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Elmers J, Colzato LS, Ziemssen F, Ziemssen T, Beste C. Optical coherence tomography as a potential surrogate marker of dopaminergic modulation across the life span. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102280. [PMID: 38518921 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The retina has been considered a "window to the brain" and shares similar innervation by the dopaminergic system with the cortex in terms of an unequal distribution of D1 and D2 receptors. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview that Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), a non-invasive imaging technique, which provides an "in vivo" representation of the retina, shows promise to be used as a surrogate marker of dopaminergic neuromodulation in cognition. Overall, most evidence supports reduced retinal thickness in individuals with dopaminergic dysregulation (e.g., patients with Parkinson's Disease, non-demented older adults) and with poor cognitive functioning. By using the theoretical framework of metacontrol, we derive hypotheses that retinal thinning associated to decreased dopamine (DA) levels affecting D1 families, might lead to a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) affecting cognitive persistence (depending on D1-modulated DA activity) but not cognitive flexibility (depending on D2-modulated DA activity). We argue that the use of OCT parameters might not only be an insightful for cognitive neuroscience research, but also a potentially effective tool for individualized medicine with a focus on cognition. As our society progressively ages in the forthcoming years and decades, the preservation of cognitive abilities and promoting healthy aging will hold of crucial significance. OCT has the potential to function as a swift, non-invasive, and economical method for promptly recognizing individuals with a heightened vulnerability to cognitive deterioration throughout all stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Elmers
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Ophthalmological Clinic, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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2
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Riley E, Turker H, Wang D, Swallow KM, Anderson AK, De Rosa E. Nonlinear changes in pupillary attentional orienting responses across the lifespan. GeroScience 2024; 46:1017-1033. [PMID: 37318717 PMCID: PMC10828243 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive aging process is not necessarily linear. Central task-evoked pupillary responses, representing a brainstem-pupil relationship, may vary across the lifespan. Thus we examined, in 75 adults ranging in age from 19 to 86, whether task-evoked pupillary responses to an attention task may serve in as an index of cognitive aging. This is because the locus coeruleus (LC), located in the brainstem, is not only among the earliest sites of degeneration in pathological aging, but also supports both attentional and pupillary behaviors. We assessed brief, task-evoked phasic attentional orienting to behaviorally relevant and irrelevant auditory tones, stimuli known specifically to recruit the LC in the brainstem and evoke pupillary responses. Due to potential nonlinear changes across the lifespan, we used a novel data-driven analysis on 6 dynamic pupillary behaviors on 10% of the data to reveal cut off points that best characterized the three age bands: young (19-41 years old), middle aged (42-68 years old), and older adults (69 + years old). Follow-up analyses on independent data, the remaining 90%, revealed age-related changes such as monotonic decreases in tonic pupillary diameter and dynamic range, along with curvilinear phasic pupillary responses to the behaviorally relevant target events, increasing in the middle-aged group and then decreasing in the older group. Additionally, the older group showed decreased differentiation of pupillary responses between target and distractor events. This pattern is consistent with potential compensatory LC activity in midlife that is diminished in old age, resulting in decreased adaptive gain. Beyond regulating responses to light, pupillary dynamics reveal a nonlinear capacity for neurally mediated gain across the lifespan, thus providing evidence in support of the LC adaptive gain hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Riley
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Hamid Turker
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Khena M Swallow
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adam K Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eve De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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3
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Parimoo S, Choi A, Iafrate L, Grady C, Olsen R. Are older adults susceptible to visual distraction when targets and distractors are spatially separated? NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:38-74. [PMID: 36059213 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2117271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Older adults show preserved memory for previously distracting information due to reduced inhibitory control. In some previous studies, targets and distractors overlap both temporally and spatially. We investigated whether age differences in attentional orienting and disengagement affect recognition memory when targets and distractors are spatially separated at encoding. In Experiments 1 and 2, eye movements were recorded while participants completed an incidental encoding task under covert (i.e., restricted viewing) and overt (i.e., free-viewing) conditions, respectively. The encoding task consisted of pairs of target and distractor item-color stimuli presented in separate visual hemifields. Prior to stimulus onset, a central cue indicated the location of the upcoming target. Participants were subsequently tested on their recognition of the items, their location, and the associated color. In Experiment 3, targets were validly cued on 75% of the encoding trials; on invalid trials, participants had to disengage their attention from the distractor and reorient to the target. Associative memory for colors was reduced among older adults across all experiments, though their location memory was only reduced in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, older and younger adults directed a similar proportion of fixations toward targets and distractors. Explicit recognition of distractors did not differ between age groups in any of the experiments. However, older adults were slower to correctly recognize distractors than false alarm to novel items in Experiment 2, suggesting some implicit memory for distraction. Together, these results demonstrate that older adults may only be vulnerable to encoding visual distraction when viewing behavior is unconstrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Parimoo
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anika Choi
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Cheryl Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosanna Olsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Tavakoli P, Murkar A, Porteous M, Carrier J, Robillard R. The Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Attention Capture Processes in Young and Older Adults: An ERP Study. Exp Aging Res 2023; 49:130-151. [PMID: 35369858 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2022.2057120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated whether sleep deprivation affects attention capture in young and older adults using event-related potentials (ERPs). METHODS Eleven young adults (20-30 y) and nine older adults (60-70 y) were tested following both normal sleep (NS) and total sleep deprivation (TSD). ERPs were recorded during an auditory discrimination task consisting of standard and deviant stimuli. RESULTS Deviant stimuli elicited the MMN, P3a, and RON ERPs. TSD attenuated the differences in reaction times between standards and deviants in young adults but not older adults. The P3a was attenuated in older adults compared to young adults. Older adults had a larger RON amplitude compared to young adults following NS, but not TSD. CONCLUSIONS The reduced P3a and the absence of behavioral performance alteration in the older group suggests that older adults may utilize different neural processing strategies compared to younger adults to compensate for age-related declines in neural resources for attention capture. Sleep loss influenced age-related differences on the RON, suggesting that older adults may have reduced access to compensatory strategies following sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Tavakoli
- Language, Memory, and Brain Lab at the ARiEAL Research Centre, ARiEAL Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Sleep Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony Murkar
- Sleep Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Meggan Porteous
- Sleep Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Carrier
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Rebecca Robillard
- Sleep Research Unit, University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Cammarata C, De Rosa ED. Interaction of cholinergic disruption and age on cognitive flexibility in rats. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2989-2997. [PMID: 36198843 PMCID: PMC9587929 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with a functional reduction of the basal forebrain (BF) system that supplies the neurochemical acetylcholine (ACh) to the cortex, and concomitant challenges to cognition. It remains unclear how aging and ACh loss interact to shape cognition in the aging brain. We used a proactive interference (PI) odor discrimination task, shown to depend on the BF in young adults, wherein rats acquired new associations that conflicted with past learning or associations that did not conflict. This manipulation allowed independent assessment of encoding alone vs. encoding in the face of interference. Adult (9.8 ± 1.3 months) or aged male Long-Evans rats (20.7 ± 0.5 months) completed the PI task with systemic administration of a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, scopolamine, or a pharmacological control. Aged rats were less able to resolve PI than adult rats. Moreover, while scopolamine reduced efficient PI resolution in adult rats, this cholinergic antagonism had no additional effect on aged rat performance, counter to our expectation that scopolamine would further increase perseveration in the aged group. Scopolamine did not impair encoding of non-interfering associations regardless of age. These data suggest that natural aging changes the effect of cholinergic pharmacology on encoding efficiency when past learning interferes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Cammarata
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ,Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Eve D. De Rosa
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ,Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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Kamal F, Morrison C, Campbell K, Taler V. Event-related potential evidence that very slowly presented auditory stimuli are passively processed differently in younger and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:12-21. [PMID: 33774574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of a very infrequent and unattended auditory stimulus is highly salient and may result in an interruption of the frontoparietal network controlling processing priorities. Research has suggested that older adults may be unable to compute the level of salience of unattended stimulus inputs. A multi-channel EEG was recorded in 20 younger adults and 20 older adults. In different conditions, a single 80 dB SPL auditory stimulus was presented relatively rapidly, every 1.5 s or very slowly, every 12.0 s. Participants ignored the auditory stimuli while watching a silent video. When the stimuli were presented rapidly, group differences were not observed for the amplitudes of N1 and P2, which peaked at 100 and 180 ms respectively. When stimuli were presented very slowly, their amplitudes were much enhanced for younger adults, but did not increase for older adults. The failure to observe a large increase in the amplitude of N1 and P2 in older adults for very slowly presented auditory stimuli provides strong evidence of a dysfunction of the salience network in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Kamal
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cassandra Morrison
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Taler
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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The influence of different types of auditory change on processes associated with the switching of attention in younger and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 96:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Lee TH, Kim SH, Katz B, Mather M. The Decline in Intrinsic Connectivity Between the Salience Network and Locus Coeruleus in Older Adults: Implications for Distractibility. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:2. [PMID: 32082136 PMCID: PMC7004957 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined functional connectivity between the locus coeruleus (LC) and the salience network in healthy young and older adults to investigate why people become more prone to distraction with age. Recent findings suggest that the LC plays an important role in focusing processing on salient or goal-relevant information from multiple incoming sensory inputs (Mather et al., 2016). We hypothesized that the connection between LC and the salience network declines in older adults, and therefore the salience network fails to appropriately filter out irrelevant sensory signals. To examine this possibility, we used resting-state-like fMRI data, in which all task-related activities were regressed out (Fair et al., 2007; Elliott et al., 2019) and performed a functional connectivity analysis based on the time-course of LC activity. Older adults showed reduced functional connectivity between the LC and salience network compared with younger adults. Additionally, the salience network was relatively more coupled with the frontoparietal network than the default-mode network in older adults compared with younger adults, even though all task-related activities were regressed out. Together, these findings suggest that reduced interactions between LC and the salience network impairs the ability to prioritize the importance of incoming events, and in turn, the salience network fails to initiate network switching (e.g., Menon and Uddin, 2010; Uddin, 2015) that would promote further attentional processing. A chronic lack of functional connection between LC and salience network may limit older adults' attentional and executive control resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sun Hyung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin Katz
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Mara Mather
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Spreng RN, Turner GR. The Shifting Architecture of Cognition and Brain Function in Older Adulthood. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:523-542. [PMID: 31013206 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619827511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive aging is often described in the context of loss or decline. Emerging research suggests that the story is more complex, with older adults showing both losses and gains in cognitive ability. With increasing age, declines in controlled, or fluid, cognition occur in the context of gains in crystallized knowledge of oneself and the world. This inversion in cognitive capacities, from greater reliance on fluid abilities in young adulthood to increasingly crystallized or semanticized cognition in older adulthood, has profound implications for cognitive and real-world functioning in later life. The shift in cognitive architecture parallels changes in the functional network architecture of the brain. Observations of greater functional connectivity between lateral prefrontal brain regions, implicated in cognitive control, and the default network, implicated in memory and semantic processing, led us to propose the default-executive coupling hypothesis of aging. In this review we provide evidence that these changes in the functional architecture of the brain serve as a neural mechanism underlying the shifting cognitive architecture from younger to older adulthood. We incorporate findings spanning cognitive aging and cognitive neuroscience to present an integrative model of cognitive and brain aging, describing its antecedents, determinants, and implications for real-world functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nathan Spreng
- 1 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University
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10
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Meinhardt G, Meinhardt-Injac B, Persike M. Orientation-invariance of individual differences in three face processing tasks. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181350. [PMID: 30800380 PMCID: PMC6366172 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported impairments in perception and recognition, and, particularly, in part-integration of faces following picture-plane inversion. Whether these findings support the notion that inversion changes face processing qualitatively remains a topic of debate. To examine whether associations and dissociations of the human face processing ability depend on stimulus orientation, we measured face recognition with the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT), along with experimental tests of face perception and selective attention to faces and non-face objects in a sample of 314 participants. Results showed strong inversion effects for all face-related tasks, and modest ones for non-face objects. Individual differences analysis revealed that the CFMT shared common variance with face perception and face-selective attention, however, independent of orientation. Regardless of whether predictor and criterion had same or different orientation, face recognition was best predicted by the same test battery. Principal component decomposition revealed a common factor for face recognition and face perception, a second common factor for face recognition and face-selective attention, and two unique factors. The patterns of factor loadings were nearly identical for upright and inverted presentation. These results indicate orientation-invariance of common variance in three domains of face processing. Since inversion impaired performance, but did not affect domain-related associations and dissociations, the findings suggest process-specific but orientation-general mechanisms. Specific limitations by constraints of individual differences analysis and test selection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Meinhardt
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Does the body give the brain an attentional boost? Examining the relationship between attentional and cardiac gating. Biol Psychol 2018; 139:124-130. [PMID: 30355518 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies on mind-body interactions have largely focused on how mental states modulate bodily physiological responses. Increasing evidence suggests that bodily states also modulate mental states. Here we investigated how both may be integrated in the brain at the resolution of a heartbeat, examining how phasic fluctuations of peripheral blood pressure and central attentional resources combine to influence cognition. We examined the effects of cardiac phase on the performance of two simultaneous tasks: a go/no-go letter detection task where targets were concurrently presented on background faces and a short-term memory face discrimination task. Short-term memory for the background face was better when the initial face was encoded during the systole rather than diastole phase and when it was paired with a target rather than a distractor. There was no significant interaction between cardiac phase and letter detection. These data suggest that peripheral blood pressure and central attention independently regulate cognitive performance.
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12
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Liu ZX, Shen K, Olsen RK, Ryan JD. Age-related changes in the relationship between visual exploration and hippocampal activity. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:81-91. [PMID: 30075215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms underlying age-related memory declines remains an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Recently, we observed that visual sampling behavior predicted activity within the hippocampus, a region critical for memory. In younger adults, increases in the number of gaze fixations were associated with increases in hippocampal activity (Liu et al., 2017). This finding suggests a close coupling between the oculomotor and memory system. However, the extent to which this coupling is altered with aging has not been investigated. In this study, we gave older adults the same face processing task used in Liu et al. (2017) and compared their visual exploration behavior and neural activation in the hippocampus and the fusiform face area (FFA) to those of younger adults. Compared to younger adults, older adults showed an increase in visual exploration as indexed by the number of gaze fixations. However, the relationship between visual exploration and neural responses in the hippocampus and FFA was weaker than that of younger adults. Older adults also showed weaker responses to novel faces and a smaller repetition suppression effect in the hippocampus and FFA compared to younger adults. All together, this study provides novel evidence that the capacity to bind visually sampled information, in real-time, into coherent representations along the ventral visual stream and the medial temporal lobe declines with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Xu Liu
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1.
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1
| | - Rosanna K Olsen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3
| | - Jennifer D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
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13
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Longitudinal Alzheimer’s Degeneration Reflects the Spatial Topography of Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Projections. Cell Rep 2018; 24:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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14
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Schmitz TW, Duncan J. Normalization and the Cholinergic Microcircuit: A Unified Basis for Attention. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:422-437. [PMID: 29576464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Attention alters three key properties of population neural activity - firing rate, rate variability, and shared variability between neurons. All three properties are well explained by a single canonical computation - normalization - that acts across hierarchically integrated brain systems. Combining data from rodents and nonhuman primates, we argue that cortical cholinergic modulation originating from the basal forebrain closely mimics the effects of directed attention on these three properties of population neural activity. Cholinergic modulation of the cortical microcircuit underlying normalization may represent a key biological basis for the rapid and flexible changes in population neuronal coding that are required by directed attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Schmitz
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 rue University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - John Duncan
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
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15
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De Rosa E. Will Analytics Suppress a Diversity of Ideas in Psychological Science? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 12:1138-1140. [PMID: 29149580 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617714525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I suggest that an overreliance on analytics to assess faculty productivity and the diffusion of ideas may inadvertently suppress innovation. Even when these productivity-diffusion metrics are used to promote an individual's work, the use of such external guideposts may bias scientific choices and curb a psychological scientist's earnest inclination to synthesize or take scientific risks. Analytics are not inert but can change the path and progress of science itself, potentially reducing the diversity of ideas in psychological science. This potential harm may most affect new scholars at the beginning of their independent research careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve De Rosa
- Human Development, Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University
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16
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Schmitz TW, Nathan Spreng R. Basal forebrain degeneration precedes and predicts the cortical spread of Alzheimer's pathology. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13249. [PMID: 27811848 PMCID: PMC5097157 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is considerable debate whether Alzheimer's disease (AD) originates in basal forebrain or entorhinal cortex. Here we examined whether longitudinal decreases in basal forebrain and entorhinal cortex grey matter volume were interdependent and sequential. In a large cohort of age-matched older adults ranging from cognitively normal to AD, we demonstrate that basal forebrain volume predicts longitudinal entorhinal degeneration. Models of parallel degeneration or entorhinal origin received negligible support. We then integrated volumetric measures with an amyloid biomarker sensitive to pre-symptomatic AD pathology. Comparison between cognitively matched normal adult subgroups, delineated according to the amyloid biomarker, revealed abnormal degeneration in basal forebrain, but not entorhinal cortex. Abnormal degeneration in both basal forebrain and entorhinal cortex was only observed among prodromal (mildly amnestic) individuals. We provide evidence that basal forebrain pathology precedes and predicts both entorhinal pathology and memory impairment, challenging the widely held belief that AD has a cortical origin. Whether Alzheimer's disease originates in basal forebrain or entorhinal cortex remains highly debated. Here the authors use structural magnetic resonance data from a longitudinal sample of participants stratified by cerebrospinal biomarker and clinical diagnosis to show that tissue volume changes appear earlier in the basal forebrain than in the entorhinal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W Schmitz
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK.,Wolfson College, University of Cambridge, Barton Road, Cambridge CB3 9BB, UK
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, Department of Human Development, Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, Martha Van Rensselaer Hall G62C, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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