugs are employed in AD clinical trials due to their epigenetic effects, as well as increasing number of natural compounds. Given the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications and the complexity of gene-environment interactions, the combination of epigenetic-based therapies with environmental strategies and drugs with multiple targets might be needed to properly help AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danko Jeremic
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lydia Jiménez-Díaz
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Juan D Navarro-López
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, NeuroPhysiology & Behavior Lab, Biomedical Research Center (CRIB), School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Kuan XY, Fauzi NSA, Ng KY, Bakhtiar A. Exploring the Causal Relationship Between Telomere Biology and Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4169-4183. [PMID: 37046137 PMCID: PMC10293431 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres, also known as the "protective caps" of our chromosomes, shorten with each cell cycle due to the end replication problem. This process, termed telomere attrition, is associated with many age-related disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite the numerous studies conducted in this field, the role of telomere attrition in the onset of the disease remains unclear. To investigate the causal relationship between short telomeres and AD, this review aims to highlight the primary factors that regulate telomere length and maintain its integrity, with an additional outlook on the role of oxidative stress, which is commonly associated with aging and molecular damage. Although some findings thus far might be contradictory, telomere attrition likely plays a crucial role in the progression of AD due to its close association with oxidative stress. The currently available treatments for AD are only symptomatic without affecting the progression of the disease. The components of telomere biology discussed in this paper have previously been studied as an alternative treatment option for several diseases and have exhibited promising in vitro and in vivo results. Hence, this should provide a basis for future research to develop a potential therapeutic strategy for AD. (Created with BioRender.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yuen Kuan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Syahira Ahmad Fauzi
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Athirah Bakhtiar
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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12
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Kwon HS, Koh SH, Choi SH, Jeong JH, Na HR, Lee CN, Yang Y, Lee AY, Lee JH, Park KW, Han HJ, Kim BC, Park J, Lee JY, Lee KY, Kim S. Effects of GV1001 on Language Dysfunction in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Alzheimer's Disease: Post Hoc Analysis of Severe Impairment Battery Subscales. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2023; 22:100-108. [PMID: 37545861 PMCID: PMC10400345 DOI: 10.12779/dnd.2023.22.3.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The efficacy and safety of GV1001 have been demonstrated in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to further demonstrate the effectiveness of GV1001 using subscales of the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), which is a validated measure to assess cognitive function in patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Methods We performed a post hoc analysis of data from a 6 month, multicenter, phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with GV1001 (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03184467). Patients were randomized to receive either GV1001 or a placebo for 24 weeks. In the current study, nine subscales of SIB-social interaction, memory, orientation, language, attention, praxis, visuospatial ability, construction, and orientation to name- were compared between the treatment (GV1001 1.12 mg) and placebo groups at weeks 12 and 24. The safety endpoints for these patients were also determined based on adverse events. Results In addition to the considerable beneficial effect of GV1001 on the SIB total score, GV1001 1.12 mg showed the most significant effect on language function at 24 weeks compared to placebo in both the full analysis set (FAS) and per-protocol set (PPS) (p=0.017 and p=0.011, respectively). The rate of adverse events did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Conclusions Patients with moderate-to-severe AD receiving GV1001 had greater language benefits than those receiving placebo, as measured using the SIB language subscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Ri Na
- Department of Neurology, Bobath Memorial Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chan Nyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - YoungSoon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ae Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Han
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Byeong C. Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jinse Park
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Buasn, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
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Glial Cell-Mediated Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810572. [PMID: 36142483 PMCID: PMC9502483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; it is the most common cause of dementia and has no treatment. It is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Yet, those two hallmarks do not explain the full pathology seen with AD, suggesting the involvement of other mechanisms. Neuroinflammation could offer another explanation for the progression of the disease. This review provides an overview of recent advances on the role of the immune cells’ microglia and astrocytes in neuroinflammation. In AD, microglia and astrocytes become reactive by several mechanisms leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that cause further neuronal damage. We then provide updates on neuroinflammation diagnostic markers and investigational therapeutics currently in clinical trials to target neuroinflammation.
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Kwon HS, Kim YE, Park HH, Son JW, Choi H, Lee YJ, Kim HY, Lee KY, Koh SH. Neuroprotective Effects of GV1001 in Animal Stroke Model and Neural Cells Subject to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion Injury. J Stroke 2021; 23:420-436. [PMID: 34649386 PMCID: PMC8521247 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2021.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Previous studies have revealed the diverse neuroprotective effects of GV1001. In this study, we investigated the effects of GV1001 on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced injury in neural stem cells (NSCs) and cortical neurons.
Methods Focal cerebral IRI was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brain diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) was performed 2 hours after occlusion, and a total of 37 rats were treated by reperfusion with GV1001 or saline 2 hours after occlusion. Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging, immunohistochemistry, and neurobehavioral function analyses were performed. Additionally, OGD/R-injured NSCs and cortical neurons were treated with different GV1001 concentrations. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, and oxidative stress were determined by diverse molecular analyses.
Results In the stroke model, GV1001 protected neural cells against IRI. The most effective dose of GV1001 was 60 μM/kg. The infarct volume on FLAIR 48 hours after MCAO compared to lesion volume on DWI showed a significantly smaller ratio in the GV1001-treated group. GV1001-treated rats exhibited better behavioral functions than the saline-treated rats. Treatment with GV1001 increased the viability, proliferation, and migration of the OGD/R-injured NSCs. Free radicals were significantly restored by treatment with GV1001. These neuroprotective effects of GV1001 have also been demonstrated in OGD/R-injured cortical neurons. Conclusions The results suggest that GV1001 has neuroprotective effects against IRI in NSCs, cortical neurons, and the rat brain. These effects are mediated through the induction of cellular proliferation, mitochondrial stabilization, and anti-apoptotic, anti-aging, and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Son
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Hojin Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea.,Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Kwon HS, Ha J, Kim JY, Park HH, Lee EH, Choi H, Lee KY, Lee YJ, Koh SH. Telmisartan Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Activating the PI3K Pathway in Neural Stem Cells Injured by Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1806-1818. [PMID: 33404978 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects by suppressing inflammatory and apoptotic responses. In the present study, the effects of the ARB telmisartan on the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in neural stem cells (NSCs) were investigated, as well as their possible association with the activation of the PI3K pathway. Cultured NSCs were treated with different concentrations of telmisartan and subjected to various durations of OGD. Cell counting, lactate dehydrogenase, bromodeoxyuridine, and colony-forming unit assays were performed to measure cell viability and proliferation. In addition, the activity of intracellular signaling pathways associated with the PI3K pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome was evaluated. Telmisartan alone did not affect NSCs up to a concentration of 10 μM under normal conditions but showed toxicity at a concentration of 100 μM. Moreover, OGD reduced the viability of NSCs in a time-dependent manner. Nevertheless, treatment with telmisartan increased the viability and proliferation of OGD-injured NSCs. Furthermore, telmisartan promoted the expression of survival-related proteins and mRNA while inhibiting the expression of death-related proteins induced by OGD. In particular, telmisartan attenuated OGD-dependent expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its related signaling proteins. These beneficial effects of telmisartan were blocked by a PI3K inhibitor. Together, these results indicate that telmisartan attenuated the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by triggering the PI3K pathway, thereby contributing to neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
| | - Jungsoon Ha
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
- GemVax & Kael Co., Ltd, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Koh SH, Kwon HS, Choi SH, Jeong JH, Na HR, Lee CN, Yang Y, Lee AY, Lee JH, Park KW, Han HJ, Kim BC, Park JS, Lee JY, Kim S, Lee KY. Efficacy and safety of GV1001 in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease already receiving donepezil: a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:66. [PMID: 33771205 PMCID: PMC7995588 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Our previous studies showed that GV1001 has various protective effects against β-amyloid and other stressors. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that GV1001 might have beneficial effects in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods A phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 6-month randomized clinical trial was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of subcutaneously administered GV1001. Between September 2017 and September 2019, 13 centers in South Korea recruited participants. A total of 106 patients were screened, and 96 patients with moderate-to-severe AD were randomized 1:1:1 to the placebo (group 1, n = 31), GV1001 0.56 mg (group 2, n = 33), and 1.12 mg (group 3, n = 32) groups. GV1001 was administered every week for 4 weeks (4 times), followed by every 2 weeks until week 24 (10 times). The primary endpoint was the change in the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) score from baseline to week 24. The key secondary efficacy endpoints were the change in the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Box (CDR-SOB), Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Mini-Mental State Examination, and Global Deterioration Scale scores. The safety endpoints were also assessed based on adverse events, laboratory test results, vital signs, and other observations related to safety. Results Group 3 showed less decrease in the SIB score at 12 and 24 weeks compared with group 1 (P < 0.05). These were not significantly observed in group 2. Among the secondary endpoints, only the NPI score showed significantly better improvement in group 2 than in group 3 at week 12; however, there were no other significant differences between the groups. Although the ADCS-ADL and CDR-SOB scores showed a pattern similar to SIB scores, a statistically significant result was not found. Adverse events were similar across all three groups. Conclusions The results indicate that GV1001 1.12 mg met the primary endpoint of a statistically significant difference. GV1001 was well tolerated without safety concerns. This study warrants a larger clinical trial. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03184467. Registered on June 12, 2017. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00803-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea. .,Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22332, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
| | - Hae Ri Na
- Department of Neurology, Bobath Memorial Hospital, Seongnam, 13552, South Korea
| | - Chan Nyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02856, South Korea
| | - YoungSoon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, South Korea
| | - Ae Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, 49201, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Han
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, 10475, South Korea
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea
| | - Jin Se Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Buasn, 48108, South Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, South Korea
| | - Sangjae Kim
- Teloid Inc., 920 Westholme Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
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Nguyen PH, Ramamoorthy A, Sahoo BR, Zheng J, Faller P, Straub JE, Dominguez L, Shea JE, Dokholyan NV, De Simone A, Ma B, Nussinov R, Najafi S, Ngo ST, Loquet A, Chiricotto M, Ganguly P, McCarty J, Li MS, Hall C, Wang Y, Miller Y, Melchionna S, Habenstein B, Timr S, Chen J, Hnath B, Strodel B, Kayed R, Lesné S, Wei G, Sterpone F, Doig AJ, Derreumaux P. Amyloid Oligomers: A Joint Experimental/Computational Perspective on Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Type II Diabetes, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2545-2647. [PMID: 33543942 PMCID: PMC8836097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation is observed in many amyloidogenic diseases affecting either the central nervous system or a variety of peripheral tissues. Structural and dynamic characterization of all species along the pathways from monomers to fibrils is challenging by experimental and computational means because they involve intrinsically disordered proteins in most diseases. Yet understanding how amyloid species become toxic is the challenge in developing a treatment for these diseases. Here we review what computer, in vitro, in vivo, and pharmacological experiments tell us about the accumulation and deposition of the oligomers of the (Aβ, tau), α-synuclein, IAPP, and superoxide dismutase 1 proteins, which have been the mainstream concept underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), type II diabetes (T2D), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research, respectively, for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H Nguyen
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Bikash R Sahoo
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - John E Straub
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Laura Dominguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Joan-Emma Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Molecular Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Buyong Ma
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Saeed Najafi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Mara Chiricotto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Pritam Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - James McCarty
- Chemistry Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carol Hall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry and The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, (UMR5248 CBMN), CNRS, Université Bordeaux, Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Stepan Timr
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Brianna Hnath
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Birgit Strodel
- Institute of Complex Systems: Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sylvain Lesné
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Guanghong Wei
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory for Computational Physical Science, Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Fabio Sterpone
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Andrew J Doig
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- CNRS, UPR9080, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Theoretical Biochemistry, IBPC, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Kahroba H, Ramezani B, Maadi H, Sadeghi MR, Jaberie H, Ramezani F. The role of Nrf2 in neural stem/progenitors cells: From maintaining stemness and self-renewal to promoting differentiation capability and facilitating therapeutic application in neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 65:101211. [PMID: 33186670 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) cause progressive loss of neurons in nervous system. NDs are categorized as acute NDs such as stroke and head injury, besides chronic NDs including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, Friedreich's Ataxia, Multiple Sclerosis. The exact etiology of NDs is not understood but oxidative stress, inflammation and synaptic dysfunction are main hallmarks. Oxidative stress leads to free radical attack on neural cells which contributes to protein misfolding, glia cell activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impairment of DNA repair system and subsequently cellular death. Neural stem cells (NSCs) support adult neurogenesis in nervous system during injuries which is limited to certain regions in brain. NSCs can differentiate into the neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Impaired neurogenesis and inadequate induction of neurogenesis are the main obstacles in treatment of NDs. Protection of neural cells from oxidative damages and supporting neurogenesis are promising strategies to treat NDs. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcriptional master regulator that maintains the redox homeostasis in cells by provoking expression of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective genes. Nrf2 can strongly influence the NSCs function and fate determination by reducing levels of reactive oxygen species in benefit of NSC survival and neurogenesis. In this review we will summarize the role of Nrf2 in NSC function, and exogenous and endogenous therapeutic strategies in treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Kahroba
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Ramezani
- Department of Chemistry, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Maadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Reza Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Jaberie
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Potential roles of telomeres and telomerase in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1060-1078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lee SY, Han JJ, Lee SY, Jung G, Min HJ, Song JJ, Koo JW. Outcomes of Peptide Vaccine GV1001 Treatment in a Murine Model of Acute Noise-Induced Hearing Loss. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020112. [PMID: 32012778 PMCID: PMC7070461 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is primarily caused by damage to cochlear hair cells, associated with synaptopathy. The novel cell-penetrating peptide GV1001, an antitumor agent, also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and is otoprotective in a murine model of kanamycin-induced ototoxicity. Here, we explored whether GV1001 attenuated NIHL, and the underlying mechanism at play. We established an NIHL model by exposing 4- to 6-week-old C57/BL6 mice to white noise at 120 dB SPL for 2 h, resulting in a significant permanent threshold shift (PTS). We then subcutaneously injected saline (control), GV1001, or dexamethasone immediately after cessation of PTS-noise exposure and evaluated the threshold shifts, structural damages to outer hair cells (OHCs), and ribbon synapses. We also verified whether GV1001 attenuates oxidative stress at the level of lipid peroxidation or protein nitration in OHCs 1 h after exposure to white noise at 120 dB SPL. GV1001-treated mice exhibited significantly less hearing threshold shifts over 2 weeks and preserved OHCs and ribbon synapses compared with controls. Similarly, dexamethasone-treated mice showed comparable protection against NIHL. Importantly, GV1001 markedly attenuated oxidative stress in OHCs. Our findings suggest that GV1001 may protect against NIHL by lowering oxidative stress and may serve as preventive or adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 463-707, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (G.J.); (H.J.M.); (J.-J.S.)
| | - Jae Joon Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea;
| | - Sang-Youp Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wonkwang University Hospital, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 15865, Korea;
| | - Gaon Jung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 463-707, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (G.J.); (H.J.M.); (J.-J.S.)
| | - Hyun Jin Min
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 463-707, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (G.J.); (H.J.M.); (J.-J.S.)
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 463-707, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (G.J.); (H.J.M.); (J.-J.S.)
| | - Ja-Won Koo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 463-707, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (G.J.); (H.J.M.); (J.-J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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The Novel Peptide Vaccine GV1001 Protects Hearing in a Kanamycin-induced Ototoxicity Mouse Model. Otol Neurotol 2019; 39:e731-e737. [PMID: 30015752 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS We tested whether GV1001 has any ototoxic side effects at different doses and whether it protects hearing in an aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity mouse model. BACKGROUND GV1001, a novel peptide vaccine currently being examined in a Phase 3 clinical trial to treat pancreatic cancer, also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. METHODS In the first experiment, C57/BL6 mice were injected with GV1001 preparations at concentrations of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg for 7 days to evaluate the toxicity of GV1001 on the inner ear and kidneys. In the second experiment, the protective effect of GV1001 was tested in an ototoxicity mouse model that was generated by injecting 800 mg/kg kanamycin (KM) for 2 weeks. The hearing threshold and hair cell loss were compared between the KM + GV1001 group (treated with 10 mg/kg GV1001 for 2 wk) and the KM + saline group. The hearing threshold was measured before, and 7, 14, and 21 days after the initial treatment. The blood urea nitrogen level was measured. RESULTS No ototoxicity or renal toxicity was found following treatment with different doses of GV1001 (0.1-100 mg/kg). The KM + saline group showed impaired auditory function and markedly disoriented and missing cochlear hair cells, while the KM + GV1001 group showed significant hearing and hair cell preservation in comparison (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION GV1001 itself did not have any detrimental effects on the inner ear or kidney. In the KM induced ototoxicity model, concomitant administration of GV1001 protected against cochlear hair cell damage and preserve hearing.
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Raising the bar in anticancer therapy: recent advances in, and perspectives on, telomerase inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1370-1388. [PMID: 31136800 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleic reverse transcriptase enzyme that uses an integral RNA component as a template to add tandem telomeric DNA repeats, TTAGGG, at the 3' end of the chromosomes. 85-90% of human tumors and their derived cell lines predominantly express high levels of telomerase, therefore contributing to cancer cell development. However, in normal cells, telomerase activity is almost always absent except in germ cells and stem cells. This differential expression has been exploited to develop highly specific and potent cancer therapeutics. In this review, we outline recent advances in the development of telomerase inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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Oxidative Stress-Tolerant Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Decrease Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Damage in Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures from Adult Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081858. [PMID: 30991705 PMCID: PMC6514841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes severe tissue injury of the central nervous system in ischemic brain damage (IBD), traumatic brain injury (TBI) and neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we used hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to induce oxidative stress in organotypic brain slice cultures (OBSCs), and investigated the protective effects of oxidative stress-tolerant (OST) stem cells harvested from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) which were co-cultivated with OBSCs. Using presto blue assay and immunostaining, we demonstrated that both normal SHED and OST-SHED could prevent H₂O₂-induced cell death, and increase the numbers of mature neuron and neuronal progenitors in the hippocampus of OBSCs. During co-cultivation, OST-SHED, but not normal SHED, exhibited neuronal cell morphology and expressed neuronal markers. Results from ELISA showed that both normal SHED and OST-SHED significantly decreased oxidative DNA damage in H₂O₂-treated OBSCs. SHED could also produce neurotrophic factor BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) and promoted the production of IL-6 in OBSCs. Although OST-SHED had lower cell viability, the neuronal protection of OST-SHED was significantly superior to that of normal SHED. Our findings suggest that SHED, especially OST-SHED, could prevent oxidative stress induced brain damage. OST-SHED can be explored as a new therapeutic tool for IBD, TBI and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Karabulutoglu M, Finnon R, Imaoka T, Friedl AA, Badie C. Influence of diet and metabolism on hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia development following ionizing radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:452-479. [PMID: 29932783 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1490042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The review aims to discuss the prominence of dietary and metabolic regulators in maintaining hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function, long-term self-renewal, and differentiation. RESULTS Most adult stem cells are preserved in a quiescent, nonmotile state in vivo which acts as a "protective state" for stem cells to reduce endogenous stress provoked by DNA replication and cellular respiration as well as exogenous environmental stress. The dynamic balance between quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation is critical for supporting a functional blood system throughout life of an organism. Stress-conditions, for example ionizing radiation exposure can trigger the blood forming HSCs to proliferate and migrate through extramedullary tissues to expand the number of HSCs and increase hematopoiesis. In addition, a wealth of investigation validated that deregulation of this balance plays a critical pathogenic role in various different hematopoietic diseases including the leukemia development. CONCLUSION The review summarizes the current knowledge on how alterations in dietary and metabolic factors could alter the risk of leukemia development following ionizing radiation exposure by inhibiting or even reversing the leukemic progression. Understanding the influence of diet, metabolism, and epigenetics on radiation-induced leukemogenesis may lead to the development of practical interventions to reduce the risk in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Karabulutoglu
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK.,b CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- c Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
| | - Anna A Friedl
- d Department of Radiation Oncology , University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christophe Badie
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK
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Kim KS, Yang HY, Chang SC, Kim YM, Lee KY, Lee BM, Kim HS. Potential repositioning of GV1001 as a therapeutic agent for testosterone‑induced benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2260-2268. [PMID: 30015834 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the leading causes of male reproductive disorders. Therapeutic agents currently in use have severe side effects; therefore, alternative drugs that exhibit improved therapeutic activity without side effects are required. The present study investigated the protective effect of GV1001 against testosterone‑induced BPH in rats. BPH in castrated rats was established via daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of testosterone propionate (TP, 3 mg/kg) dissolved in corn oil for 4 weeks. GV1001 (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered 3 times per week for 4 weeks, together with TP (3 mg/kg) injection. The rats were sacrificed on the last day of treatment, and their prostates were excised and weighed for biochemical and histological studies. Serum levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were also measured. In rats with TP‑induced BPH, a significant increase in prostate weight (PW) and prostatic index (PI), accompanied by a decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity, was observed. Histological studies revealed clearly enlarged glandular cavities in rats with BPH. GV1001 (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased PW and PI in rats with TP‑induced BPH. In addition, GV1001 demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect on 5α‑reductase in prostate. The present data suggest that the protective role of GV1001 against testosterone‑induced BPH is closely associated with its antioxidant potential. Additional studies are required to identify the mechanisms by which GV1001 protects against BPH to determine its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Seok Kim
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi‑do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Yong Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi‑do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Institute of Bio-Physio Sensor Technology, Center for Proteome Biophysics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi‑do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Mu Lee
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi‑do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi‑do 16419, Republic of Korea
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Moon KT, Yoo TK, Kwon SY, Ha JY, Byun SS, Kim JH, Chung JI, Kim TH, Moon HS, Kim SJ, Lee KS. A randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre, Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of GV1001 in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 2018; 122:283-292. [PMID: 29633507 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and safety of three dosing schemes of GV1001 in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients were men aged ≥50 years, with an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) of ≥13, maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax ) of 5-15 mL/s, post-void residual urine volume (PVR) of ≤200 mL, and prostate volume of ≥30 mL. After a 4 week run-in period, patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment schedules: Group 1, GV1001 0.4 mg, 2-week interval; Group 2, GV1001 0.56 mg, 2-week interval; Group 3, GV1001 0.56 mg, 4-week interval) or placebo (Group 4). The eligible patients were administered GV1001 or placebo, for a total of seven intradermal injections that were administered at 2-week intervals at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. Treatment continued for 12 weeks, and efficacy was evaluated at weeks 4, 8, 12, 13, and 16. Safety was evaluated throughout the 16-week period. The primary efficacy variable was change from baseline (CFB) in total IPSS. Secondary endpoints were CFB in Qmax , PVR, prostate volume, International Index of Erectile Function score, plasma testosterone level, dihydrotestosterone level, and prostate-specific antigen level. RESULTS A total of 161 patients were included (Group 1, n = 41; Groups 2-4, n = 40). Most patients (88.8%) received all planned doses of the study treatment. At week 13, a statistically significant difference in the mean CFB in IPSS was seen in GV1001 treatment Groups 1 and 2 vs the control group for the full analysis population (-3.5 [control] vs -7.2 and -6.8 in Groups 1 and 2, respectively; both P < 0.05). There were also statistically significant differences in CFB at weeks 8, 12, 13, and 16 in treatment Groups 1 and 2 vs control in the per-protocol population. There was a statistically significant reduction in prostate gland volume at week 16 vs control in all treatment groups (0.8 [control] vs -4.6, -2.5, and -4.2 mL in Groups 1-3, respectively; all P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences found in other secondary outcome measures. Adverse event (AE) reporting was similar across all four groups. No treatment-emergent AEs were considered to be related to the study drug. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that GV1001 was effective and well tolerated, and may provide potential beneficial effects in patients with BPH. Compared with medical therapies that require daily dosing, the convenient dosing regimen of GV1001 may provide greater patient adherence. Further investigation of these observations will require large-scale clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Tae Moon
- Department of Urology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tag Keun Yoo
- Department of Urology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Yun Kwon
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Ha
- Department of Urology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok Soo Byun
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- Departments of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Il Chung
- Department of Urology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae Hyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, ChungAng University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Sang Moon
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kyung Seop Lee
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
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Chen W, Shin KH, Kim S, Shon WJ, Kim RH, Park NH, Kang MK. hTERT peptide fragment GV1001 demonstrates radioprotective and antifibrotic effects through suppression of TGF‑β signaling. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:3211-3220. [PMID: 29568955 PMCID: PMC5881842 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GV1001 is a 16‑amino acid peptide derived from the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein (616‑626; EARPALLTSRLRFIPK), which lies within the reverse transcriptase domain. Originally developed as an anticancer vaccine, GV1001 demonstrates diverse cellular effects, including anti‑inflammatory, tumor suppressive and antiviral effects. In the present study, the radioprotective and antifibrotic effects of GV1001 were demonstrated through suppressing transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β) signaling. Proliferating human keratinocytes underwent premature senescence upon exposure to ionizing radiation (IR), however, treatment of cells with GV1001 allowed the cells to proliferate and showed a reduction in senescent phenotype. GV1001 treatment notably increased the levels of Grainyhead‑like 2 and phosphorylated (p‑)Akt (Ser473), and reduced the activation of p53 and the level of p21/WAF1 in irradiated keratinocytes. It also markedly suppressed the level of TGF‑β signaling molecules, including p‑small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad)2/3 and Smad4, and TGF‑β target genes, including zinc finger E‑box binding homeobox 1, fibronectin, N‑cadharin and Snail, in irradiated keratinocytes. Furthermore, GV1001 suppressed TGF‑β signaling in primary human fibroblasts and inhibited myofibroblast differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that GV1001 suppressed the binding of Smad2 on the promoter regions of collagen type III α1 chain (Col3a1) and Col1a1. In a dermal fibrosis model in vivo, GV1001 treatment notably reduced the thickness of fibrotic lesions and the synthesis of Col3a1. These data indicated that GV1001 ameliorated the IR‑induced senescence phenotype and tissue fibrosis by inhibiting TGF‑β signaling and may have therapeutic effects on radiation‑induced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ki-Hyuk Shin
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Won-Jun Shon
- School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Reuben H Kim
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - No-Hee Park
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mo K Kang
- The Shapiro Family Laboratory of Viral Oncology and Aging Research, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Grijalvo S, Alagia A, Jorge AF, Eritja R. Covalent Strategies for Targeting Messenger and Non-Coding RNAs: An Updated Review on siRNA, miRNA and antimiR Conjugates. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E74. [PMID: 29415514 PMCID: PMC5852570 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapy has become an alternative to classical approaches in the search of novel therapeutics involving gene-related diseases. Several mechanisms have been described in which demonstrate the pivotal role of oligonucleotide for modulating gene expression. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and more recently siRNAs and miRNAs have made important contributions either in reducing aberrant protein levels by sequence-specific targeting messenger RNAs (mRNAs) or restoring the anomalous levels of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that are involved in a good number of diseases including cancer. In addition to formulation approaches which have contributed to accelerate the presence of ASOs, siRNAs and miRNAs in clinical trials; the covalent linkage between non-viral vectors and nucleic acids has also added value and opened new perspectives to the development of promising nucleic acid-based therapeutics. This review article is mainly focused on the strategies carried out for covalently modifying siRNA and miRNA molecules. Examples involving cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), carbohydrates, polymers, lipids and aptamers are discussed for the synthesis of siRNA conjugates whereas in the case of miRNA-based drugs, this review article makes special emphasis in using antagomiRs, locked nucleic acids (LNAs), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as well as nanoparticles. The biomedical applications of siRNA and miRNA conjugates are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Grijalvo
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
- Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Adele Alagia
- Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andreia F Jorge
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre, (CQC), Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ramon Eritja
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
- Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Neural Stem Cell Death Mechanisms Induced by Amyloid Beta. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2017; 16:121-127. [PMID: 30906383 PMCID: PMC6428004 DOI: 10.12779/dnd.2017.16.4.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Amyloid beta (Aβ) is the main component of amyloid plaques, which are deposited in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Biochemical and animal studies support the central role of Aβ in AD pathogenesis. Despite several investigations focused on the pathogenic mechanisms of Aβ, it is still unclear how Aβ accumulates in the central nervous system and subsequently initiates the disease at the cellular level. In this study, we investigated the pathogenic mechanisms of Aβ using proteomics and antibody microarrays. Methods To evaluate the effect of Aβ on neural stem cells (NSCs), we treated primary cultured cortical NSCs with several doses of Aβ for 48 h. A 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, trypan blue staining, and bromodeoxyuridine cell proliferation assay were performed. We detected several intracellular proteins that may be associated with Aβ by proteomics and Western blotting analysis. Results Various viability tests showed that Aβ decreased NSCs viability and cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Aβ treatment significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase B, high-mobility group box 1, aldolase C, Ezrin, and survival signals including phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Conclusions These results suggest that several factors determined by proteomics and Western blot hold the clue to Aβ pathogenesis. Further studies are required to investigate the role of these factors.
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Telomerase based anticancer immunotherapy and vaccines approaches. Vaccine 2017; 35:5768-5775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Increases Synaptic Protein Levels via the MAPK/Erk Signaling Pathway and Nrf2/Trx Axis Following the Transplantation of Neural Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3073-3083. [PMID: 28780733 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in promoting the growth, differentiation, survival and synaptic stability of neurons. Presently, the transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is known to induce neural repair to some extent after injury or disease. In this study, to investigate whether NSCs genetically modified to encode the BDNF gene (BDNF/NSCs) would further enhance synaptogenesis, BDNF/NSCs or naive NSCs were directly engrafted into lesions in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Immunohistochemistry, western blotting and RT-PCR were performed to detect synaptic proteins, BDNF-TrkB and its downstream signaling pathways, at 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks after transplantation. Our results showed that BDNF significantly increased the expression levels of the TrkB receptor gene and the phosphorylation of the TrkB protein in the lesions. The expression levels of Ras, phosphorylated Erk1/2 and postsynaptic density protein-95 were elevated in the BDNF/NSCs-transplanted groups compared with those in the NSCs-transplanted groups throughout the experimental period. Moreover, the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2/Thioredoxin (Nrf2/Trx) axis, which is a specific therapeutic target for the treatment of injury or cell death, was upregulated by BDNF overexpression. Therefore, we determined that the increased synaptic proteins level implicated in synaptogenesis might be associated with the activation of the MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling pathway and the upregulation of the antioxidant agent Trx modified by BDNF-TrkB following the BDNF/NSCs transplantation after TBI.
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Effects of Antioxidant Supplements on the Survival and Differentiation of Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5032102. [PMID: 28770021 PMCID: PMC5523230 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5032102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required to maintain the self-renewal capacity of stem cells, elevated ROS levels can induce chromosomal aberrations, mitochondrial DNA damage, and defective stem cell differentiation. Over the past decade, several studies have shown that antioxidants can not only mitigate oxidative stress and improve stem cell survival but also affect the potency and differentiation of these cells. Further beneficial effects of antioxidants include increasing genomic stability, improving the adhesion of stem cells to culture media, and enabling researchers to manipulate stem cell proliferation by using different doses of antioxidants. These findings can have several clinical implications, such as improving neurogenesis in patients with stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as improving the regeneration of infarcted myocardial tissue and the banking of spermatogonial stem cells. This article reviews the cellular and molecular effects of antioxidant supplementation to cultured or transplanted stem cells and draws up recommendations for further research in this area.
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