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Mistry H, Richardson CD, Higginbottom A, Ashford B, Ahamed SU, Moore Z, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Simpson JE, Wharton SB. Relationships of brain cholesterol and cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes to Alzheimer's pathology and dementia in the CFAS population-derived neuropathology cohort. Neurosci Res 2024; 204:22-33. [PMID: 38278219 PMCID: PMC11192635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Altered cholesterol metabolism is implicated in brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease. We examined whether key genes regulating cholesterol metabolism and levels of brain cholesterol are altered in dementia and Alzheimer's disease neuropathological change (ADNC). Temporal cortex (n = 99) was obtained from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. Expression of the cholesterol biosynthesis rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and its regulator, SREBP2, were detected using immunohistochemistry. Expression of HMGCR, SREBP2, CYP46A1 and ABCA1 were quantified by qPCR in samples enriched for astrocyte and neuronal RNA following laser-capture microdissection. Total cortical cholesterol was measured using the Amplex Red assay. HMGCR and SREBP2 proteins were predominantly expressed in pyramidal neurones, and in glia. Neuronal HMGCR did not vary with ADNC, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation or dementia status. Expression of HMGCR neuronal mRNA decreased with ADNC (p = 0.022) and increased with neuronal DNA damage (p = 0.049), whilst SREBP2 increased with ADNC (p = 0.005). High or moderate tertiles for cholesterol levels were associated with increased dementia risk (OR 1.44, 1.58). APOE ε4 allele was not associated with cortical cholesterol levels. ADNC is associated with gene expression changes that may impair cholesterol biosynthesis in neurones but not astrocytes, whilst levels of cortical cholesterol show a weak relationship to dementia status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Mistry
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and the Neuroscience Institute, the University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Adrian Higginbottom
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and the Neuroscience Institute, the University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Bridget Ashford
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and the Neuroscience Institute, the University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Saif U Ahamed
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and the Neuroscience Institute, the University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Zoe Moore
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and the Neuroscience Institute, the University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Carol Brayne
- Cambridge Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and the Neuroscience Institute, the University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, and the Neuroscience Institute, the University of Sheffield, UK.
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2
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Zhang Q, Zhang M, Chen Y, Cao Y, Dong G. Nonlinear Relationship of Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Cognitive Function in American Elders: A Cross-Sectional NHANES Study (2011-2014). J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 86:125-134. [PMID: 35001890 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels may be associated with cognitive function. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between non-HDL-C and cognitive function among American elders. METHODS We used data from the 2011 to 2014 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 3,001 participants aged over 60 years were enrolled in our analysis. The cognitive function was evaluated with the word learning subtest from the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD W-L), the Animal Fluency Test (AFT), and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). We also created a composite cognitive z-score to represent a global cognition. We applied multivariate linear regression analyses to estimate the associations between non-HDL-C levels and all domains of cognitive function. Further, the generalized additive model and the smooth curve were conducted to investigate the dose-response relationship between non-HDL-C and global cognition. RESULTS Serum non-HDL-C was positively associated with global cognition (β= 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.28), AFT score (β= 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.76), and DSST score (β= 1.13, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.69) after fully adjusted. While non-HDL-C was not related to CERAD W-L score. In addition, an inverted U-shape curve was observed in the dose-response relationship between non-HDL-C and global cognition (p for non-linearity < 0.001). CONCLUSION Serum non-HDL-C is positively and nonlinearly associated with cognitive function among American older adults. Maintaining serum cholesterol levels at an appropriate range may be helpful to the cognitive health of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Psychology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guanzhong Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Chew H, Solomon VA, Fonteh AN. Involvement of Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Potential Therapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598. [PMID: 32581851 PMCID: PMC7296164 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic factors, genetics, and lifestyles are the major factors that influence lipid metabolism and are also the key components of lipid disruption in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, the most common genetic risk factor of AD, APOE ϵ4 genotype, is involved in lipid transport and metabolism. We propose that lipids are at the center of Alzheimer's disease pathology based on their involvement in the blood-brain barrier function, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, myelination, membrane remodeling, receptor signaling, inflammation, oxidation, and energy balance. Under healthy conditions, lipid homeostasis bestows a balanced cellular environment that enables the proper functioning of brain cells. However, under pathological conditions, dyshomeostasis of brain lipid composition can result in disturbed BBB, abnormal processing of APP, dysfunction in endocytosis/exocytosis/autophagocytosis, altered myelination, disturbed signaling, unbalanced energy metabolism, and enhanced inflammation. These lipid disturbances may contribute to abnormalities in brain function that are the hallmark of AD. The wide variance of lipid disturbances associated with brain function suggest that AD pathology may present as a complex interaction between several metabolic pathways that are augmented by risk factors such as age, genetics, and lifestyles. Herewith, we examine factors that influence brain lipid composition, review the association of lipids with all known facets of AD pathology, and offer pointers for potential therapies that target lipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chew
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Apolipoprotein E4 genotype in combination with poor metabolic profile is associated with reduced cognitive performance in healthy postmenopausal women: implications for late onset Alzheimer's disease. Menopause 2020; 26:7-15. [PMID: 29975287 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized the association of metabolic profile on cognition in postmenopausal women will be greater among ApoE4 carriers compared with noncarriers. METHODS Metabolic biomarkers and measures of global cognition, executive functions, and verbal memory, collected among postmenopausal females, were used in this analysis. Clustering analyses of metabolic biomarkers revealed three phenotypes: healthy, predominantly hypertensive, and poor metabolic with (borderline normal laboratory values). General linear models tested whether an association of metabolic cluster with cognition differed by ApoE4 genotype. RESULTS In the total sample of 497 women, verbal memory was lower in the poor metabolic cluster (P = 0.04). Among ApoE4+ women, performance in all cognitive domains was lowest in the poor metabolic cluster. Differences in executive functions among metabolic clusters were detected only in ApoE4+ women (P value for interaction = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS In a general population of postmenopausal women, association between poor metabolic profile with reduction in cognitive performance is more apparent in women who carry an ApoE4 allele. These data indicate a window of opportunity for interventions to reverse the trajectory of the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease.
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Ervik AO, Solvang SEH, Nordrehaug JE, Ueland PM, Midttun Ø, Hildre A, McCann A, Nygård O, Aarsland D, Giil LM. The Associations Between Cognitive Prognosis and Kynurenines Are Modified by the Apolipoprotein ε4 Allele Variant in Patients With Dementia. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919885637. [PMID: 31798303 PMCID: PMC6859685 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919885637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The apolipoprotein E ε4 gene variant (APOEε4) confers considerable risk for
dementia and affects neuroinflammation, brain metabolism, and synaptic
function. The kynurenine pathway (KP) gives rise to neuroactive metabolites,
which have inflammatory, redox, and excitotoxic effects in the brain. Aim: To assess whether the presence of at least one APOEε4 allele modifies the
association between kynurenines and the cognitive prognosis. Methods: A total of 152 patients with sera for metabolite measurements and APOE
genotype were included from the Dementia Study of Western
Norway. The participants had mild Alzheimer disease and Lewy body dementia.
Apolipoprotein E ε4 gene variant allele status was classified as one or more
ε4 versus any other. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was measured at
baseline and for 5 consecutive years. Mann-Whitney U tests
and linear mixed-effects models were used for statistical analysis. Results: There were no significant differences in serum concentrations of tryptophan
and kynurenine according to the presence or absence of APOEε4. High serum
concentrations of kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, and picolinic acid, and a
higher kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio, were all associated with more
cognitive decline in patients without APOEε4 compared to those with the
APOEε4 allele (P-value of the interactions < .05). Conclusions: Kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, picolinic acid, and the
kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio were associated with a significant increase
in cognitive decline when the APOEε4 variant was absent, whereas there was a
relatively less decline when the APOEε4 variant was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Olav Ervik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein-Erik Hafstad Solvang
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Audun Hildre
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lasse Melvaer Giil
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Background Risk factors for cognitive decline might depend on chronological age. The aim of the study was to explore the age dependency of risk factors for cognitive decline in cognitively healthy subjects aged 55–85 years at baseline. Methods We included 2527 cognitively healthy subjects from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Median follow-up was 9.1 (IQR: 3.2–19.0) years. The association of genetic and cardiovascular risk factors, depressive symptoms, inflammation markers and lifestyle risk factors with decline in MMSE and memory function was tested using spline regression analyses. Results Subjects were on average 70.1 (SD 8.8) years old at baseline. Based on a spline regression model, we divided our sample in three age groups: ≤70 years (young-old), > 70–80 years (old) and > 80 years (oldest-old). The association of LDL cholesterol, homocysteine, hypertension, history of stroke, depressive symptoms, interleukin-6, a1-antichymotrypsin, alcohol use and smoking with cognitive decline significantly differed between the age groups. In general, the presence of these risk factors was associated with less cognitive decline in the oldest-old group compared to the young-old and old group. Conclusions The negative effect of various risk factors on cognitive decline decreases with higher age. A combination of epidemiological factors, such as the selection towards healthier subjects during follow-up, but also risk factor specific features, for example ensuring the cerebral blood flow in case of hypertension, explain this diminished association at higher age. It is important to take these age differences into account when applying preventive strategies to avert cognitive decline. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12877-018-0876-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Apolipoprotein-E (Apoe) ε4 and cognitive decline over the adult life course. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:18. [PMID: 29317609 PMCID: PMC5802532 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the association between APOE-ε4 and processing speed and memory between ages 43 and 69 in a population-based birth cohort. Analyses of processing speed (using a timed letter search task) and episodic memory (a 15-item word learning test) were conducted at ages 43, 53, 60-64 and 69 years using linear and multivariable regression, adjusting for gender and childhood cognition. Linear mixed models, with random intercepts and slopes, were conducted to test the association between APOE and the rate of decline in these cognitive scores from age 43 to 69. Model fit was assessed with the Bayesian Information Criterion. A cross-sectional association between APOE-ε4 and memory scores was detected at age 69 for both heterozygotes and homozygotes (β = -0.68 and β = -1.38, respectively, p = 0.03) with stronger associations in homozygotes; no associations were observed before this age. Homozygous carriers of APOE-ε4 had a faster rate of decline in memory between ages 43 and 69, when compared to non-carriers, after adjusting for gender and childhood cognition (β = -0.05, p = 0.04). There were no cross-sectional or longitudinal associations between APOE-ε4 and processing speed. We conclude that APOE-ε4 is associated with a subtly faster rate of memory decline from midlife to early old age; this may be due to effects of APOE-ε4 becoming manifest around the latter stage of life. Continuing follow-up will determine what proportion of this increase will become clinically significant.
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8
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Bai F, Yuan Y, Shi Y, Zhang Z. Multiple genetic imaging study of the association between cholesterol metabolism and brain functional alterations in individuals with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15315-28. [PMID: 26985771 PMCID: PMC4941243 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease. Genes involved in cholesterol metabolism may play a role in the pathological changes of AD. However, the imaging genetics-based endophenotypes derived from polymorphisms in multiple functionally related genes are unclear in individuals with risk factors for AD. Forty-three amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) subjects and 30 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements of brain topological organization. Thirty-three previously suggested tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 12 candidate genes in the cholesterol metabolism pathway were further investigated. A cholesterol metabolism pathway gene-based imaging genetics approach was then utilized to investigate disease-related differences between the groups based on genotype-by-aMCI interactions. The cholesterol metabolism pathway genes exerted widespread effects on the cortico-subcortical-cerebellar spontaneous brain activity. Meanwhile, left lateralization of global brain connectivity was associated with cholesterol metabolism pathway genes. The APOE rs429358 variation significantly influenced the brain network characteristics, affecting the activation of nodes as well as the connectivity of edges in aMCI subjects.The cholesterol metabolism pathway gene-based imaging genetics approach may provide new opportunities to understand the mechanisms underlying AD and suggested that APOE rs429358 is a core genetic variation that is associated with disease-related differences in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongmei Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Liu Q, An Y, Yu H, Lu Y, Feng L, Wang C, Xiao R. Relationship between oxysterols and mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: a case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:177. [PMID: 27724967 PMCID: PMC5057217 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between oxysterols and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a matched case-control study. METHODS The plasma levels of four oxysterols, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7α-OHC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC), were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and compared between 70 MCI patients and 140 matched controls with normal cognition. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated using logistic analyses to assess the association between oxysterols and MCI. RESULTS Compared with controls with normal cognition, plasma level of 27-OHC was significantly higher in MCI patients. Logistic analyses suggested high plasma level of 27-OHC was significantly associated with MCI even after multivariate adjustment (OR = 2.86, 95 % CI: 1.52 ~ 5.37). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that the increased plasma level of 27-OHC was associated with MCI, suggesting high plasma levels of 27-OHC may pay an important role in the development of MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanri Liu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Yu An
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Huanling Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Lingli Feng
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men Wai, Beijing, 100069, Fengtai District, China.
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Hoogendijk EO, Deeg DJH, Poppelaars J, van der Horst M, Broese van Groenou MI, Comijs HC, Pasman HRW, van Schoor NM, Suanet B, Thomése F, van Tilburg TG, Visser M, Huisman M. The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam: cohort update 2016 and major findings. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31:927-45. [PMID: 27544533 PMCID: PMC5010587 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) is an ongoing longitudinal study of older adults in the Netherlands, which started in 1992. LASA is focused on the determinants, trajectories and consequences of physical, cognitive, emotional and social functioning. The study is based on a nationally representative sample of older adults aged 55 years and over. The findings of the LASA study have been reported in over 450 publications so far (see www.lasa-vu.nl ). In this article we describe the background and the design of the LASA study, and provide an update of the methods. In addition, we provide a summary of the major findings from the period 2011-2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel O Hoogendijk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dorly J H Deeg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Poppelaars
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen van der Horst
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hannie C Comijs
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Roeline W Pasman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca Suanet
- Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur Thomése
- Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nutrition and Dietetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Wendell CR, Zonderman AB, Katzel LI, Rosenberger WF, Plamadeala VV, Hosey MM, Waldstein SR. Nonlinear associations between plasma cholesterol levels and neuropsychological function. Neuropsychology 2016; 30:980-987. [PMID: 27280580 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although both high and low levels of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol have been associated with poor neuropsychological function, little research has examined nonlinear effects. We examined quadratic relations of cholesterol to performance on a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. METHOD Participants were 190 older adults (53% men, ages 54-83) free of major medical, neurologic, and psychiatric disease. Measures of fasting plasma total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were assayed, and LDL cholesterol was calculated. Participants completed neuropsychological measures of attention, executive function, memory, visuospatial judgment, and manual speed and dexterity. Multiple regression analyses examined cholesterol levels as quadratic predictors of each measure of cognitive performance, with age (dichotomized as <70 vs. 70+) as an effect modifier. RESULTS A significant quadratic effect of Total Cholesterol² × Age was identified for Logical Memory II (b = -.0013, p = .039), such that the 70+ group performed best at high and low levels of total cholesterol than at midrange total cholesterol (U-shaped) and the <70 group performed worse at high and low levels of total cholesterol than at midrange total cholesterol (inverted U shape). Similarly, significant U- and J-shaped effects of LDL Cholesterol² × Age were identified for Visual Reproduction II (b = -.0020, p = .026) and log of the Trail Making Test, Part B (b = .0001, p = .044). Quadratic associations between HDL cholesterol and cognitive performance were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate differential associations between cholesterol and neuropsychological function across different ages and domains of function. High and low total and LDL cholesterol may confer both risk and benefit for suboptimal cognitive function at different ages. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health
| | - Leslie I Katzel
- Division of Gerontology & Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Megan M Hosey
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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12
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Srinivasa RN, Rossetti HC, Gupta MK, Rosenberg RN, Weiner MF, Peshock RM, McColl RW, Hynan LS, Lucarelli RT, King KS. Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated with Smaller Brain Volumes in Regions Identified as Early Predictors of Cognitive Decline. Radiology 2015. [PMID: 26218598 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2015142488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine in a large multiethnic cohort the cardiovascular and genetic risk factors associated with smaller volume in the hippocampus, precuneus, and posterior cingulate, and their association with preclinical deficits in cognitive performance in patients younger and older than 50 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS The institutional review board approved the study and all participants provided written informed consent. Eligible for this study were 1629 participants (700 men and 929 women; mean age, 50.0 years ± 10.2 [standard deviation]) drawn from the population-based Dallas Heart Study who underwent laboratory and clinical analysis in an initial baseline visit and approximately 7 years later underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging with automated volumetry and cognitive assessment with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Regression analysis showed associations between risk factors and segmental volumes, and associations between these volumes with cognitive performance in participants younger and older than 50 years. RESULTS Lower hippocampal volume was associated with previous alcohol consumption (standardized estimate, -0.04; P = .039) and smoking (standardized estimate, -0.04; P = .048). Several risk factors correlated with lower total brain, posterior cingulate, and precuneus volumes. Higher total (standardized estimate, 0.06; P = .050), high-density lipoprotein (standardized estimate, 0.07; P = .003), and low-density lipoprotein (standardized estimate, 0.04; P = .037) cholesterol levels were associated with larger posterior cingulate volume, and higher triglyceride levels (standardized estimate, 0.06; P = .004) were associated with larger precuneus volume. Total MoCA score was associated with posterior cingulate volume (standardized estimate, 0.13; P = .001) in younger individuals and with hippocampal (standardized estimate, 0.06; P < .05) and precuneus (standardized estimate, 0.08; P < .023) volumes in older adults. CONCLUSION Smaller volumes in specific brain regions considered to be early markers of dementia risk were associated with specific cardiovascular disease risk factors and cognitive deficits in a predominantly midlife multiethnic population-based sample. Additionally, the risk factors most associated with these brain volumes differed in participants younger and older than 50 years, as did the association between brain volume and MoCA score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv N Srinivasa
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Heidi C Rossetti
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Mohit K Gupta
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Roger N Rosenberg
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Myron F Weiner
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ronald M Peshock
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Roderick W McColl
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Linda S Hynan
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Richard T Lucarelli
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kevin S King
- From the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390
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Leoni V, Caccia C. Potential diagnostic applications of side chain oxysterols analysis in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Leoni V, Caccia C. 24S-hydroxycholesterol in plasma: a marker of cholesterol turnover in neurodegenerative diseases. Biochimie 2012; 95:595-612. [PMID: 23041502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain cholesterol is mainly involved in the cell membrane structure, in signal transduction, neurotransmitter release, synaptogenesis and membrane trafficking. Impairment of brain cholesterol metabolism was described in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer and Huntington Diseases. Since the blood-brain barrier efficiently prevents cholesterol uptake from the circulation into the brain, de novo synthesis is responsible for almost all cholesterol present there. Cholesterol is converted into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) by cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1) expressed in neural cells. Plasma concentration of 24OHC depends upon the balance between cerebral production and hepatic elimination and is related to the number of metabolically active neurons in the brain. Factors affecting brain cholesterol turnover and liver elimination of oxysterols, together with the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins, genetic background, nutrition and lifestyle habits were found to significantly affect its plasma levels. Either increased or decreased plasma 24OHC concentrations were described in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. A group of evidence suggests that reduced levels of 24OHC are related to the loss of metabolically active cells and the degree of brain atrophy. Inflammation, dysfunction of BBB, increased cholesterol turnover might counteract this tendency resulting in increased levels or, in some cases, in unsignificant changes. The study of plasma 24OHC is likely to offer an insight about brain cholesterol turnover with a limited diagnostic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
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