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Chourpiliadis C, Zeng Y, Lovik A, Wei D, Valdimarsdóttir U, Song H, Hammar N, Fang F. Metabolic Profile and Long-Term Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress-Related Disorders. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e244525. [PMID: 38564219 PMCID: PMC10988352 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Biomarkers of lipid, apolipoprotein, and carbohydrate metabolism have been previously suggested to be associated with the risk for depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders, but results are inconsistent. Objective To examine whether the biomarkers of carbohydrate, lipid, and apolipoprotein metabolism are associated with the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study with longitudinal data collection assessed 211 200 participants from the Apolipoprotein-Related Mortality Risk (AMORIS) cohort who underwent occupational health screening between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1996, mainly in the Stockholm region in Sweden. Statistical analysis was performed during 2022 to 2023. Exposures Lipid, apolipoprotein, and carbohydrate biomarkers measured in blood. Main Outcomes and Measures The associations between biomarker levels and the risk of developing depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders through the end of 2020 were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models. In addition, nested case-control analyses were conducted within the cohort, including all incident cases of depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders, and up to 10 control individuals per case who were individually matched to the case by year of birth, sex, and year of enrollment to the AMORIS cohort, using incidence density sampling. Population trajectories were used to illustrate the temporal trends in biomarker levels for cases and controls. Results A total of 211 200 individuals (mean [SD] age at first biomarker measurement, 42.1 [12.6] years; 122 535 [58.0%] male; 188 895 [89.4%] born in Sweden) participated in the study. During a mean (SD) follow-up of 21.0 (6.7) years, a total of 16 256 individuals were diagnosed with depression, anxiety, or stress-related disorders. High levels of glucose (hazard ratio [HR], 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20-1.41) and triglycerides (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.10-1.20) were associated with an increased subsequent risk of all tested psychiatric disorders, whereas high levels of high-density lipoprotein (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.80-0.97) were associated with a reduced risk. These results were similar for male and female participants as well as for all tested disorders. The nested case-control analyses demonstrated that patients with depression, anxiety, or stress-related disorders had higher levels of glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol during the 20 years preceding diagnosis, as well as higher levels of apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B during the 10 years preceding diagnosis, compared with control participants. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of more than 200 000 participants, high levels of glucose and triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein were associated with future risk of depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders. These findings may support closer follow-up of individuals with metabolic dysregulations for the prevention and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anikó Lovik
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dang Wei
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Huan Song
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Niklas Hammar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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López-Echeverri YP, Cardona-Londoño KJ, Garcia-Aguirre JF, Orrego-Cardozo M. Effects of serotonin transporter and receptor polymorphisms on depression. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 52:130-138. [PMID: 37453823 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serotonin is highly implicated in the regulation of emotional state and the execution of cognitive tasks, so much so that the serotonin transporter genes (5-HTT, SLC6A4) and the serotonin receptor genes (HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A) have become the perfect candidates when studying the effects that these genes and their polymorphic variations have on depression characteristics. OBJECTIVE A review of research reports that have studied the effects of variations in the serotonin transporter and receptor genes on different clinical features of depression. METHODS A search of the Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted using the keywords ("depression" AND "polymorphism"). CONCLUSIONS According to the review of 54 articles, the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was found to be the most reported risk factor related to the development of depression and its severity. Variations in the genes studied (SLC6A4, HTR1A, HTR2A) can generate morphological alterations of brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yéssica P López-Echeverri
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Kelly J Cardona-Londoño
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Jhonny F Garcia-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Mary Orrego-Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia.
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3
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Abiri B, Hosseinpanah F, Banihashem S, Madinehzad SA, Valizadeh M. Mental health and quality of life in different obesity phenotypes: a systematic review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022; 20:63. [PMID: 35439997 PMCID: PMC9019986 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-01974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives It has been suggested that obesity phenotypes are related to mental health problems and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, there is no certain consensus. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the association between different obesity phenotypes with common psychiatric symptoms and HRQoL.
Methods Electronic databases i.e. PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and google scholar were searched until September 2021, to identify studies that investigated associations between the obesity phenotypes with psychiatric symptoms and/or mental and physical HRQoL. Two researchers independently checked titles and abstracts, evaluated full-text studies, extracted data, and appraised their quality using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results Eighteen studies, with a total of 3,929,203 participants, were included. Of the studies included in this systematic review, 10 articles evaluated the association between obesity phenotypes and psychiatric symptoms, while six papers investigated the association between HRQoL and obesity phenotypes, and two studies assessed both. As a whole, the findings of these studies suggest that obese individuals with a favorable metabolic profile have a slightly higher risk of mental health problems and poor quality of life, however, the risk becomes larger when obesity is combined with an adverse metabolic profile. So, metabolically healthy obesity may not be a completely benign condition in relation to mental disorders and poor quality of life. Conclusion According to published research, obesity is likely to increase the risk of mental health problems and poor quality of life when metabolic disturbances are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Abiri
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Hosseinpanah
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedshahab Banihashem
- Taleghani Hospital Research Development Committee (Taleghani-HRDC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ataollah Madinehzad
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Valizadeh
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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López-Echeverri YP, Cardona-Londoño KJ, Garcia-Aguirre JF, Orrego-Cardozo M. Effects of Serotonin Transporter and Receptor Polymorphisms on Depression. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 52:S0034-7450(21)00135-9. [PMID: 34493397 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serotonin is highly implicated in the regulation of emotional state and the execution of cognitive tasks, so much so that the serotonin transporter genes (5-HTT, SLC6A4) and the serotonin receptor genes (HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A) have become the perfect candidates when studying the effects that these genes and their polymorphic variations have on depression characteristics. OBJECTIVE A review of research reports that have studied the effects of variations in the serotonin transporter and receptor genes on different clinical features of depression. METHODS A search of the Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted using the keywords ("depression" AND "polymorphism"). CONCLUSIONS According to the review of 54 articles, the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was found to be the most reported risk factor related to the development of depression and its severity. Variations in the genes studied (SLC6A4, HTR1A, HTR2A) can generate morphological alterations of brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yéssica P López-Echeverri
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Kelly J Cardona-Londoño
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Jhonny F Garcia-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Mary Orrego-Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia.
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Portugal-Nunes C, Reis J, Coelho A, Moreira PS, Castanho TC, Magalhães R, Marques P, Soares JM, Amorim L, Cunha PG, Santos NC, Costa P, Palha JA, Sousa N, Bessa JM. The Association of Metabolic Dysfunction and Mood Across Lifespan Interacts With the Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:618623. [PMID: 34408637 PMCID: PMC8364979 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.618623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies suggest a relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome, which is likely influenced by age. Interestingly, functional imaging analysis has shown an association between functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN-FC) and components of metabolic syndrome, which is explored in this study. Methods: From a larger longitudinal cohort study on healthy aging, 943 individuals were extensively characterized for mood and cognition. Among these, 120 individuals who were selected for displaying extreme cognitive performance within the normal range (good and poor performers) were further studied. Here, in a cross-sectional design, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the association between metabolic dysfunction and depressive mood as a function of age and its relationship with DMN-FC was studied. Results: Metabolic dysfunction was modeled as a second-order latent variable using CFA. First-order latent variables were obesity, glucose dysmetabolism, lipids imbalance, and blood pressure. Using multiple linear regression models, this study observed that metabolic dysfunction, glucose dysmetabolism, and lipids imbalance were linearly associated with depressive mood, and the association with obesity was U-shaped. The association of metabolic dysfunction, obesity, and glucose dysmetabolism with depressive mood is positive for the younger individuals in our sample and vanishes with aging. The FC of the right superior temporal gyrus with the DMN correlated with both obesity and depressive mood. In participants with higher obesity scores, FC increased with higher GDS scores, while in those with lower GDS scores, FC decreased. Age and blood pressure were associated with a more complex pattern of association between FC of the right supramarginal gyrus and GDS score. Conclusion: The association of metabolic dysfunction with depressive mood is influenced by age and relates with differential patterns of DMN-FC. The combination of the effects of age, mood, and metabolic dysfunction is likely to explain the heterogeneity of DMN-FC, which deserves further investigation with larger and longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Portugal-Nunes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Coelho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal.,Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Teresa Costa Castanho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Magalhães
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Soares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Liliana Amorim
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Guimarães Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar do Alto Ave-EPE, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nadine Correia Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Almeida Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Bessa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
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Wang Y, Liu H, Jiang Y, Shi X, Shao Y, Xu ZX. Meta-analysis of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene promoter region polymorphism and post-stroke depression. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520925943. [PMID: 32495670 PMCID: PMC7273569 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520925943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter gene
promoter region (5-HTTLPR) gene polymorphism and
post-stroke depression (PSD). Methods We searched the CNKI, China Science and Technology Journal, China WanFang,
PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for studies of the relationship
between 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and PSD. Data were evaluated
using Stata software. Results The L allele was significantly related to the S allele (OR = 0.57, 95%
confidence interval (CI) 0.49–0.65). The dominant genotype LL + LS was
related to SS (OR = 0.48, 95%CI 0.39–0.59), the recessive genotype LL was
related to LS + SS (OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.30–0.51), the homozygous genotype LL
was related to SS (OR = 0.24, 95%CI 0.18–0.33), and the heterozygous
genotype LS was related to SS (OR = 0.55, 95 CI 0.44–0.68). All the
differences were significant. Ethnicity subgroup analysis showed significant
differences among the five genotypes in both Asians and Caucasians.
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) subgroup analysis showed that, after
removal of a non-HWE-conforming control group, all five genotypes were
significant and genotypes LL, LS + LL, and LS and L allele had beneficial
effects on recovery from PSD. Conclusion 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphism is strongly associated with PSD,
and the LL, LS + LL, and LS genotypes and L allele may protect against this
condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - HongYu Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinxiu Shi
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yankun Shao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhong Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Depression, cardiovascular disease, and related pathophysiologic mechanisms in women. COR ET VASA 2019. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2019.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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The association between low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and mood disorder using time-dependent analysis. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:317-325. [PMID: 28843914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have identified factors associated with mood disorder, the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and mood disorder is still controversial. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between low HDL-C and onset of mood disorder in Korea based on different cut-off levels. METHODS We used National Health Examinations Service cohort data from 2009 to 2013. We used time-dependent Cox regression analysis to evaluate the association between low level of HDL-C and onset of mood disorder. Hazard ratios (HRs) for onset of mood disorder were estimated for 1- to 2-year time intervals, starting at the first health examination and accounting for the duration until the next health examination. RESULTS A total of 400,803 participants (male: 220,573; female: 180,230) were included in our study. A total of 4576 (2.07%) males and 7598 (4.22%) females developed mood disorder. Based on dyslipidemia (< 40mg/dL), low level of HDL-C was associated with the risk of mood disorder in both male and female, however, only females showed statistically significant (HR: 1.097, 95% CI: 1.012-1.189). Based on quartile-based approach, females with low levels of HDL-C (< 47mg/dL) and males with high levels of HDL-C (≥ 59mg/dL) were associated with subsequent risk of mood disorder. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that level of HDL-C is associated with potential risk factors in mood disorder. However, a flexible threshold value in HDL-C level would be needed to evaluate the subsequent risk of mood disorder. Thus, further studies are needed to help improve the mental health in susceptible individuals.
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Oliveira SR, Kallaur AP, Lopes J, Colado Simão AN, Reiche EM, de Almeida ERD, Morimoto HK, de Carvalho Jennings de Pereira WL, Alfieri DF, Flauzino T, de Meleck Proença C, Gomes AM, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Maes M. Insulin resistance, atherogenicity, and iron metabolism in multiple sclerosis with and without depression: Associations with inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and uric acid. Psychiatry Res 2017; 250:113-120. [PMID: 28152396 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression is accompanied by metabolic disorders in iron metabolism, lipoproteins, and insulin resistance. We measured plasma levels of ferritin, iron, lipids, insulin, and glucose and computed the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA2IR) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in MS patients with and without depression and healthy controls. Explanatory variables were serum uric acid, interleukin (IL)-6, lipid hydroperoxides (CL-LOOH), albumin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Depression was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), neurological disability using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and disease progression using ∆EDSS over five years earlier. HOMA2IR and insulin were predicted by diagnosis (increased in MS), age and body mass index (BMI); AIP by diagnosis, sex, BMI, CRP, and uric acid; triglycerides by diagnosis (higher in MS without depression), age, BMI and uric acid; ferritin by diagnosis (higher in MS), sex, CRP, and albumin; and iron by albumin. The HADS score was significantly predicted by ∆EDSS, gastro-intestinal symptoms, iron (inverse), and age. MS is characterized by significantly increased insulin resistance, which is determined by increased insulin levels; and increased ferritin, a biomarker of inflammation. Depression in MS is not associated with increased insulin resistance and atherogenicity but with lowered iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayonara Rangel Oliveira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Kallaur
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Josiane Lopes
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Andrea Name Colado Simão
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Reiche
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elaine Regina Delicato de Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena Kaminami Morimoto
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis, and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wildea Lice de Carvalho Jennings de Pereira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil; Outpatient Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Frizon Alfieri
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Tamires Flauzino
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Caio de Meleck Proença
- Medicine School, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Gomes
- Outpatient Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Damacio Ramón Kaimen-Maciel
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Strategic Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands.
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10
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Veniaminova EA, Strekalova TV. Increased intake of fat and cholesterol as a pathogenetic factor of depression: A possible molecular mechanism. NEUROCHEM J+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712416010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Noordam R, Aarts N, de Keyser CE, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Visser LE. Antidepressants with a high serotonin reuptake transporter affinity and serum lipid levels in a population-based study in older adults. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1112-8. [PMID: 26152323 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115592340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between antidepressants and serum lipid levels in a population-based study in older adults. METHODS We included participants from the prospective Rotterdam Study with data on lipid levels (total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides). We classified antidepressants based on binding affinity to the serotonin transporter (low/intermediate- and high-affinity antidepressants). We compared lipid levels in users of these groups of antidepressants with lipid levels in non-users. Furthermore, we studied effect modification by the 102 C>T polymorphism (HTR2A gene), which is associated with antidepressant drug response and metabolic outcomes. RESULTS Compared with non-users (N = 6438), LDL cholesterol level was higher (2.9 versus 3.1 mmol/L, respectively; p = 0.05) in users of high-affinity antidepressants (N = 89). Similar levels of the other lipids were observed between the groups for the other lipids. The mean difference in serum LDL cholesterol level between non-users and users of high-affinity antidepressants was largest in participants with the CC genotype compared with the other genotypes (notably 0.47 mmol/L), indicative of effect modification (p-value for interaction = 0.03). CONCLUSION Antidepressants with a high serotonin reuptake transporter affinity were associated with higher LDL cholesterol levels, which were modified by a common genetic variation in the HTR2A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nikkie Aarts
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine E de Keyser
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands The Health Care Inspectorate, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands The Health Care Inspectorate, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Loes E Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Apotheek Haagse Ziekenhuizen - HAGA, The Hague, the Netherlands
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Serotonin Transporter Gene 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism as a Protective Factor Against the Progression of Post-Stroke Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1699-1705. [PMID: 25700622 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the 5-HTT and BDNF genes are shown to affect their function at the molecular and serum level. Prior work has tried to correlate the polymorphisms with post-stroke depression (PSD), the results nevertheless remain indefinitive. A plausible reason accounting for the uncertainty relates to the small sample of each published trial. In this study, we have performed a comprehensive meta-analysis in order to evaluate the effects of 5-HTT and BDNF polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR, STin2 VNTR, 5-HTR2a 102 T/C, Val66Met) on genetic risk of PSD. Human case-control trials were identified by computer-assisted and manual searches. The article search was performed until October 2014. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the fixed effects meta-analysis to measure the effects 5-HTT and BDNF polymorphisms exerted on PSD. We also performed test of heterogeneity, test of publication bias, and sensitivity analysis to examine the reliability and stability of combined effects. 5-HTTLPR was clearly associated with genetic risk of PSD. The association seemed to be more pronounced in the homozygous model (OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.23-0.51, P(Q-test) = 0.63). Both the heterozygous model and the recessive model showed 50% decreased risk of PSD (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.37-0.67, P(Q-test) = 0.91; OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.36-0.70, P(Q-test) = 0.43, respectively). Such significant association was also detected for Caucasian and Asian. These results were reliable and stable based on related analyses. Taken together, 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the 5-HTT gene seems to protect against the occurrence of PSD. Small sample size for the polymorphisms within 5-HTT and BDNF genes may have caused underestimated associations, and a larger study is required to further assess the relations.
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da Graça Cantarelli M, Nardin P, Buffon A, Eidt MC, Antônio Godoy L, Fernandes BS, Gonçalves CA. Serum triglycerides, but not cholesterol or leptin, are decreased in suicide attempters with mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2015; 172:403-9. [PMID: 25451444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many peripheral biomarkers, including low cholesterol and its fractions, have been examined to identify suicidal behavior. Herein, we assessed serum lipid profile and some proteins putatively associated with suicidal behavior in subjects with mood disorder (bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder) with a recent suicide attempt and with no lifetime history of suicide attempts. METHODS Fifty subjects had presented an episode of attempted suicide during the last 15 days, and 36 subjects had no history of any suicide attempt. We measured total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides as well as serum leptin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), S100B and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS Individuals that had attempted suicide presented decreased body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. After adjusting for these confounders, we found that triglycerides were decreased in attempted suicide subjects. We found no differences among total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL or leptin, S100B, CRP and BDNF. LIMITATIONS This is a cross-sectional study, and we cannot therefore assess whether a decrease in triglycerides caused a mood episode with suicidal ideation that led to a suicide attempt or if the presence of a mood episode originated a loss of appetite and consequent loss of weight, therefore decreasing triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS These results do not support the hypothesis that lower levels of cholesterol are associated with suicidal behavior in a mood disorder sample. However, our data support the idea that adiposity is differentiated in these patients (reduced BMI, waist circumference and serum triglycerides), which could lead to an altered communication between the adipose tissue and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Nardin
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins in the Central Nervous System, Post Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Brisa S Fernandes
- Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins in the Central Nervous System, Post Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Post Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratory of Calcium Binding Proteins in the Central Nervous System, Post Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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14
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Kang JH, Kao LT, Lin HC, Tsai MC, Chung SD. Statin use increases the risk of depressive disorder in stroke patients: A population-based study. J Neurol Sci 2015; 348:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Subchronic and mild social defeat stress accelerates food intake and body weight gain with polydipsia-like features in mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:339-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Schwartz JA, Rowland MW, Beaver KM. A genetically informed test of cholesterol levels and self-control, depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and neuroticism. J Affect Disord 2014; 164:139-47. [PMID: 24856567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cholesterol levels have been found to be associated with a wide range of behavioral problems, including violent and criminal behavior, and a wide range of psychological problems including impulsivity, depression, and other internalizing problems. The casual mechanisms underlying these associations remain largely unknown, but genetic factors may play a role in the etiology of such associations as previous research has found significant genetic influence on cholesterol levels and various deleterious behavioral and psychological outcomes. The current study addressed this existing gap in the literature by performing a genetically sensitive test of the association between cholesterol levels and various outcomes including levels of self-control, depressive symptoms, anger expression, and neuroticism. METHODS DeFries-Fulker (DF) analysis was used to analyze data from 388 twin pairs nested within the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS). RESULTS The results of the genetically informed models revealed that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels were negatively and significantly associated with depressive symptoms, had a marginally significant effect on neuroticism, and a nonsignificant effect on both anger expression and self-control. LIMITATIONS The findings may not extrapolate to the larger population of American adults since the subsample of twins with cholesterol information may not be nationally representative. CONCLUSIONS Genetic influences play a significant role in the association between cholesterol levels and various deleterious outcomes and failing to control for these influences may result in model misspecification and may increase the probability of detecting a significant association when one does not actually exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Schwartz
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Lincoln, NE 68588-0561, USA.
| | - Meghan W Rowland
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1273, USA
| | - Kevin M Beaver
- College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1273, USA; Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Interactions between a serotonin transporter gene, life events and social support on suicidal ideation in Korean elders. J Affect Disord 2014; 160:14-20. [PMID: 24709017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) may modify associations between environmental stressors and suicidality in adolescents and working-age adults. We investigated whether the 5-HTTLPR s/l polymorphism interacts with stressful life events (SLEs) and social support deficits (SSDs) on late-life suicidal ideation. METHODS 732 Korean community residents aged 65+ were evaluated and, of 639 without suicidal ideation, 579 (90.6%) were followed two years later. Prevalence and incidence of suicidal ideation was ascertained. Information on SLEs and SSDs were gathered, and covariates included socio-demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and disability. RESULTS Significant interactions were observed between 5-HTTLPR genotype, SLEs and SSDs on both prevalence and incidence of suicidal ideation after adjustment for covariates. The associations of SLEs and SSDs with suicidal ideation were strengthened in combination with higher numbers of s alleles, and were only significant predictors in those with s/s genotype. A significant three-way interaction between 5-HTTLPR genotype, SLEs and SSDs was also found. LIMITATIONS The generalizability of suicidal ideation as a marker of suicidality should be considered. CONCLUSIONS Gene-environment interactions on suicidal behavior are therefore identifiable even in old age.
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Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2 are higher in major depression but other characteristics of the metabolic syndrome are not specific to mood disorders. Life Sci 2014; 102:65-71. [PMID: 24607777 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study examined whether Castelli risk indexes 1 (total/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol) and 2 (low density lipoprotein (LDL)/HDL cholesterol) and other shared metabolic disorders might underpin the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome, major depression or bipolar disorder. MAIN METHODS This cross-sectional study examined 92 major depressed, 49 bipolar depressed and 201 normal controls in whom the Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2 and key characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, i.e. waist/hip circumference, body mass index (BMI), systolic/diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and homocysteine were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2 were significantly higher in major depressed patients than in bipolar disorder patients and controls. There were no significant differences in waist or hip circumference, total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma glucose, insulin, homocysteine and HbA1c between depression and bipolar patients and controls. Bipolar patients had a significantly higher BMI than major depressed patients and normal controls. SIGNIFICANCE Major depression is accompanied by increased Castelli risk indexes 1 and 2, which may be risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Other key characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, either metabolic biomarkers or central obesity, are not necessarily specific to major depression or bipolar disorder.
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You H, Lu W, Zhao S, Hu Z, Zhang J. The relationship between statins and depression: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1467-76. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.803067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jellinger KA. Organic bases of late-life depression: a critical update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1109-25. [PMID: 23355089 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Late-life depression (LLD) is frequently associated with cognitive impairment and increases the risk of subsequent dementia. Cerebrovascular disease, deep white matter lesions, Alzheimer disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) have all been hypothesized to contribute to this increased risk, and a host of studies have looked at the interplay between cerebrovascular disease and LLD. This has resulted in new concepts of LLD, such as "vascular depression", but despite multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in this field, the relationship between structural changes in human brain and LLD is still controversial. While pathological findings of suicide in some elderly persons revealed multiple lacunes, small vessel cerebrovascular disease, AD-related lesions or multiple neurodegenerative pathologies, recent autopsy data challenged the role of subcortical lacunes and white matter lesions as major morphological substrates of depressive symptoms as well as poorer executive function and memory. Several neuropathological studies, including a personal clinico-pathological study in a small cohort of elderly persons with LLD and age-matched controls confirmed that lacunes, periventricular and deep white matter demyelination as well as AD-related lesions are usually unrelated to the occurrence of LLD. In the same line, neuropathological data show that early-onset depression is not associated with an acceleration of age-related neurodegenerative changes. Very recent data on the critical role of glia-modulating neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Kenyongasse 18, 1070 Vienna, Austria.
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Tomson K, Merenäkk L, Loit HM, Mäestu J, Harro J. The relationship between serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism and serum lipid levels at young age in a longitudinal population-representative study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1857-62. [PMID: 21864630 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) has been linked to psychiatric disorders, mostly anxiety and affective disorders. In elderly populations 5-HTTLPR polymorphism has also been reported to be associated with serum lipid levels. We have examined the interaction of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the markers of lipid metabolism at young age in a longitudinal, population-representative cohort study. The sample of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (initially cohorts of 9 and 15 year old children, complete lipid and genotype data for n=1176) was examined throughout 10 years. Subjects were genotyped and the levels of low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were measured. Children and adolescents carrying the s allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism had lower levels of low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol. At the age of 25, the s allele carriers had higher levels of high-density lipoproteins. These associations were independent of gender. Thus the 5-HTTLPR can be associated with the serum lipid levels and in particular low-density lipoproteins already in a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Tomson
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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A transdisciplinary perspective of chronic stress in relation to psychopathology throughout life span development. Dev Psychopathol 2011; 23:725-76. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579411000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe allostatic load (AL) model represents an interdisciplinary approach to comprehensively conceptualize and quantify chronic stress in relation to pathologies throughout the life cycle. This article first reviews the AL model, followed by interactions among early adversity, genetics, environmental toxins, as well as distinctions among sex, gender, and sex hormones as integral antecedents of AL. We next explore perspectives on severe mental illness, dementia, and caregiving as unique human models of AL that merit future investigations in the field of developmental psychopathology. A complimenting transdisciplinary perspective is applied throughout, whereby we argue that the AL model goes beyond traditional stress–disease theories toward the advancement of person-centered research and practice that promote not only physical health but also mental health.
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Cholesterol and CSF 5-HIAA in attempted suicide. J Affect Disord 2010; 125:388-92. [PMID: 20299106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low serum cholesterol has been linked to suicide and violent behaviour. The same kind of associations has been reported regarding low levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and suicidal behaviour. The hypothesis of the link between serum cholesterol and suicide incorporate serotonin. It proposes that low cholesterol is related to altered serotonergic neurotransmission. A correlation between CSF 5-HIAA and serum cholesterol has been shown in animal studies, but has not been found in humans. AIM To study the interrelationship between serum cholesterol and CSF 5-HIAA in suicide attempters. Since both cholesterol and CSF 5-HIAA are associated with suicide and violent suicide attempts, we also investigated the correlation with suicide, violent suicide attempt method, suicide intent, hopelessness and depression severity. METHODS Serum total cholesterol and CSF 5-HIAA were measured in 42 medication free suicide attempters. Patients were assessed with Becks's Hopelessness scale (BHS), Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) and Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) and followed-up for causes of death. RESULTS Serum total cholesterol and CSF 5-HIAA showed a significant positive correlation adjusted for age, body mass index and substance abuse diagnosis. Cholesterol and CSF 5-HIAA levels did not differ between violent and non-violent suicide attempters or between suicide completers and survivors. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the serotonergic system may be connected to serum cholesterol in patients with a recent suicide attempt.
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