1
|
Ropri AS, Lam TG, Kalia V, Buchanan HM, Bartosch AMW, Youth EHH, Xiao H, Ross SK, Jain A, Chakrabarty JK, Kang MS, Boyett D, Spinazzi EF, Iodice G, McGovern RA, Honig LS, Brown LM, Miller GW, McKhann GM, Teich AF. Alzheimer's disease CSF biomarkers correlate with early pathology and alterations in neuronal and glial gene expression. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.11.24308706. [PMID: 38947015 PMCID: PMC11213077 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.24308706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients undergoing cortical shunting frequently show early AD pathology on cortical biopsy, which is predictive of progression to clinical AD. The objective of this study was to use samples from this cohort to identify CSF biomarkers for AD-related CNS pathophysiologic changes using tissue and fluids with early pathology, free of post-mortem artifact. METHODS We analyzed Simoa, proteomic, and metabolomic CSF data from 81 patients with previously documented pathologic and transcriptomic changes. RESULTS AD pathology on biopsy correlates with CSF β-amyloid-40/42, neurofilament light chain (NfL), and phospho-tau-181(p-tau181)/β-amyloid-42, while several gene expression modules correlate with NfL. Proteomic analysis highlights 7 core proteins that correlate with pathology and gene expression changes on biopsy, and metabolomic analysis of CSF identifies disease-relevant groups that correlate with biopsy data.. DISCUSSION As additional biomarkers are added to AD diagnostic panels, our work provides insight into the CNS pathophysiology these markers are tracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Ropri
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tiffany G. Lam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Heather M. Buchanan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anne Marie W. Bartosch
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Elliot H. H. Youth
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Harrison Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sophie K. Ross
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anu Jain
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jayanta K. Chakrabarty
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Min Suk Kang
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Deborah Boyett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Gail Iodice
- Ankyra Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robert A. McGovern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lawrence S. Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lewis M. Brown
- Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gary W. Miller
- Dept. of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Guy M. McKhann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew F. Teich
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Papadopoulou E, Pepe G, Konitsiotis S, Chondrogiorgi M, Grigoriadis N, Kimiskidis VK, Tsivgoulis G, Mitsikostas DD, Chroni E, Domouzoglou E, Tsaousis G, Nasioulas G. The evolution of comprehensive genetic analysis in neurology: Implications for precision medicine. J Neurol Sci 2023; 447:120609. [PMID: 36905813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Technological advancements have facilitated the availability of reliable and thorough genetic analysis in many medical fields, including neurology. In this review, we focus on the importance of selecting the appropriate genetic test to aid in the accurate identification of disease utilizing currently employed technologies for analyzing monogenic neurological disorders. Moreover, the applicability of comprehensive analysis via NGS for various genetically heterogeneous neurological disorders is reviewed, revealing its efficiency in clarifying a frequently cloudy diagnostic picture and delivering a conclusive and solid diagnosis that is essential for the proper management of the patient. The feasibility and effectiveness of medical genetics in neurology require interdisciplinary cooperation among several medical specialties and geneticists, to select and perform the most relevant test according to each patient's medical history, using the most appropriate technological tools. The prerequisites for a comprehensive genetic analysis are discussed, highlighting the utility of appropriate gene selection, variant annotation, and classification. Moreover, genetic counseling and interdisciplinary collaboration could improve diagnostic yield further. Additionally, a sub-analysis is conducted on the 1,502,769 variation records with submitted interpretations in the Clinical Variation (ClinVar) database, with a focus on neurology-related genes, to clarify the value of suitable variant categorization. Finally, we review the current applications of genetic analysis in the diagnosis and personalized management of neurological patients and the advances in the research and scientific knowledge of hereditary neurological disorders that are evolving the utility of genetic analysis towards the individualization of the treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Pepe
- GeneKor Medical SA, Spaton 52, Gerakas 15344, Greece
| | - Spiridon Konitsiotis
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou Avenue, Ioannina 45500, Greece
| | - Maria Chondrogiorgi
- Department of Neurology, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou Avenue, Ioannina 45500, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Second Department of Neurology, "AHEPA" University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidis 1, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Vasilios K Kimiskidis
- First Department of Neurology, "AHEPA" University hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, St. Kiriakidis 1, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimos D Mitsikostas
- First Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Chroni
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Rio-Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Domouzoglou
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou Avenue, Ioannina 45500, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
PSEN2 and ABCA7 variants causing early-onset preclinical pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease: a case report and literature review. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:1987-2001. [PMID: 36701017 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating and highly heritable neurodegenerative disease. Early-onset AD (EOAD) was defined as AD occurring before age 65. Although it has a high genetic risk, EOAD due to PSEN2 variation is very rare. ABCA7 is an important risk gene for AD. Previously reported cases mainly carried variations in a single pathogenic or risk gene. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, we report a 35-year-old female carrying variants in both the PSEN2 gene (c.640G > T p.V214L) and ABCA7 gene (c.2848G > A p.V950M). Four previously reported cases carried PSEN2 V214L, and no reported cases carried ABCA7 V950M. She had a history of migraine, patent foramen ovale, spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage without aneurysm, and multiple cerebral microhemorrhages. Her MMSE score was 24/30, and her MoCA score was 22/30. The concentration of Aβ42 and the ratio of Aβ42 to Aβ40 in cerebral spinal fluid were obviously decreased. Published variants of PSEN2 and ABCA7 in PubMed were reviewed, and the patients' characteristics were summarized and compared to provide information for the clinical diagnosis of AD. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to conduct genetic screening in cases with atypical manifestations.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shmara A, Gibbs L, Mahoney RP, Hurth K, Goodwill VS, Cuber A, Im R, Pizzo DP, Brown J, Laukaitis C, Mahajan S, Kimonis V. Prevalence of Frontotemporal Dementia in Females of 5 Hispanic Families With R159H VCP Multisystem Proteinopathy. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200037. [PMID: 36644447 PMCID: PMC9833818 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Missense variants of the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene cause a progressive, autosomal dominant disease termed VCP multisystem proteinopathy (MSP1). The disease is a constellation of clinical features including inclusion body myopathy (IBM), Paget disease of bone (PDB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), typically reported at a frequency of 90%, 42%, 30%, and 9%, respectively. The Hispanic population is currently underrepresented in previous reports of VCP myopathy. We expand our genotype-phenotype studies in 5 Hispanic families with the c.476G>A, p.R159H VCP variant. Methods We report detailed clinical findings of 11 patients in 5 Hispanic families with the c.476G > A, p.R159H VCP variant. In addition, we report frequencies of the main manifestations in 28 additional affected members of the extended family members. We also compared our findings with an existing larger cohort of patients with VCP MSP1. Results FTD was the most prevalent feature reported, particularly frequent in females. PDB was only seen in 1 patient in contrast to the earlier reported cohorts. The overall frequency of the different manifestations: myopathy, PDB, FTD, and ALS in these 5 families was 39%, 3%, 72%, and 8%, respectively. The atypical phenotype and later onset of manifestations in these families resulted in a noticeable delay in the diagnosis of VCP disease. Discussion Studying each VCP variant in the context of ethnic backgrounds is pivotal in increasing awareness of the variability of VCP-related diseases across different ethnicities, enabling early diagnosis, and understanding the mechanism for these genotype-phenotype variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa Shmara
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Liliane Gibbs
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ryan Patrick Mahoney
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kyle Hurth
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vanessa S Goodwill
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alicia Cuber
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Regina Im
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Donald P Pizzo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jerry Brown
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christina Laukaitis
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shalini Mahajan
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine (A.S., R.P.M., A.C., R.I., V.K.), Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine; Pediatric Radiology (L.G.), Department of Radiology, University of California, Irvine; Department of Pathology (K.H.), LAC + USC and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Pathology (V.S.G., D.P.P.), University of California, San Diego; Cure VCP Disease (J.B.), previously at Diagnostic Radiology, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI; Department of Genetics (C.L.), Carle Clinic and Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana; and Department of Neurology (S.M.), Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Patient with Corticobasal Syndrome and Progressive Non-Fluent Aphasia (CBS-PNFA), with Variants in ATP7B, SETX, SORL1, and FOXP1 Genes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122361. [PMID: 36553628 PMCID: PMC9778325 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to analyze the phenotypic-genetic correlations in a patient diagnosed with early onset corticobasal syndrome with progressive non-fluent aphasia (CBS-PNFA), characterized by predominant apraxia of speech, accompanied by prominent right-sided upper-limb limb-kinetic apraxia, alien limb phenomenon, synkinesis, myoclonus, mild cortical sensory loss, and right-sided hemispatial neglect. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) identified rare single heterozygous variants in ATP7B (c.3207C>A), SORL1 (c.352G>A), SETX (c.2385_2387delAAA), and FOXP1 (c.1762G>A) genes. The functional analysis revealed that the deletion in the SETX gene changed the splicing pattern, which was accompanied by lower SETX mRNA levels in the patient's fibroblasts, suggesting loss-of-function as the underlying mechanism. In addition, the patient's fibroblasts demonstrated altered mitochondrial architecture with decreased connectivity, compared to the control individuals. This is the first association of the CBS-PNFA phenotype with the most common ATP7B pathogenic variant p.H1069Q, previously linked to Wilson's disease, and early onset Parkinson's disease. This study expands the complex clinical spectrum related to variants in well-known disease genes, such as ATP7B, SORL1, SETX, and FOXP1, corroborating the hypothesis of oligogenic inheritance. To date, the FOXP1 gene has been linked exclusively to neurodevelopmental speech disorders, while our study highlights its possible relevance for adult-onset progressive apraxia of speech, which guarantees further study.
Collapse
|
6
|
Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
Collapse
|
7
|
Genetic landscape of early-onset dementia in Hungary. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:5289-5300. [PMID: 35752680 PMCID: PMC9385840 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Early-onset dementias (EOD) are predominantly genetically determined, but the underlying disease-causing alterations are often unknown. The most frequent forms of EODs are early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
Patients
This study included 120 Hungarian patients with EOD (48 familial and 72 sporadic) which had a diagnosis of EOAD (n = 49), FTD (n = 49), or atypical dementia (n = 22).
Results
Monogenic dementia was detected in 15.8% of the patients. A pathogenic hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9ORF72 gene was present in 6.7% of cases and disease-causing variants were detected in other known AD or FTD genes in 6.7% of cases (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, GRN). A compound heterozygous alteration of the TREM2 gene was identified in one patient and heterozygous damaging variants in the CSF1R and PRNP genes were detected in two other cases. In two patients, the coexistence of several heterozygous damaging rare variants associated with neurodegeneration was detected (1.7%). The APOE genotype had a high odds ratio for both the APOE ɛ4/3 and the ɛ4/4 genotype (OR = 2.7 (95%CI = 1.3–5.9) and OR = 6.5 (95%CI = 1.4–29.2), respectively). In TREM2, SORL1, and ABCA7 genes, 5 different rare damaging variants were detected as genetic risk factors. These alterations were not present in the control group.
Conclusion
Based on our observations, a comprehensive, targeted panel of next-generation sequencing (NGS) testing investigating several neurodegeneration-associated genes may accelerate the path to achieve the proper genetic diagnosis since phenotypes are present on a spectrum. This can also reveal hidden correlations and overlaps in neurodegenerative diseases that would remain concealed in separated genetic testing.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu C, Cong L, Zhu M, Wang Y, Tang S, Han X, Zhang Q, Tian N, Liu K, Liang X, Fa W, Wang N, Hou T, Du Y. Screening for Genetic Mutations Associated with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Han Chinese. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:724-733. [PMID: 36306459 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221028112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is highly influenced by genetic factors. Numerous mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) have been identified for EOAD, but they can only account for a small proportion of EOAD cases. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to screen genetic mutations and variants associated with EOAD among Han Chinese adults. METHODS This study included 34 patients with EOAD and 26 controls from a population-based study and neurological ward. We first sequenced mutations in APP/PSENs and then performed whole-exome sequencing in the remaining patients with negative mutations in APP/PSENs to screen for additional potential genetic variants. Among patients who were negative in genetic screening tests, we further evaluated the risk burden of genes related to the Aβ metabolism-centered network to search for other probable causes of EOAD. RESULTS We identified 7 functional variants in APP/PSENs in 8 patients, including 1 APP mutation (p. Val715Met), 3 PSEN1 mutations (p. Phe177Ser; p. Arg377Met; p. Ile416Thr), and 3 PSEN2 mutations (p. Glu24Lys; p. Gly34Ser; p. Met239Thr). Of the remaining 26 EOAD cases without mutations in APP/PSENs, the proportion of carrying rare variants of genes involved in Aβ and APP metabolism was significantly higher than that of controls (84.6% vs. 73.1%, P=0.042). Thirty-one risk genes with 47 variants were identified in 22 patients. However, in 26 normal subjects, only 20 risk genes with 29 variants were identified in 19 subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the role of APP/PSENs mutations in EOAD, identifying a new PSEN2 missense mutation, and further offer valuable insights into the potential genetic mechanisms of EOAD without APP/PSENs mutations among Han Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keke Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxin Fa
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alvarez-Mora MI, Blanco-Palmero VA, Quesada-Espinosa JF, Arteche-Lopez AR, Llamas-Velasco S, Palma Milla C, Lezana Rosales JM, Gomez-Manjon I, Hernandez-Lain A, Jimenez Almonacid J, Gil-Fournier B, Ramiro-León S, González-Sánchez M, Herrero-San Martín AO, Pérez-Martínez DA, Gómez-Tortosa E, Carro E, Bartolomé F, Gomez-Rodriguez MJ, Sanchez-Calvin MT, Villarejo-Galende A, Moreno-Garcia M. Heterozygous and Homozygous Variants in SORL1 Gene in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: Clinical, Neuroimaging and Neuropathological Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084230. [PMID: 35457051 PMCID: PMC9024679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the SORL1 gene has been strongly implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We performed whole-exome sequencing on 37 patients with early-onset dementia or family history suggestive of autosomal dominant dementia. Data analysis was based on a custom panel that included 46 genes related to AD and dementia. SORL1 variants were present in a high proportion of patients with candidate variants (15%, 3/20). We expand the clinical manifestations associated with the SORL1 gene by reporting detailed clinical and neuroimaging findings of six unrelated patients with AD and SORL1 mutations. We also present for the first time a patient with the homozygous truncating variant c.364C>T (p.R122*) in SORL1, who also had severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Furthermore, we report neuropathological findings and immunochemistry assays from one patient with the splicing variant c.4519+5G>A in the SORL1 gene, in which AD was confirmed by neuropathological examination. Our results highlight the heterogeneity of clinical presentation and familial dementia background of SORL1-associated AD and suggest that SORL1 might be contributing to AD development as a risk factor gene rather than as a major autosomal dominant gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Alvarez-Mora
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932275400 (ext. 9940)
| | - Victor Antonio Blanco-Palmero
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Quesada-Espinosa
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Arteche-Lopez
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Llamas-Velasco
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Palma Milla
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Lezana Rosales
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gomez-Manjon
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernandez-Lain
- Neuropathology Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-L.); (J.J.A.)
| | | | - Belén Gil-Fournier
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28905 Madrid, Spain; (B.G.-F.); (S.R.-L.)
| | - Soraya Ramiro-León
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28905 Madrid, Spain; (B.G.-F.); (S.R.-L.)
| | - Marta González-Sánchez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Octavio Herrero-San Martín
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andrés Pérez-Martínez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva Carro
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bartolomé
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (F.B.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Gomez-Rodriguez
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Sanchez-Calvin
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Villarejo-Galende
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (V.A.B.-P.); (S.L.-V.); (M.G.-S.); (A.O.H.-S.M.); (D.A.P.-M.); (A.V.-G.)
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreno-Garcia
- Genetic Service, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.Q.-E.); (A.R.A.-L.); (C.P.M.); (J.M.L.R.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.G.-R.); (M.T.S.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
- UdisGen—Unidad de Dismorfología y Genética, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perrone F, Cacace R, van der Zee J, Van Broeckhoven C. Emerging genetic complexity and rare genetic variants in neurodegenerative brain diseases. Genome Med 2021; 13:59. [PMID: 33853652 PMCID: PMC8048219 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular etiology of neurodegenerative brain diseases (NBD) has substantially increased over the past three decades. Early genetic studies of NBD families identified rare and highly penetrant deleterious mutations in causal genes that segregate with disease. Large genome-wide association studies uncovered common genetic variants that influenced disease risk. Major developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies accelerated gene discoveries at an unprecedented rate and revealed novel pathways underlying NBD pathogenesis. NGS technology exposed large numbers of rare genetic variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in coding regions, highlighting the genetic complexity of NBD. Since experimental studies of these coding rare VUS are largely lacking, the potential contributions of VUS to NBD etiology remain unknown. In this review, we summarize novel findings in NBD genetic etiology driven by NGS and the impact of rare VUS on NBD etiology. We consider different mechanisms by which rare VUS can act and influence NBD pathophysiology and discuss why a better understanding of rare VUS is instrumental for deriving novel insights into the molecular complexity and heterogeneity of NBD. New knowledge might open avenues for effective personalized therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Perrone
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rita Cacace
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp – CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Role of White Matter Dysfunction and Leukoencephalopathy/Leukodystrophy Genes in the Aetiology of Frontotemporal Dementias: Implications for Novel Approaches to Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052541. [PMID: 33802612 PMCID: PMC7961524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of presenile dementia and is characterized by behavioural and/or language changes and progressive cognitive deficits. Genetics is an important component in the aetiology of FTD, with positive family history of dementia reported for 40% of cases. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the known major FTD genes, including C9orf72 (chromosome 9 open reading frame 72), MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) and GRN (granulin), and their impact on neuronal and glial pathology. Further, evidence for white matter dysfunction in the aetiology of FTD and the clinical, neuroimaging and genetic overlap between FTD and leukodystrophy/leukoencephalopathy are discussed. The review highlights the role of common variants and mutations in genes such as CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), CYP27A1 (cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1), TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) and TMEM106B (transmembrane protein 106B) that play an integral role in microglia and oligodendrocyte function. Finally, pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for enhancing remyelination are discussed in terms of future treatments of FTD.
Collapse
|