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Tseng FS, Foo JQX, Mai AS, Tan EK. The genetic basis of multiple system atrophy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:104. [PMID: 36765380 PMCID: PMC9912584 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a heterogenous, uniformly fatal neurodegenerative ɑ-synucleinopathy. Patients present with varying degrees of dysautonomia, parkinsonism, cerebellar dysfunction, and corticospinal degeneration. The underlying pathophysiology is postulated to arise from aberrant ɑ-synuclein deposition, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Although MSA is regarded as a primarily sporadic disease, there is a possible genetic component that is poorly understood. This review summarizes current literature on genetic risk factors and potential pathogenic genes and loci linked to both sporadic and familial MSA, and underlines the biological mechanisms that support the role of genetics in MSA. We discuss a broad range of genes that have been associated with MSA including genes related to Parkinson's disease (PD), oxidative stress, inflammation, and tandem gene repeat expansions, among several others. Furthermore, we highlight various genetic polymorphisms that modulate MSA risk, including complex gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, which influence the disease phenotype and have clinical significance in both presentation and prognosis. Deciphering the exact mechanism of how MSA can result from genetic aberrations in both experimental and clinical models will facilitate the identification of novel pathophysiologic clues, and pave the way for translational research into the development of disease-modifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Shuen Tseng
- grid.163555.10000 0000 9486 5048Division of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Qi Xuan Foo
- grid.276809.20000 0004 0636 696XDepartment of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron Shengting Mai
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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He J, Yu W, Liu X, Fan D. An identical DCTN1 mutation in two Chinese siblings manifest as dHMN and ALS respectively: a case report. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2021; 23:149-153. [PMID: 34615428 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2021.1918722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the DCTN1 gene have been found in patients with various neurodegenerative diseases, and the spectrum is still expanding. Here, we report a mutation in DCTN1 (c.175G > C, p.G59R) identified in two patients, who manifested dHMN and ALS, respectively, in an affected family. The clinical manifestations and eightyear follow-up suggested that this mutation is pathogenic. The phenomena observed in this family with the same DCTN1 mutation illustrate the clinical heterogeneity of DCTN1 gene mutations and expand our understanding of their genotype-phenotype relationships. Further research and functional experiments, especially mutation at amino acid position 59 of DCTN1, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji He
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China and.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyi Yu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China and.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China and.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China and.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beijing, China
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Hori A, Ai T, Isshiki M, Motoi Y, Yano K, Tabe Y, Hattori N, Miida T. Novel Variants in the CLCN1, RYR2, and DCTN1 Found in Elderly Japanese Dementia Patients: A Case Series. Geriatrics (Basel) 2021; 6:geriatrics6010014. [PMID: 33562224 PMCID: PMC7931039 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics6010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia has an enormous impact on medical and financial resources in aging societies like Japan. Diagnosis of dementia can be made by physical and mental examinations, imaging tests, and findings of high abnormal proteins in cerebrospinal fluids. In addition, genetic tests can be performed in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this case series, we presented three cases of dementia with unknown causes who carry novel variants in the genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Three patients (Patients 1, 2, and 6) were found by screening 18 dementia patients using a gene panel including 63 genes. The age of onset for Patient 1 was 74 years old, and his father had PD and mother had AD. The age of onset for Patient 2 was 75 years old, and her mother had AD. The age of onset for Patient 6 was 83 years old, and her father, two sisters, and daughter had dementia. The Mini-Mental State Examination produced results of 20, 15, and 22, respectively. The suspected diagnosis by neurological examinations and imaging studies for Patients 1 and 2 was AD, and for Patient 6 was FTD. Patient 1 was treated with donepezil; Patient 2 was treated with donepezil and memantine; and Patient 6 was treated with donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine. The three rare variants identified were: CLCN1, encoding a chloride channel, c.2848G>A:p.Glu950Lys (Patient 1); RYR2, encoding a calcium releasing ryanodine receptor, c.13175A>G:p.Lys4392Arg (Patient 2); and DCTN1, encoding a subunit of dynactin, c. 3209G>A:p.Arg1070Gln (Patient 6). The detected variants were interpreted according to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines. The minor allele frequency for each variant was 0.025%, 0.023%, and 0.0004% in East Asians, respectively. The DCTN1 variant found in Patient 6 might be associated with FTD. Although none of them were previously reported in dementia patients, all variants were classified as variants of unknown significance (VUS). Our report suggests that results of genetic tests in elderly patients with dementia need to be carefully interpreted. Further data accumulation of genotype–phenotype relationships and development of appropriate functional models are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hori
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomohiko Ai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.T.); (T.M.)
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Miwa Isshiki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Yumiko Motoi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (Y.M.); (N.H.)
| | - Kouji Yano
- Center for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (A.H.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yoko Tabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (Y.M.); (N.H.)
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8424, Japan; (M.I.); (Y.T.); (T.M.)
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