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Strekalova T, Svirin E, Gorlova A, Sheveleva E, Burova A, Khairetdinova A, Sitdikova K, Zakharova E, Dudchenko AM, Lyundup A, Morozov S. Resilience and Vulnerability to Stress-Induced Anhedonia: Unveiling Brain Gene Expression and Mitochondrial Dynamics in a Mouse Chronic Stress Depression Model. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1782. [PMID: 38136653 PMCID: PMC10741640 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of altered brain mitochondrial regulation in psychiatric pathologies, including Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), has attracted increasing attention. Aberrant mitochondrial functions were suggested to underlie distinct inter-individual vulnerability to stress-related MDD syndrome. In this context, insulin receptor sensitizers (IRSs) that regulate brain metabolism have become a focus of recent research, as their use in pre-clinical studies can help to elucidate the role of mitochondrial dynamics in this disorder and contribute to the development of new antidepressant treatment. Here, following 2-week chronic mild stress (CMS) using predation, social defeat, and restraint, MDD-related behaviour and brain molecular markers have been investigated along with the hippocampus-dependent performance and emotionality in mice that received the IRS dicholine succinate (DS). In a sucrose test, mice were studied for the key feature of MDD, a decreased sensitivity to reward, called anhedonia. Based on this test, animals were assigned to anhedonic and resilient-to-stress-induced-anhedonia groups, using a previously established criterion of a decrease in sucrose preference below 65%. Such assignment was based on the fact that none of control, non-stressed animals displayed sucrose preference that would be smaller than this value. DS-treated stressed mice displayed ameliorated behaviours in a battery of assays: sucrose preference, coat state, the Y-maze, the marble test, tail suspension, and nest building. CMS-vulnerable mice exhibited overexpression of the inflammatory markers Il-1β, tnf, and Cox-1, as well as 5-htt and 5-ht2a-R, in various brain regions. The alterations in hippocampal gene expression were the closest to clinical findings and were studied further. DS-treated, stressed mice showed normalised hippocampal expression of the plasticity markers Camk4, Camk2, Pka, Adcy1, Creb-ar, Nmda-2r-ar, and Nmda-2r-s. DS-treated and non-treated stressed mice who were resilient or vulnerable to anhedonia were compared for hippocampal mitochondrial pathway regulation using Illumina profiling. Resilient mice revealed overexpression of the mitochondrial complexes NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome bc1, cytochrome c oxidase, F-type and V-type ATPases, and inorganic pyrophosphatase, which were decreased in anhedonic mice. DS partially normalised the expression of both ATPases. We conclude that hippocampal reduction in ATP synthesis is associated with anhedonia and pro-inflammatory brain changes that are ameliorated by DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Strekalova
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Svirin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Anna Gorlova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Elizaveta Sheveleva
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Alisa Burova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Adel Khairetdinova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Kseniia Sitdikova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Elena Zakharova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Alexander M. Dudchenko
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Aleksey Lyundup
- Endocrinology Research Centre, Dmitry Ulyanov St. 19, Moscow 117036, Russia;
- Research and Education Resource Center, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia (A.G.); (E.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.); (K.S.); (E.Z.); (A.M.D.); (S.M.)
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Clark IA, Vissel B. Autocrine positive feedback of tumor necrosis factor from activated microglia proposed to be of widespread relevance in chronic neurological disease. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01136. [PMID: 37750203 PMCID: PMC10520644 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a decade's experience of post-stroke rehabilitation by administering the specific anti-TNF biological, etanercept, by the novel perispinal route, is consistent with a wide range of chronically diminished neurological function having been caused by persistent excessive cerebral levels of TNF. We propose that this TNF persistence, and cerebral disease chronicity, largely arises from a positive autocrine feedback loop of this cytokine, allowing the persistence of microglial activation caused by the excess TNF that these cells produce. It appears that many of these observations have never been exploited to construct a broad understanding and treatment of certain chronic, yet reversible, neurological illnesses. We propose that this treatment allows these chronically activated microglia to revert to their normal quiescent state, rather than simply neutralizing the direct harmful effects of this cytokine after its release from microglia. Logically, this also applies to the chronic cerebral aspects of various other neurological conditions characterized by activated microglia. These include long COVID, Lyme disease, post-stroke syndromes, traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, post-chemotherapy, post-irradiation cerebral dysfunction, cerebral palsy, fetal alcohol syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, the antinociceptive state of morphine tolerance, and neurogenic pain. In addition, certain psychiatric states, in isolation or as sequelae of infectious diseases such as Lyme disease and long COVID, are candidates for being understood through this approach and treated accordingly. Perispinal etanercept provides the prospect of being able to treat various chronic central nervous system illnesses, whether they are of infectious or non-infectious origin, through reversing excess TNF generation by microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical ResearchSt Vincent's HospitalDarlinghurstAustralia
- UNSW Medicine & Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and HealthSchool of Clinical Medicine, UNSW SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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