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Synucleinopathy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Potential Avenue for Antisense Therapeutics? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169364. [PMID: 36012622 PMCID: PMC9409035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease classified as both a neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorder. With a complex aetiology and no current cure for ALS, broadening the understanding of disease pathology and therapeutic avenues is required to progress with patient care. Alpha-synuclein (αSyn) is a hallmark for disease in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy. A growing body of evidence now suggests that αSyn may also play a pathological role in ALS, with αSyn-positive Lewy bodies co-aggregating alongside known ALS pathogenic proteins, such as SOD1 and TDP-43. This review endeavours to capture the scope of literature regarding the aetiology and development of ALS and its commonalities with "synucleinopathy disorders". We will discuss the involvement of αSyn in ALS and motor neuron disease pathology, and the current theories and strategies for therapeutics in ALS treatment, as well as those targeting αSyn for synucleinopathies, with a core focus on small molecule RNA technologies.
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Ahat E, Bui S, Zhang J, da Veiga Leprevost F, Sharkey L, Reid W, Nesvizhskii AI, Paulson HL, Wang Y. GRASP55 regulates the unconventional secretion and aggregation of mutant huntingtin. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102219. [PMID: 35780830 PMCID: PMC9352920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that the Golgi reassembly stacking proteins (GRASPs), especially GRASP55, regulate Golgi-independent unconventional secretion of certain cytosolic and transmembrane cargoes; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we surveyed several neurodegenerative disease-related proteins, including mutant huntingtin (Htt-Q74), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), tau, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), for unconventional secretion; our results show that Htt-Q74 is most robustly secreted in a GRASP55-dependent manner. Using Htt-Q74 as a model system, we demonstrate that unconventional secretion of Htt is GRASP55 and autophagy dependent and is enhanced under stress conditions such as starvation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mechanistically, we show that GRASP55 facilitates Htt secretion by tethering autophagosomes to lysosomes to promote autophagosome maturation and subsequent lysosome secretion and by stabilizing p23/TMED10, a channel for translocation of cytoplasmic proteins into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. Moreover, we found that GRASP55 levels are upregulated by various stresses to facilitate unconventional secretion, whereas inhibition of Htt-Q74 secretion by GRASP55 KO enhances Htt aggregation and toxicity. Finally, comprehensive secretomic analysis identified novel cytosolic cargoes secreted by the same unconventional pathway, including transgelin (TAGLN), multifunctional protein ADE2 (PAICS), and peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1). In conclusion, this study defines the pathway of GRASP55-mediated unconventional protein secretion and provides important insights into the progression of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Lisa Sharkey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexey I. Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry L. Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Dangoumau A, Marouillat S, Coelho R, Wurmser F, Brulard C, Haouari S, Laumonnier F, Corcia P, Andres CR, Blasco H, Vourc’h P. Dysregulations of Expression of Genes of the Ubiquitin/SUMO Pathways in an In Vitro Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Combining Oxidative Stress and SOD1 Gene Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041796. [PMID: 33670299 PMCID: PMC7918082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregates in affected motor neurons are a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the molecular pathways leading to their formation remain incompletely understood. Oxidative stress associated with age, the major risk factor in ALS, contributes to this neurodegeneration in ALS. We show that several genes coding for enzymes of the ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) pathways exhibit altered expression in motor neuronal cells exposed to oxidative stress, such as the CCNF gene mutated in ALS patients. Eleven of these genes were further studied in conditions combining oxidative stress and the expression of an ALS related mutant of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. We observed a combined effect of these two environmental and genetic factors on the expression of genes, such as Uhrf2, Rbx1, Kdm2b, Ube2d2, Xaf1, and Senp1. Overall, we identified dysregulations in the expression of enzymes of the ubiquitin and SUMO pathways that may be of interest to better understand the pathophysiology of ALS and to protect motor neurons from oxidative stress and genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Dangoumau
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
| | - Sylviane Marouillat
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
| | - Roxane Coelho
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
| | - François Wurmser
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
| | | | - Shanez Haouari
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
| | - Frédéric Laumonnier
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
| | - Philippe Corcia
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
- Service de Neurologie, Centre de Référence sur la SLA, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Christian R. Andres
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Hélène Blasco
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourc’h
- UMR iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, 37000 Tours, France; (A.D.); (S.M.); (R.C.); (F.W.); (S.H.); (F.L.); (P.C.); (C.R.A.); (H.B.)
- UTTIL, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-234-378-910
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Khairoalsindi OA, Abuzinadah AR. Maximizing the Survival of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients: Current Perspectives. Neurol Res Int 2018; 2018:6534150. [PMID: 30159171 PMCID: PMC6109498 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6534150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. Almost 90% of all cases occur in the sporadic form, with the rest occurring in the familial form. The disease has a poor prognosis, with only two disease-modifying drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approved drugs for the disease have very limited survival benefits. Edaravone is a new FDA-approved medication that may slow the disease progression by 33% in a selected subgroup of ALS patients. This paper covers the various interventions that may provide survival benefits, such as early diagnosis, medications, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, diet, nutritional supplements, multidisciplinary clinics, and mechanical invasive and noninvasive ventilation. The recent data on masitinib, the role of enteral feeding, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad R. Abuzinadah
- King Abdulaziz University, Internal Medicine Department, Neurology Division, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Liu Y, Wolstenholme CH, Carter GC, Liu H, Hu H, Grainger LS, Miao K, Fares M, Hoelzel CA, Yennawar HP, Ning G, Du M, Bai L, Li X, Zhang X. Modulation of Fluorescent Protein Chromophores To Detect Protein Aggregation with Turn-On Fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7381-7384. [PMID: 29883112 PMCID: PMC6258209 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a fluorogenic method to visualize misfolding and aggregation of a specific protein-of-interest in live cells using structurally modulated fluorescent protein chromophores. Combining photophysical analysis, X-ray crystallography, and theoretical calculation, we show that fluorescence is triggered by inhibition of twisted-intramolecular charge transfer of these fluorophores in the rigid microenvironment of viscous solvent or protein aggregates. Bioorthogonal conjugation of the fluorophore to Halo-tag fused protein-of-interests allows for fluorogenic detection of both misfolded and aggregated species in live cells. Unlike other methods, our method is capable of detecting previously invisible misfolded soluble proteins. This work provides the first application of fluorescent protein chromophores to detect protein conformational collapse in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Charles H. Wolstenholme
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Gregory C. Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Hang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Leeann S. Grainger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kun Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Matthew Fares
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Conner A. Hoelzel
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hemant P. Yennawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Gang Ning
- The Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Manyu Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- The Huck Institute of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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6
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de Souza JM, Goncalves BDC, Gomez MV, Vieira LB, Ribeiro FM. Animal Toxins as Therapeutic Tools to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29527170 PMCID: PMC5829052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide. So far, no disease-modifying drug is available to treat patients, making the search for effective drugs an urgent need. Neurodegeneration is triggered by the activation of several cellular processes, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, aging, aggregate formation, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. Therefore, many research groups aim to identify drugs that may inhibit one or more of these events leading to neuronal cell death. Venoms are fruitful natural sources of new molecules, which have been relentlessly enhanced by evolution through natural selection. Several studies indicate that venom components can exhibit selectivity and affinity for a wide variety of targets in mammalian systems. For instance, an expressive number of natural peptides identified in venoms from animals, such as snakes, scorpions, bees, and spiders, were shown to lessen inflammation, regulate glutamate release, modify neurotransmitter levels, block ion channel activation, decrease the number of protein aggregates, and increase the levels of neuroprotective factors. Thus, these venom components hold potential as therapeutic tools to slow or even halt neurodegeneration. However, there are many technological issues to overcome, as venom peptides are hard to obtain and characterize and the amount obtained from natural sources is insufficient to perform all the necessary experiments and tests. Fortunately, technological improvements regarding heterologous protein expression, as well as peptide chemical synthesis will help to provide enough quantities and allow chemical and pharmacological enhancements of these natural occurring compounds. Thus, the main focus of this review is to highlight the most promising studies evaluating animal toxins as therapeutic tools to treat a wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, glaucoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno D C Goncalves
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Gomez
- Department of Neurotransmitters, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciene B Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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7
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Maurel C, Dangoumau A, Marouillat S, Brulard C, Chami A, Hergesheimer R, Corcia P, Blasco H, Andres CR, Vourc'h P. Causative Genes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Protein Degradation Pathways: a Link to Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6480-6499. [PMID: 29322304 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) leading to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Several molecular pathways have been implicated, such as glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, defects in cytoskeletal dynamics and axonal transport, disruption of RNA metabolism, and impairments in proteostasis. ALS is associated with protein accumulation in the cytoplasm of cells undergoing neurodegeneration, which is a hallmark of the disease. In this review, we focus on mechanisms of proteostasis, particularly protein degradation, and discuss how they are related to the genetics of ALS. Indeed, the genetic bases of the disease with the implication of more than 30 genes associated with familial ALS to date, together with the important increase in understanding of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, proteasomal degradation, and autophagy, allow researchers to better understand the mechanisms underlying the selective death of motor neurons in ALS. It is clear that defects in proteostasis are involved in this type of cellular degeneration, but whether or not these mechanisms are primary causes or merely consequential remains to be clearly demonstrated. Novel cellular and animal models allowing chronic expression of mutant proteins, for example, are required. Further studies linking genetic discoveries in ALS to mechanisms of protein clearance will certainly be crucial in order to accelerate translational and clinical research towards new therapeutic targets and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maurel
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - A Dangoumau
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - S Marouillat
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - C Brulard
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - A Chami
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - R Hergesheimer
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
| | - P Corcia
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
- Service de Neurologie, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
| | - H Blasco
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
| | - C R Andres
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
| | - P Vourc'h
- UMR INSERM U1253, Université de Tours, 37032, Tours, France.
- Service de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France.
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8
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Jimenez-Pacheco A, Franco JM, Lopez S, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Magdalena Leal-Lasarte M, Caballero-Hernandez DE, Cejudo-Guillén M, Pozo D. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:255-275. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Dangoumau A, Marouillat S, Burlaud Gaillard J, Uzbekov R, Veyrat-Durebex C, Blasco H, Arnoult C, Corcia P, Andres CR, Vourc'h P. Inhibition of Pathogenic Mutant SOD1 Aggregation in Cultured Motor Neuronal Cells by Prevention of Its SUMOylation on Lysine 75. NEURODEGENER DIS 2015; 16:161-71. [PMID: 26605782 DOI: 10.1159/000439254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of motor neurons. Mutations in the SOD1 gene encoding the superoxide dismutase 1 are present in 15% of familial ALS cases and in 2% of sporadic cases. These mutations are associated with the formation of SOD1-positive aggregates. The mechanisms of aggregation remain unknown, but posttranslational modifications of SOD1 may be involved. Here, we report that NSC-34 motor neuronal cells expressing mutant SOD1 contained aggregates positive for small ubiquitin modifier-1 (SUMO-1), and in parallel a reduced level of free SUMO-1. CLEM (correlative light and electron microscopy) analysis showed nonorganized cytosolic aggregates for all mutations tested (SOD1A4V, SOD1V31A, and SOD1G93C). We next show that preventing the SUMOylation of mutant SOD1 by the substitution of lysine 75, the SUMOylation site of SOD1, significantly reduces the number of motor neuronal cells with aggregates. These results support the need for further research on the SUMOylation pathways, which may be a potential therapeutic target in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Dangoumau
- UMR INSERM U930, Universitx00E9; Franx00E7;ois-Rabelais, Tours, France
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Zarei S, Carr K, Reiley L, Diaz K, Guerra O, Altamirano PF, Pagani W, Lodin D, Orozco G, Chinea A. A comprehensive review of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:171. [PMID: 26629397 PMCID: PMC4653353 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.169561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons with an incidence of about 1/100,000. Most ALS cases are sporadic, but 5–10% of the cases are familial ALS. Both sporadic and familial ALS (FALS) are associated with degeneration of cortical and spinal motor neurons. The etiology of ALS remains unknown. However, mutations of superoxide dismutase 1 have been known as the most common cause of FALS. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of ALS. We cover all aspects of the disease including epidemiology, comorbidities, environmental risk factor, molecular mechanism, genetic factors, symptoms, diagnostic, treatment, and even the available supplement and management of ALS. This will provide the reader with an advantage of receiving a broad range of information about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zarei
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA
| | - Karen Carr
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA
| | - Luz Reiley
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA
| | - Kelvin Diaz
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA
| | - Orleiquis Guerra
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA
| | | | - Wilfredo Pagani
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA
| | - Daud Lodin
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA
| | - Gloria Orozco
- Department of Medicine, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, USA
| | - Angel Chinea
- Neurologist, Caribbean Neurological Center, Caguas, USA
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11
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Fasciculations in human hereditary disease. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:91-5. [PMID: 25073774 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-014-0335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fasciculations are a manifestation of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability in addition to myokymia, neuromyotonia, cramps, or tetany. Fasciculations occur in hereditary and non-hereditary diseases. Among the hereditary diseases, fasciculations are most frequently reported in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Among the non-hereditary diseases, fasciculations occur most frequently in peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes (Isaac's syndrome, voltage-gated potassium channelopathy, cramp fasciculation syndrome, Morvan syndrome). If the cause of fasciculations remains unknown, they are called benign. Systematically reviewing the literature about fasciculations in hereditary disease shows that fasciculations can be a phenotypic feature in bulbospinal muscular atrophy (BSMA), GM2-gangliosidosis, triple-A syndrome, or hereditary neuropathy. Additionally, fasciculations have been reported in familial amyloidosis, spinocerebellar ataxias, Huntington's disease, Rett syndrome, central nervous system disease due to L1-cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) mutations, Fabry's disease, or Gerstmann-Sträussler disease. Rarely, fasciculations may be a phenotypic feature in patients with mitochondrial disorders or other myopathies. Fasciculations are part of the phenotype in much more genetic disorders than commonly assumed. Fasciculations not only occur in motor neuron disease, but also in hereditary neuropathy, spinocerebellar ataxia, GM2-gangliosidosis, Huntington's disease, Rett syndrome, Fabry's disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler disease, mitochondrial disorders, or muscular dystrophies.
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12
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Kepp KP. Genotype-property patient-phenotype relations suggest that proteome exhaustion can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118649. [PMID: 25798606 PMCID: PMC4370410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset neurodegenerative diseases remain poorly understood as search continues for the perceived pathogenic protein species. Previously, variants in Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) causing Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) were found to destabilize and reduce net charge, suggesting a pathogenic aggregation mechanism. This paper reports analysis of compiled patient data and experimental and computed protein properties for variants of human SOD1, a major risk factor of ALS. Both stability and reduced net charge correlate significantly with disease, with larger significance than previously observed. Using two independent methods and two data sets, a probability < 3% (t-statistical test) is found that ALS-causing mutations share average stability with all possible 2907 SOD1 mutations. Most importantly, un-weighted patient survival times correlate strongly with the misfolded/unfolded protein copy number, expressed as an exponential function of the experimental stabilities (R2 = 0.31, p = 0.002), and this phenotype is further aggravated by charge (R2 = 0.51, p = 1.8 x 10−5). This finding suggests that disease relates to the copy number of misfolded proteins. Exhaustion of motor neurons due to expensive protein turnover of misfolded protein copies is consistent with the data but can further explain e.g. the expression-dependence of SOD1 pathogenicity, the lack of identification of a molecular toxic mode, elevated SOD1 mRNA levels in sporadic ALS, bioenergetic effects and increased resting energy expenditure in ALS patients, genetic risk factors affecting RNA metabolism, and recent findings that a SOD1 mutant becomes toxic when proteasome activity is recovered after washout of a proteasome inhibitor. Proteome exhaustion is also consistent with energy-producing mitochondria accumulating at the neuromuscular junctions where ALS often initiates. If true, this exhaustion mechanism implies a complete change of focus in treatment of ALS towards actively nursing the energy state and protein turnover of the motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P. Kepp
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Sakamoto H, Akamatsu M, Hirano M, Saigoh K, Ueno S, Isono C, Kusunoki S, Nakamura Y. Multiple system involvement in a Japanese patient with a V31A mutation in theSOD1gene. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2014; 15:312-4. [DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2013.873051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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